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The article discusses the main stages of the history of Christian feminism in France. At the same time, the author focused on his history of the second half of the 20th century, when feminism received more incentives and went beyond the framework of the simple struggle for civil equality. Christian feminism was formed at the turn the XIX–XX centuries influenced by the processes of secularization, the anticlerical policy of the left forces and the first wave of feminism, marked by the struggle for the legal rights of women. Having emerged as one of the currents of feminism, Christian feminism acquired an independent meaning, concentrating on the advancement of female emancipation within the Church. After World War II, his supporters moved away from the traditional concept of a housewife and mother, arguing in favor of expanding not only the political but also the social rights of women. During the May events of 1968, they were influenced by the second wave of feminism – the movement for sexual emancipation, which was reflected in their approach to discussions about legalizing abortions and contraception. During this period, one of the main points of Christian feminism in France was the search for a new place for women in the Church, the question of women's right to hold church departments, attitudes towards celibacy and the development of feminist theology. ; В статье рассматриваются основные этапы истории христианского феминизма во Франции. В то же время автор сделал акцент на его истории второй половины XX века, когда феминизм получил дополнительные стимулы и вышел за рамки простой борьбы за гражданское равенство. Христианский феминизм сформировался на рубеже XIX–XX вв. под влиянием процессов секуляризации, антиклерикальной политики левых сил и первой волны феминизма, ознаменованной борьбой за юридические права женщин. Возникнув как одно из течений феминизма, христианский феминизм впоследствии приобрел самостоятельной значение, концентрируясь на продвижении женской эмансипации внутри Церкви. После Второй мировой войны его сторонники отходят от традиционной концепции женщины-домохозяйки и матери, высказываясь в пользу расширения не только политических, но и социальных прав женщин. В период майских событий 1968 года они оказались под сильным влиянием второй волны феминизма – движения за сексуальную эмансипацию, что отразилось в их подходе к дискуссиям о легализации абортов и контрацепции. В этот период одним из главных пунктов христианского феминизма во Франции стал поиск нового места женщины в Церкви, вопрос о праве женщин занимать церковные кафедры, отношение к целибату и разработка феминистской теологии.

This article studies an episode of the France-Russia relations dating back to the early 18th century when there were no permanent diplomatic contacts between Russia and France. Referring to archival sources, the author describes the events behind the appointment of the first Consul of France in St Petersburg, Henri Lavie, as well as the political and economic circumstances that led to the establishment of trade relations between the two countries. The author analyses various offers as regards the development of French-Russian trade that were being employed by French merchants and the French authorities at the beginning of the 18th century. Additionally, the author describes both the objective (commercial and diplomatic) and subjective reasons that impeded the realisation of these offers. Despite the desire of the French authorities and Peter I himself to develop trade between the two countries, the first bilateral agreement was only concluded on the eve of the French Revolution. The article is supplemented by two letters that are part of Henri Lavie's correspondence with the Navy Minister Count de Pontchartrain kept in the National Archive of France. In a concise form, they reflect the plans of the French government regarding Russia, whose geopolitical influence and share in European trade were getting more and more significant at the time. The letters concern a number of general issues related to the bilateral relations in the context of Russia's war with Sweden, and discuss the issues connected with the establishment of permanent trade relations. ; Статья посвящена одному эпизоду франко-российских отношений, относящемуся к началу XVIII в., когда между Россией и Францией еще не существовало постоянных дипломатических контактов. С опорой на архивные источники автор описывает историю назначения первого консула Франции в Санкт-Петербурге Анри Лави, а также политические и экономические обстоятельства, в которых происходило становление торговых отношений между двумя странами. Анализируются различные предложения относительно развития франко-российской торговли, которые продвигались французскими купцами и властями Франции в начале XVIII столетия. Автор описывает как объективные (коммерческие, дипломатические), так и субъективные причины, не позволившие этим предложениям воплотиться в жизнь. Несмотря на желание французских властей и самого Петра I развивать взаимную торговлю, первый двусторонний договор о торговле будет заключен лишь накануне Великой Французской революции. В приложении публикуются два письма, являющиеся частью переписки между Анри Лави и государственным секретарем по морским делам графом де Поншартреном, сохранившиеся в Национальном архиве Франции. Они в сжатой форме отражают планы французского правительства относительно России, чье геополитическое влияние и доля в европейской торговле в это время становились все более значительными. В письмах поднимаются общие вопросы двусторонних отношений в контексте войны России со Швецией, а также обсуждаются проблемы установления постоянных торговых связей.

The author pursued the aim — to reveal features of an image of the Napoleonic era in art and multimedia space of France. Using methodology of "communicative memory", the author analysed an image of the French emperor in fiction, advertising, cinema, computer games. The image of Napoleon is actively used in the art forming mass ideas of historical events. In recent years there was a huge number of the computer games devoted to the Napoleonic era and allowing players not only to like the spirit of that time but also to offer a possible alternative to a succession of events of the past. So art and closely related, especially today, multimedia space prolong the virtual life of Napoleon. Writers, directors, marketing specialists seek to create a heroic image of the Napoleonic era. They or sing of the emperor's victories, or justify his defeats. The fiction recovers Bonaparte not only in historical memory but also in political space, drawing analogies between Napoleon and Sarkozy. In virtual space of computer games Napoleon always the hero; it or gives a task, helps to reveal secrets, or players participate in battle on its party. Advertising uses Napoleon as a known brand, influencing the mass idea of French of this era. So art and multimedia space promote preservation in minds and souls of French of a great imperial idea which as believe many, is a pledge of the future of France. This article can be used in research of representations of the power in cultural memory and multimedia space.

The article focuses on management technologies at the local authorities of the French Republic. The study analyzes primarily political institutions of local government in modern France. A comprehensive study of all aspects of the organization of local government in France allowed the author to identify possible areas of practice transfer and improvement of the organization of municipal power in Russia.Keywords: power, practice, technology, local government. ; Предметом исследования статьи является властная практика применения технологий управления политическими институтами местного уровня власти Французской Республики.В качестве объекта исследования выступают органы местного самоуправления современной Франции. Комплексное изучение всех аспектов организации местного самоуправления Франции позволило автору выделить возможные направления рецепции и совершенствования организации муниципальной власти в России.Ключевые слова: власть, практика, технологии, местное самоуправление.

The article deals with historical legal analysis of activity of the lawyer in Russia and France. The purpose of this article is to examine the development of the legal profession in Russia and France, as well as their differences. Revealing the purpose of this publication should indicate that it is considered the most important historical periods which influenced the development of advocacy, authority, status and activities of lawyers.

A brief course of lectures (introduction and three lectures) is dedicated to the social and economic history of France, as the main country of the medieval era. The course addresses issues of the genesis of the classic French feudalism. Special attention is paid to the problem of formation of the feudal land ownership from allodium and benefice to the hereditary feud (fief). The course interprets the feudal division causes and ways to overcome it, as well as the evolution of the socio-economic characteristics of the main classes of French feudal society, most of all the nobility and dependent peasants. Particular attention is paid to the economic policy of absolutism in France, which was reflected in the work of famous historical figures: King Henry IV, his first minister Maximilien Sully, the Cardinal de Richelieu, the Controller-General of Finances Jean-Baptiste Colbert.

For the first time in Russian-language historiography on the basis of an analysis of the most important components of Franco-German cooperation in the field of higher education the evolution of cooperation between higher education institutions of France and Germany in the post-war period is presented. The prerequisites for Franco-German cooperation after the Second World War are determined. The evolution of academic mobility between these countries is considered. The results of activities to create equivalents of documents on higher education in France and Germany are revealed. The Franco-German joint institutions of higher education are characterized. The aim of this work is to consider the evolution of cooperation between France and Germany in the field of higher education in the post-war period of time through the prism of its key aspects. The relevance of this study is due to the lack of research on this issue in Russian-language historiography. In addition, the study of Franco-German relations in the field of science and higher education in the post-war period is also of practical importance, since the experience of this cooperation, or its individual aspects, can be used in the field of higher education and science of our state. As a result of the analysis of key aspects of the Franco-German university cooperation, the following stages were identified in bilateral cooperation. 1. Establishment of Franco-German educational cooperation (1949–1963) – a period of post-war contradictions and the emergence of academic mobility between universities in France and Germany. The intensification of Franco-German cooperation in higher education was due to the unfolding Cold War and the ongoing process of European integration: the cultural sphere acted as a means of overcoming Franco-German antagonism. 2. Franco-German cooperation after the conclusion of the Treaty of Elysee (1963 – the end of the 1970s) – a period of expansion of academic mobility and the creation of new tools for its implementation; at the same time, this period of cooperation was marked by a shift in the attention of the governments of France and Germany towards national education issues. 3. The beginning of the process of institutionalization of Franco-German cooperation (late 1970s – 1993). The transition to the third stage of cooperation is due to the emergence of new trends in bilateral educational partnerships: the creation of coordinating institutes and joint educational institutions and the beginning of solving the problem of equivalence of diplomas. 4. The cooperation of France and Germany after the formation of the EU in 1993 – the Franco-German partnership at the present stage and within the European Higher Education Area. The implementation of the provisions of the Bologna Agreement in practice significantly unified the higher education systems of France and Germany, which facilitated bilateral academic exchanges, and the two countries' participation in European educational programs became an additional incentive for their intensification.

Russian economy continues to remain in depression and enhancing scientific-technological lag in comparison with economically developed countries. In these circumstances the problems of structural transformation on the basis of re-industrialization and technological modernization become vital for further development. Implementation of different kinds of economic regulation and planning, as an important instrument of industrial policy, is the necessary condition for the solution of this task. In this regard, the experience of such regulation and implementation of different kinds of planning in particular, in foreign countries, seems to be of great importance. On the basis of theoretical researches and expert estimates of western and Russian economists, the author analyses the experience of implementation of indicative planning and other kinds of public economic regulation in France in the context of its possible use for solution of the problem of technological modernization of Russian economy.

В последние два десятилетия Франция стала страной западного мира, где происходит, пожалуй, наибольшее количество актов индивидуального террора, который связан с мусульманской миграцией и часто выступает под религиозными лозунгами. Очерчивая общие причины современного терроризма, автор сосредотачивается на анализе причин и триггерах, прямых ситуационных факторах, провоцирующих терроризм в современной Франции. В качестве основной причины называется недостаточная, неэффективная интеграция мигрантов, у которых, как следствие складывается кризисная идентичность, ранимость и повышенная реактивность на некоторые категории событий, которые представляются оскорблением.
In the past two decades, France has become a country in the Western world with perhaps the largest number of acts of individual terror associated with Muslim migration and often carried out under religious slogans. Outlining the common causes of modern terrorism, the author focuses on the analysis of the causes and triggers of the ethno-cultural order, direct situational factors provoking terrorism in modern France. The main reason is the insufficient, ineffective integration of migrants, who, as a result, develop a crisis identity, vulnerability and increased reactivity to some categories of events that seem to be an insult.

The article is focused at the role of "Russian factor" on the presidential elections in France in 2017. The author shows that Russian influence on the elections is determined by the current international situation complicating Russian-French relations as well as ambivalent perception of Russia by different French political forces. The author explores the link between evolution of French political situation and accusations against Kremlin concerning its supposed intervention to the electoral process. The conclusion says that special but limited Russian influence played particular role but couldn't determine the results of French presidential elections-2017. The Russian factor still works but it is capable to evolve. ; В статье рассматривается роль «российского фактора» на ход избирательной кампании во Франции 2017 г. Показано, что влияние России на французские выборы определялось сложившейся международной ситуацией, осложнившей отношения двух стран, а также полярным восприятием России различными политическими силами внутри самой Франции. Проанализирована связь эволюции внутриполитической обстановки во Франции с обвинениями в адрес России о вмешательстве в выборы. Сделан вывод о том, что специфика и ограниченность российского воздействия сыграли особую, но далеко не определяющую роль в исходе президентских выборов-2017. Влияние российского фактора сохраняется, но может эволюционировать.