Suchergebnisse

"This chapter examines the policy formulated by the West German Government to deal with the status of foreign workers in that country. It analyzes the provisions of relevant legal documents including international treaties and the German constitution. In particular, it studies the 1965 version of the Ausländergesetz (Aliens Act) as well as judicial interpretations of this Act handed down in specific cases. Of primary concern is the impact of the Ausländergesetz upon the following: (a) ability of the worker to obtain and renew residence and work permits, (b) his vulnerability to expulsion from Germany, (c) residency and citizenship status of parties to mixed marriages, (d) naturalization rights and (e) status of accompanying dependents. The discussion examines the ensuing debate on criticisms of the Ausländergesetz and cites alternative proposals which have been presented. It concludes by recognizing the difficult task lawmakers face in balancing domestic interests with those of foreign workers, but notes the urgency of dealing with the problem if serious social conflict is to be avoided." ((en))

Investigates the impact of recent immigrants in NJ on the wages & employment of native-born individuals, drawing on 1980-1990 data from the Public Use Microdata Sample of the 1990 US Census. It is found that immigrants have little adverse impact on the wages & employment of native-born individuals, either in NJ or in the US generally. Native workers competing directly with immigrants for job, especially high school drop-outs, performed very well. This finding may be explained as a consequence of a complementarity of skills of native-born & immigrant workers or greater demand in low-skill industries that remain in NJ to take advantage of the large, low-skilled labor pool. However, several differences between the experience of NJ & the US are discerned. In particular, the wage distribution in NJ became more compressed over the 10 years of this study, while the US generally experienced greater income inequality. 5 Tables, 12 References. D. M. Smith

Explores official trade union policies, factual behavior, & justifications for divergences concerning immigration & immigrant workers in the Netherlands, 1960-1995. Foreign laborers were accepted by trade unions until their number increased & a recession slowed the economy in 1967. Since trade unions participated in national socioeconomic decision making, they were able to enact a three-part strategy to discourage immigration: pressing employers to provide housing & equal pay for immigrants in order to make them less competitive in the labor market, creating restrictive immigration policies, & encouraging return migration. When these strategies proved ineffective, labor unions encouraged immigrant integration within Dutch society & membership in trade union organizations. Unions worked to improve immigrant social positions provide good housing & education, & oppose racism & right-wing extremism. Inclusion in the labor market & in trade union employment, however, was resisted. 39 References. L. A. Hoffman

Investigates the demographic & labor market characteristics of recent immigrants to NJ & compares these characteristics to those of immigrants to the US generally, drawing on data from the 1980 & 1990 US Censuses. Great differences are found in nativity between NJ & total US immigrants. NJ's Asian population grew enormously, 1980-1990, reaching rough parity with levels in the US generally. However, unlike the country as a whole, the population of Latin American immigrants in NJ continues to remain very small. While the educational attainment of Asian immigrants in NJ is very strong, Asians continue to lag behind European men in terms of wages. It is concluded that NJ may be the exception to a declining immigrant quality pattern in the US. 9 Tables, 4 Figures, 10 References. D. M. Smith

"This chapter focuses on the individual emigrant Turkish worker and presents a model which attempts to explain why the average worker desires to migrate, the manner and timing in which be allocates his earnings abroad, and his aspirations upon return to Turkey. Worker's earnings abroad are disaggregated into a country and puroüse matrix, namely (a) standard of living maintenance in Turkey and Germany and (b) asset accumulation in Turkey and Germany. Determinant social and economic factors are presented and analyzed. Recent survey results are presented in an attempt to verify the major hypotheses of the model and ascertain major policy-oriented implications with special reference to (a) private rates of return, (b) employment impact, including skill acquisition and increased mobility, and (c) wealth effect in terms of utilization of savings. Because Turkey ranks as the primary supplier of emigrant labor to West Germany and workers' remittances represent the largest single source of foreign exchange earnings for Turkey, labor importatio obviously has and will continue to have significant social and economic ramifications for both supplier and recipient economies." ((en))

The relations between flexibility & stability of constructions of nation & Other, & between homogeneity & heterogeneity, are discussed, citing political events surrounding trade unions & contract workers in Germany. Stages in the development of German identity after WWII are described, differentiating West Germans, East Germans, ethnic Germans from outside Germany, & foreigners. German constructions of self & Other have been a means to secure national unity when threatened by social contradictions. Such constructions within the form of a nation create imaginary subject positions & social justice based on ethnic/national belonging. Subordinate ethnic groups then take on the hierarchical ethnic & gender structures of the dominant groups, albeit in a rigid manner. Within this structure, any national policy attempting to achieve social justice, self-determination, & antiracism will fail. The transcendence of national/ethnic belongings is proposed. M. Pflum