Suchergebnisse

This chapter provides readers with an overview of the transformations of French defence policy since 1991. To a large degree, French defence policy is still perceived through a 'Gaullist' prism by non-specialist observers, who tend to analyse French defence developments by referring to a pursuit of 'independence' at all costs, or a willingness to maintain neo-colonialists' privileges. This chapter challenges this prevailing narrative by providing a concise yet complete analysis of the drivers of French defence policy. First, it discusses the French strategic culture, the institutional setting (role of the president, parliament, etc.) and civil-military relations in France. Second, it presents the role of nuclear weapons in French defence policy. Finally, it presents the evolution of the force structure since 1991. It also discusses the two key drivers of military change in France: interventions abroad and France's membership to international security institutions.

International audience ; This chapter deals with the development of public relations (PR) as a professional field in France, from 1945 to the late 1980s. Not initially considered as a strategic management function, French PR sought to gain legitimacy in its early years, implicitly differentiating itself from the model of North-American PR by which it was inspired, through a focus on the ethical dimension of the profession and its distinction from the related professions of journalism and advertising. Professional associations reflected these concerns and played a key role in helping the profession construct its identity. Social evolutions, especially the civil unrest associated with May 1968, can also be seen to have influenced the development of PR, underlining deeper social trends and the growing need for social dialogue both within organisations and externally. Successive governments and the public sector in general also played an important role in legislating and then legitimising the profession on several occasions. By the late 1980s, the strategic dimension of the PR / communications function had become accepted in many major organisations.

International audience ; This chapter deals with the development of public relations (PR) as a professional field in France, from 1945 to the late 1980s. Not initially considered as a strategic management function, French PR sought to gain legitimacy in its early years, implicitly differentiating itself from the model of North-American PR by which it was inspired, through a focus on the ethical dimension of the profession and its distinction from the related professions of journalism and advertising. Professional associations reflected these concerns and played a key role in helping the profession construct its identity. Social evolutions, especially the civil unrest associated with May 1968, can also be seen to have influenced the development of PR, underlining deeper social trends and the growing need for social dialogue both within organisations and externally. Successive governments and the public sector in general also played an important role in legislating and then legitimising the profession on several occasions. By the late 1980s, the strategic dimension of the PR / communications function had become accepted in many major organisations.

International audience ; This chapter deals with the development of public relations (PR) as a professional field in France, from 1945 to the late 1980s. Not initially considered as a strategic management function, French PR sought to gain legitimacy in its early years, implicitly differentiating itself from the model of North-American PR by which it was inspired, through a focus on the ethical dimension of the profession and its distinction from the related professions of journalism and advertising. Professional associations reflected these concerns and played a key role in helping the profession construct its identity. Social evolutions, especially the civil unrest associated with May 1968, can also be seen to have influenced the development of PR, underlining deeper social trends and the growing need for social dialogue both within organisations and externally. Successive governments and the public sector in general also played an important role in legislating and then legitimising the profession on several occasions. By the late 1980s, the strategic dimension of the PR / communications function had become accepted in many major organisations.

International audience ; This chapter deals with the development of public relations (PR) as a professional field in France, from 1945 to the late 1980s. Not initially considered as a strategic management function, French PR sought to gain legitimacy in its early years, implicitly differentiating itself from the model of North-American PR by which it was inspired, through a focus on the ethical dimension of the profession and its distinction from the related professions of journalism and advertising. Professional associations reflected these concerns and played a key role in helping the profession construct its identity. Social evolutions, especially the civil unrest associated with May 1968, can also be seen to have influenced the development of PR, underlining deeper social trends and the growing need for social dialogue both within organisations and externally. Successive governments and the public sector in general also played an important role in legislating and then legitimising the profession on several occasions. By the late 1980s, the strategic dimension of the PR / communications function had become accepted in many major organisations.

The main objective of this chapter is to characterise the activities between French regions and Chinese provinces or cities – their intensity, scopes, advantages and obstacles. Besides, as the context for the paradiplomacy, a broader perspective is briefly introduced focusing on the bilateral state, economic and social relations. An important question arises as to whether the relations at the state level correlate with the relations at the lower, regional, level. Taking the broader perspective into account, it is worth evaluating how the EU-China relation and the internal situation of China influence paradiplomacy. ; Publication financed by the National Science Centre, Poland. (Project number: 2015/19/B/HS5/02534 entitled "Rola regionów w polityce Unii Europejskiej wobec Chin/ The Role of Regions in the European Union Policy towards China")

This is the submitted version of the following article: DRAKE, H., 2014. France. European Journal of Political Research Political Data Yearbook, 51 (1), pp. 103 - 116. which has been published in final form at Wiley Online Library at http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2047-8852.2012.00011.x

Racial and ethnic inequalities remain an underdeveloped area of research in France. This situation can mainly be attributed to the fact that researchers have been strongly influenced, on the one hand, by a political model of integration (presented in more detail in Section 12.3.3) that has led France 'to ignore itself as a country of immigration' (Noiriel, 1988) and encouraged a colorblind approach to social reality (Lorcerie, 1994a) and, on the other hand, by Marxist political and scientific perspectives giving central importance to class in the study of society. However, since the 1980s, due to important changes in the immigrant population and in policy towards immigrants, as well as to the arrival of a new generation of researchers and the growing internationalization of French research, the number of studies in this domain has increased and diversified. There are however very few reviews of the existing scientific literature (Lorcerie, 1995, 2003; Payet, 2003; Payet and van Zanten, 1996; van Zanten, 1997b) and only one in English (van Zanten, 1997a). Therefore, the following critical survey, based on a systematic sampling of the literature and covering 30 years of research, including very recent studies, should prove useful to various, and especially anglophone, audiences. [Chapter's first paragraph]

Racial and ethnic inequalities remain an underdeveloped area of research in France. This situation can mainly be attributed to the fact that researchers have been strongly influenced, on the one hand, by a political model of integration (presented in more detail in Section 12.3.3) that has led France 'to ignore itself as a country of immigration' (Noiriel, 1988) and encouraged a colorblind approach to social reality (Lorcerie, 1994a) and, on the other hand, by Marxist political and scientific perspectives giving central importance to class in the study of society. However, since the 1980s, due to important changes in the immigrant population and in policy towards immigrants, as well as to the arrival of a new generation of researchers and the growing internationalization of French research, the number of studies in this domain has increased and diversified. There are however very few reviews of the existing scientific literature (Lorcerie, 1995, 2003; Payet, 2003; Payet and van Zanten, 1996; van Zanten, 1997b) and only one in English (van Zanten, 1997a). Therefore, the following critical survey, based on a systematic sampling of the literature and covering 30 years of research, including very recent studies, should prove useful to various, and especially anglophone, audiences. [Chapter's first paragraph]

Contents: Contents: I. Introduction. book I. The revolution and modern France. book II. The constitution and the chief of the state.--II. book III. The parliamentary system. book IV. Political parties ; Mode of access: Internet.

Includes four appendices on the state of law, finance, medicine, and political opinion in France. By Sir T. Charles Morgan. ; Mode of access: Internet.

"Four appendices on the state of law, finance, medicine, and political opinion, in France. By Sir T. Charles Morgan, M. D.": p. [i]-cxv. ; Mode of access: Internet.

"Four appendices on the state of law, finance, medicine, and political opinion, in France. By Sir T. Charles Morgan, M. D.": lxxxvi p. ; Shaw & Shoemaker ; Mode of access: Internet.

First leaf (half-title?) and engravings wanting. ; "Four appendices on the state of law, finance, medicine, and political opinion, in France, by Sir T. Charles Morgan, M. D.": xcii p. ; Mode of access: Internet.

"Four appendices on the state of law, finance, medicine, and political opinion, in France / by Sir T. Charles Morgan, M.D.": cliv p. in v. 2. ; Vol. 1: x, [2], [13]-369, [1] p.; v. 2: iv, [2], [7]-204, cliv p. ; Shaw & Shoemaker ; Mode of access: Internet.