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Paper refers to the issues related to issues of law and legal freedom, E. Kant's considered within the critical philosophy he created, as well as views on these issues researchers of his creative work.

The article is devoted to the study of the law enforcement of criminal punishment in the form of restriction of freedom and its significance in the system of punishment. Modern trends in the economy and social life in the country determine the policy of gradual humanization of punishment for some crimes while increasing the punishment for others. This process is accompanied by the introduction of new, previously not applied forms of punishment, which should serve as an alternative to imprisonment for a certain period. The analysis of statistical data on the application of punishment with isolation from society to various categories of convicts shows that the use of deprivation of liberty should be reduced, especially for minors and women. By limiting the use of punishment in the form of imprisonment, it is possible to protect the individual from the influence of the criminal environment. Punishment in the form of restriction of freedom allows achieving the goals of criminal punishment without deprivation of liberty and isolation from society. When considering the nature of punishment in the form of restriction of freedom should pay attention to such a legal structure as a conditional sentence. In the criminal-Executive practice, the punishment in the form of restriction of freedom and conditional conviction are implemented almost identically, but in the science of criminal law, there is no common position on the legal nature of the conditional conviction. The most important difference between restriction of freedom and conditional conviction is that the scope of restrictions on the right of a convicted person to punishment in the form of restriction of freedom is established in the law, and it is exhaustive, and the scope of restrictions on the right of a probationer can be both narrowed and expanded. Creation of alternatives to punishment in the form of imprisonment is one of the most important directions of modern criminal policy, both in Russia and abroad. This type of punishment in the future can be more ...

Показано, что идеологическое многообразие пронизывает все сферы общественной жизни и оказывает значительное влияние на все базовые виды общественных отношений. Установлено, что в политической сфере идеологическое многообразие выражается прежде всего в политическом многообразии, или политическом плюрализме. К числу основных принципов организации политической жизни в современных государствах демократического толка относят принцип многопартийности. Установлено также, что в соответствии с устоями демократического государства в российском правопорядке исключается право произвольного вторжения в религиозную и конфессиональную сферы. В этом выражается религиозный плюрализм как продолжение конституционного принципа идеологического многообразия. В работе представлена позиция о том, что многообразие в социокультурной сфере основано на праве лица на социальную и культурную самоидентификацию. Выявлено, что свобода экономической деятельности представляет собой фундаментальную основу для реализации идеологического многообразия в экономической сфере. Гарантия самостоятельного и независимого осуществления экономической деятельности в рамках правового поля позволяет субъектам экономических отношений полноценно использовать свои экономические права и законные интересы. ; Within the framework of this publication, it is shown that ideological diversity permeates all spheres of public life and exerts a significant influence on all basic types of social relations. The authors found that in the political sphere, ideological diversity is expressed, first of all, in political diversity, or in political pluralism. The basic principles of the organization of political life in modern states of a democratic nature include the principle of multi-party system. It has also been established that, in accordance with the foundations of a democratic state, the Russian legal order excludes the right of arbitrary intrusion into the religious and confessional spheres. This expresses religious pluralism as a continuation of the constitutional principle of ideological diversity. The paper presents a position that diversity in the sociocultural sphere is based on the person's right to social and cultural self-identification. The publication reveals that freedom of economic activity is a fundamental basis for the realization of ideological diversity in the economic sphere. Guarantee of independent implementation of economic activity within the legal framework allows the subjects of economic relations to fully use their economic rights and legitimate interests.

New forms of manifestations of religious intentions in socio-political space have constituted themselves as markers of transformation in the contemporary socio-political coordinates. Revision of the dominant traditional linear approaches placed the focus of ideological and political discussions about the correspondence of stable and variable, traditional and modern in a religious prism. Emerging new configurations in the public and private spheres mark transformation of the traditional relations between religion, society and the state corresponding to the logic of the project of modernity and the paradigm of secularization and require new interpretation optics. The contours of the new designs are evident in the contexts of new challenges and threats related to global political risks of religious terrorism, loss of monopoly on the description of reality, including moral connotations in the understanding of progress of the principle of secularism, with the increased importance of religious and confessional identity, civilizational, local and personal-individual levels, forming the hierarchy of values that determines horizons of public and personal goal setting. The penetration of religious meanings in the political and social reality of various areas, their incorporation into ideological discourses of identity build a wide variety of interpretations in the extreme poles of which is religious outline of internal and external threats to social stability and understanding of religion as a resource of optimization of the political system. Institutional, axiological and ontological projection refracts the religious factor in Russian society in polyvalent and nonlinear ways, reflecting the multidirectional vectors of ongoing transformation. On the basis of sociological data of The Institute of Sociology, RAS, the given article analyzes a number of subjects, reflecting qualitatively new social relationships. The emphasis is on multi-scale conflicts, correlation between the secular and the religious in the coordinates of importance of the democracy attributes and social significance of religion, institutional and value aspects as well as the dominant ideas in the Russian society about the role of Church, religion and religious faith in human life and society. Growing importance of religious factors and religious identities in contemporary conditions, the incorporation of religious meanings in different spheres of society intersect with ' the needs of ensuring the unity of values and stabilization of the social system, as well as close attention to Russian civilization experience. Despite increased sensitivity of contemporary debates on the tragectory of political practices in Russia, the religious factor could be a factor of social cohesion, determining the search of new forms of relations between the state and religious organizations based on the challenges and needs of society and identifying the need for improving mechanisms and practices of state-confessional relations.

The author aims to show that the forecasts of some theorists, philosophers and sociologists about the secularization and inevitable disappearance and marginalization of religion in the process of modernization of society, did not come true. Religion as a social institution has survived and has indicated its return to society and its importance not only for the individual but also for the collective consciousness and action. Deterministic frameworks of the processes of religious changes toward desecularization of society are the result of important changes in society itself: on the one hand the religious traditions acquire political significance and importance in the society, while on the other side they deprivatize faith and behavior of individuals, which can be considered as representing the crucial elements of the process of desecularization of society. These examples compelled the authors like David Martin and Peter Berger to review their theories about secularization of society during 1960s and 1970s, by presenting new ideas about desecularization of society or by limiting the theory of secularization to Western Europe countries only.

This article reviews the ideas and motives of modern terrorism, discloses the concept of destructive human behavior, the analysis of the socio-cultural situation at the beginning of the XXI century and revealed disturbing factors intensify nationalist and religious terrorism as the most dangerous form of terrorism.

The article considers some religious ideas of Thomas Jefferson in connection with his social and political activities which also include the struggle for the freedom of religion in Virginia. = Рассматриваются религиозные представления Томаса Джефферсона в связи с его общественно-политической деятельностью, включавшей также борьбу за установление свободы вероисповедания в Виргинии.

The study of the legislative regulation of the use of life imprisonment, carried out by the author of the article, allows us to draw the following conclusions. A comparative analysis of the criminal legislation of Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland and the USA has shown that in countries there is an almost unified approach to the list of categories of crimes for which life imprisonment is imposed. The results of the study on the sex and age of convicts showed that this type of punishment is not assigned to women only in Russia, and the age from which the application of life for life in the legislation of the countries under consideration is different. In the opinion of some researchers, life imprisonment is appointed in order to restore social justice, correct the convicts and prevent the commission of the crime, both convicted and other persons. Certainly, a person who committed a particularly serious crime must serve his life in places of deprivation of liberty, not to intimidate others and not to repay or restore social justice, but to render harmless and exclude his further danger to society. Studying the psychological characteristics of convicts of this category, we can conclude that the complexity of working with them is related to the characteristics of their personality, attitude to committed crimes, as well as the specifics of the execution of punishment. This is what makes it necessary to develop quality psychological support and the positive result can be influenced by education and religion, which allow surviving in harsh conditions, to maintain adequate behaviour and prevent the recurrence of the crime.

The study of the aspects of the appointment and execution of criminal punishment in the form of restraint of freedom shows the following results. The path of humanization of the criminal–executive law, creation and introduction of penalties in the alternative to imprisonment in criminal–executive practice, is one of the most promising options for the development and improvement of the system of criminal penalties. An analysis of the court practice in Novosibirsk demonstrates that the restriction on leaving the boundaries of a municipal formation in court practice is applied in approximately 82% of cases of imposing a penalty in the form of restraint of liberty. Concerning the definition of the place of permanent residence of the convict in practice causes difficulties, since the need for registration at the place of residence gives rise to many legal obstacles, and the actual stay of an individual is not legally recorded anywhere. Thus, a convicted person may reside in one region of the country, and be registered elsewhere, where there are no actual conditions for the person's residence during the period of serving a sentence in the form of restriction of freedom. This circumstance allows us to conclude that it is possible that these factors make it relatively rare for courts to impose a penalty in the form of restraint of liberty. In addition, the execution of this punishment is possible only through the use of technical means of control and supervision of convicts, since periodic inspections of the staff of the penitentiary inspectorate do not guarantee fulfilment of this restriction. This type of punishment includes a restriction on visits to certain places located within the territory of the relevant municipal formation and places of mass and other events and to participate in these events, but the notion of a mass event is not legally fixed. In this regard, the verdict must specify the specific types of mass and other events, to participate in which is prohibited, as well as specific places that are ...