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The theory of public administration offers a wide range of paradigms or approaches that are developed as a consequence of various triggers from internal and external environment. The classical model of bureaucratic organization as outlined by Weber is no longer appropriate in modern countries, although it still remains the basis of public administration because of numerous transformations and upgrades. The first major reforms were introduced to public administration via the more modern and market-oriented New Public Management. However, Post-New Public Management approaches have recently developed as a reflection of social and political changes. In this paper, we offer an overview of modern approaches, which do not appear in pure form, but in the form of hybrids. There is no consensus, either in science or in practice, on the optimal direction of public administration development or on the preferential approach. This decision is left to the governments, bearing in mind that each public administration reform and hybridization of approaches affect the complexity of public administration. Analysing the reform of the Slovenian public administration, we have found that the current Strategy of Public Administration Development for 2015-2020 is based on modern elements and values of Post-New Public Management approaches and that reforms strive for modernization, but (as shown by the current crisis) a serious effort will be required in the future to achieve this goal.

Under-detection and -reporting in the private sector constitute a major barrier in Viet Nam's fight to end tuberculosis (TB). Effective private-sector engagement requires innovative approaches. We established an intermediary agency that incentivized private providers in two districts of Ho Chi Minh City to refer persons with presumptive TB and share data of unreported TB treatment from July 2017 to March 2019. We subsidized chest x-ray screening and Xpert MTB/RIF testing, and supported test logistics, recording, and reporting. Among 393 participating private providers, 32.1% (126/393) referred at least one symptomatic person, and 3.6% (14/393) reported TB patients treated in their practice. In total, the study identified 1203 people with TB through private provider engagement. Of these, 7.6% (91/1203) were referred for treatment in government facilities. The referrals led to a post-intervention increase of +8.5% in All Forms TB notifications in the intervention districts. The remaining 92.4% (1112/1203) of identified people with TB elected private-sector treatment and were not notified to the NTP. Had this private TB treatment been included in official notifications, the increase in All Forms TB notifications would have been +68.3%. Our evaluation showed that an intermediary agency model can potentially engage private providers in Viet Nam to notify many people with TB who are not being captured by the current system. This could have a substantial impact on transparency into disease burden and contribute significantly to the progress towards ending TB.

Current employee career concepts are characterized by an unstmctured process and variability, not only in the case of job positions or employers but in some cases also professions in which individuals are forced by the job nature to leave careers early. A typical example is a military profession, which is not lifelong. In most cases, soldiers leaving the army do not reach the statutory retirement age and seek to integrate into the labor market by starting a second career in a new, civilian job. However, the actual situation of adaptation to civilian conditions is often difficult. Therefore, there is a need for the involvement of ministry of defence and embedding supportive procedures in the relevant legislation and strategy documents to ensure a system approach for soldiers whose contract was not prolonged. The aim of the article is to evaluate current approaches to helping soldiers of the Czech Aimed Forces in their career transition. In order to meet the goal, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 experts from the Ministry of Defense of the Czech Republic and other institutions dealing with the help to former soldiers and qualitative questionnaire was carried out with 313 former soldiers of the Czech Armed Forces. The obtained data were further processed and analyzed using the SWOT method The possible implementation measures based on the implementation of the strategy, obtained at the output of the SWOT analysis, were suggested.

Focused on Focused on London, this article looks at the ideology and practice of Congolese nationalism in exile, and at the ideas of home, belonging and return connected with this.DemocraticRepublicofCongo (DRC)migrantscame toWesternEuropeescaping violence and economic and political collapse but, for a long time, the imaginative concentration of the diasporawas not on politics, but on a consumer-based version of the good life. This article traces how this changed in the 2000s with the diaspora becoming a focus for violent and racialized forms of nationalism. Tracing this evolution historically, we look at how the practices and ideologies of 'return' and 'home' have come to express this transformation of exile nationalism.London, this article looks at the ideology and practice of Congolese nationalism in exile, and at the ideas of home, belonging and return connected with this. Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) migrants came to Western Europe escaping violence and economic and political collapse but, for a long time, the imaginative concentration of the diaspora was not on politics, but on a consumer-based version of the good life. This article traces how this changed in the 2000s with the diaspora becoming a focus for violent and racialized forms of nationalism. Tracing this evolution historically, we look at how the practices and ideologies of 'return' and 'home' have come to express this transformation of exile nationalism.

In contrast to discourses of "successful aging" which pathologize and individualize change in later life, this case study of a retired Mexican couple highlights the pleasurable, political, and collective aspects of aging. Here, I analyze the narratives of a couple who found aging "well" fulfilling in part because it served as an intervention into societal-level problems. I argue that their activist form of aging was enabled by local cultural understandings of the Mexican populace as a biologically and socially interrelated whole. They hoped that the Mexican social body would follow a particular life course – of maturing toward modernity – and they sought to model and promote such maturation in their own later lives. This included promoting a health "culture of prevention," living out self-consciously modern forms of gender and family, and active community participation. I assert that their happiness in older age, including their ability to cope with local crises of violence and corruption, stemmed partly from their belief that the attributes and activities which enhanced their own lives simultaneously served as activist interventions into the broader populace's ills. This discussion of the context-specific ways one Mexican couple saw their efforts to live good later lives as contributing meaningfully to societal change over time highlights the need to understand aging and later life as political arenas with collective rather than merely individual import.

It needs to disseminate information of high quality of government accounting in terms of understandability, relevance, materiality, reliability, and faithful representation, substance over form, neutrality, prudence and comparability. The study is confined to the how far the level of income of an individual impact on government accounting. The data collected from the 120 respondents who possess the qualifications of PG/CA/ICWA. The study used the techniques of mean, standard deviation, percentages along with the chi-square analysis. The study found that the level of income associated with the all the factors of government accounting at 1 per cent level, (P = 0.000). The study also found that the activities of government accounting should determine as per the needs of the country, and it disseminate information of high quality in terms of understandability, relevance, materiality, reliability, and faithful representation, substance over form, neutrality, prudence and comparability (mean, 1.91) further it should be useful for the uplift of the welfare of its citizens (mean, 1.73). The public sector comparator useful as a tool for financial feasibility analysis of government projects (mean, 1.54) and wanted to introduce a accrual accounting in government departments (mean, 2.54). The intergovernmental front levels increase with the fiscal surplus of the grantee rather than with fiscal deficit (mean, 2.63). Hence, it is suggested to strengthen the existing accounting policies and procedure for sustainability of Government accounting.

Developments in science and technology have, among other things, challenged the family. Human values, which change in step with this technological progress, have faced many legal, moral and ethical dilemmas which await answers from the science on bioethics. We are in such a situation when we discuss about many advances in contemporary and national family law, including new forms of family reproduction that differ from a natural process of child conceiving. The authors in this paper bring comparative aspects of biomedical and family legislation of the Republic of North Macedonia and Republic of Kosovo. Among other things, they emphasize that given the traditional and biological model of the family in our society, new reproductive forms are a very reserved topic in the family and biomedical field, but it awakens a curiosity of discussions on ethics, philosophy and legal regulation of reproduction of human beings in both countries. The numerous stereotypes that prevail in the society of both countries regarding the application of artificial reproduction technology methods are contrary to many legal and medical justifications for couples who do not have the opportunity to become parents in a biological (natural) way. Therefore, the purpose of the authors is to provide accurate and grounded information through this text about the legal framework and medical options available to all persons who wish to exercise their reproductive right to establish a family.

Current employee career concepts are characterized by an unstmctured process and variability, not only in the case of job positions or employers but in some cases also professions in which individuals are forced by the job nature to leave careers early. A typical example is a military profession, which is not lifelong. In most cases, soldiers leaving the army do not reach the statutory retirement age and seek to integrate into the labor market by starting a second career in a new, civilian job. However, the actual situation of adaptation to civilian conditions is often difficult. Therefore, there is a need for the involvement of ministry of defence and embedding supportive procedures in the relevant legislation and strategy documents to ensure a system approach for soldiers whose contract was not prolonged. The aim of the article is to evaluate current approaches to helping soldiers of the Czech Aimed Forces in their career transition. In order to meet the goal, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 experts from the Ministry of Defense of the Czech Republic and other institutions dealing with the help to former soldiers and qualitative questionnaire was carried out with 313 former soldiers of the Czech Armed Forces. The obtained data were further processed and analyzed using the SWOT method The possible implementation measures based on the implementation of the strategy, obtained at the output of the SWOT analysis, were suggested.

ABSTRACT In this article, we discuss the narratives of struggle, resistance, and counter-resistance over the rights of the LGBT+ community at several Polish universities, which remain unnamed in order to protect our informants. In particular, we look at the discourses of LGBT+ groups struggling to establish or maintain organizations of various forms (from students' study circles to union-like institutions) within the context of internal university structure, Polish academic culture and current political developments in the country. This research draws on semi-structured in-depth interviews we conducted in the spring and summer of 2020. In our analyses of the interview material, we apply a multidisciplinary methodological framework combining CDA and narrative inquiry in order to examine linguistic phenomena participating in constructing a particular version of reality through text in talk. Such research design enables us to offer a case study of the difficulties and obstacles faced by LGBT+ activists in the Polish academia the way they understand them, and of the resistance strategies they employ in this particular context. Our research shows a wide range of resistance strategies employed by the LGBT+ community members that can be classified according to the scale of discriminatory practices they form a response to (systemic/individual discrimination) and the type of the response itself (group/individual response). On the basis of the discussed examples, our article offers an interagentive matrix of strategies of addressing LGBT+ issues emerging within the Polish academic context.

Research on legal protection against youth from terrorism crimes in the jurisdiction of Jambi Province aims to determine the form of protection from the government and law enforcement in Jambi Province. The object of his research is legal protection for youth. The problem in this case is how the legal protection of youth from terrorism crimes in the jurisdiction of Jambi Province. The research method is normative so that this research is more descriptive qualitative in nature and sourced from literature. The approach is a case approach and the data collection technique is document study and data analysis is done qualitatively. The result of his research is that legal protection for youth from terrorism crimes in the jurisdiction of Jambi Province is carried out by means of preventive means, namely the government issues legal rules related to terrorism crimes, namely Law Number 5 of 2018 to protect youth who are victims of terrorism crimes, then law enforcement officers and The Counter-Terrorism Communication Forum conducts outreach / counseling related to terrorism crimes, while the repressive form is the Jambi Provincial government and law enforcement officials to ensnare perpetrators of terrorism crimes by imposing criminal sanctions as regulated in Law Number 5 of 2018 concerning Amendments to Law Number 15 2003 concerning the Stipulation of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 1 of 2002 Concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism into Law.

Due to the increased ecological crisis, there has been a corresponding spread of awareness and concern for environmental protection and conservation all over the world. There has been a growing recognition that many environmental problems, in particular, those of a trans-boundary nature, cannot be successfully tackled solely at the national level. Nation-states can no longer act alone to solve many of the environmental problems that they face. States, along with other international actors, have responded by creating international 'regimes' in an attempt to tackle problems ranging from ozone depletion and climate change to biodiversity loss and toxic waste exports (Connelly, J., Smith, G., Benson, D., & Saunders, C., 2012, p.250). The idea of global environmental governance took place to address the environmental challenges at the global platform. The idea of environmental governance is to govern the environment through a range of nation-states and non-state actors such as national governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other international organizations such as UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). Environmental governance is the answer to calls for new forms of environmental challenges and complexities. It is perceived to be an effective form of multilateral management and essential to the global community in meeting goals of mitigation and the possible reversal of the human impacts on the global environment. The present article discusses the global response to environmental issues. DOI:10.5958/2347-6869.2019.00002.5

This study was conducted to critique and asses the institution of Jirga and its practice of Swara. The data was collected through vis-à-vis semi-structured interviews from the Jirgees and Swaras, the two most proximate stakeholders of the institution of Jirga. For the analysis of data, the tool of Thematic Analysis, developed by Braun and Clarke (2015), was used. The findings of the study show that Jirga — besides being unconstitutional — is involved in multifarious inhumane practices and its members are mostly uneducated. Its decisions are completely void of the canon international law and human rights. Jirga is involved in the felonious practice of Swara. Swaras — women atoned by Jirga in reprisal for an offence — are living wretched lives facing multifarious forms of violence, discrimination, humiliation and other forms of inhumane behaviors. Besides, they are suffering from depression, inferiority complexes, suicidal attempts, malnutrition, verbal abuse, etc. The findings also imply that illiteracy, passivity and condonement of the judiciary and law enforcing agencies, and the higher rate of crimes in the area are the factors contributing to the practice of Swara. In the light of the findings, the researcher recommends that the practice of reprisal reiterated by Jirga should be completely extirpated. Education should be disseminated and the government and law enforcing agencies should work in proximity to mitigate the rate of crimes in the area. The government should frame inclusive economic policies in order to promote peace and prosperity in the area.

The article considers the system of information support of military education, which provides for the transfer of educational material to students, not in the form of text, but in the form of subject knowledge using models that reflect its content as a holistic system of interconnected subordinate objects. The effectiveness of training of future specialists depends on how the proposed system of information support of military education differs from the traditional - primarily the impact on the training of specialists, which is necessary for the convergence of training objectives. ; В статье рассматривается система информационного обеспечения военного образования, которая предусматривает передачу учебного материала тем кто учится, не в виде текста, а в виде предметных знаний с помощью моделей, которые отражают его содержание, как целостную систему взаимосвязанных подчиненных объектов. Эффективность обучения будущих специалистов зависит от того, насколько предложенная системы информационного обеспечения военного образования отличается от традиционной - прежде всего влиянием на подготовку специалистов, которая необходима для сближения целей обучения. ; У статті розглядається система інформаційного забезпечення військової освіти, яка передбачає передачу навчального матеріалу тим хто навчається, не у вигляді тексту, а у вигляді предметних знань за допомогою моделей, які відображають його зміст, як цілісну систему взаємопов'язаних підпорядкованих об'єктів. Ефективність навчання майбутніх фахівців залежить від того, наскільки запропонована системи інформаційного забезпечення військової освіти відрізняється від традиційної – передусім впливом на підготовку фахівців, що є необхідним для зближення цілей навчання.

In this article, we focus on how the education system can be used to promote equality in the context of changing people's hearts and minds – values, morals and mindsets. The duties contained in the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000 ('Equality Act') bind private and public schools, educators, learners, governing bodies and the state. The Equality Act calls on the state and all persons to promote substantive equality, but the relevant sections in the Equality Act have not been given effect yet, and are therefore currently not enforceable. We set out how the duty to promote equality should be concretised in the Equality Act to inter alia use the education system to promote equality in schools; in other words, how should an enforceable duty to promote equality in schools be fashioned in terms of the Equality Act. Should the relevant sections relating to the promotion of equality come into effect in their current form, enforcement of the promotion of equality will take the form of obliging schools to draft action plans and submit these to the South African Human Rights Commission. We deem this approach inadequate and therefore propose certain amendments to the Equality Act to allow for a more sensible monitoring of schools' duty to promote equality. We explain how the duty to promote equality should then play out practically in the classroom to facilitate a change in learners' hearts and minds.

It is the obligation of the Government as a public service provider to be responsible and continue to provide the best service for the sake of improving quality public services. Community satisfaction is a measure of the success of public services provided by public service providers. Today quality is an important topic in service delivery, including in government organizations or institutions as public service providers. Quality is a dynamic condition that affects products, services, people, processes and the environment that meet or exceed expectations. Service Quality is all forms of activities undertaken to meet consumer expectations. Service in this case is defined as a service provided in the form of convenience, speed, relationship, ability and hospitality addressed through attitudes and characteristics in providing services for satisfaction. This research is a descriptive study using a qualitative approach to determine the quality of public services in the field of population administration in Pagedangan District. The data collection technique is done by using observation, interview, and documentation techniques. The data analysis technique used is an interactive model. It is expected that the results of this study can be described; (1) Quality of public services in the field of population administration in Pagedangan District. (2) Obstacles to public services in the field of population administration at the Pagedangan District level. (3) efforts to improve public services in the field of population administration at the Pagedangan District level.