The article deals with the peculiarities of government social policy to supportmotherhood and childhood in Germany.It was defined that the main spheres of government family policy in Germany were thefollowing ones: strengthening economic stability in a family; gender equality; supportingfamily and professional activity; providing mothers and children with proper healthcare;increasing birth rate; children's welfare, their social and cognitive development.Key words: government policy, support, motherhood, childhood, Germany. ; У статті розглянуто особливості державної соціальної політики підтримки материнства і дитинства в Німеччині. Досліджено, що основними напрямками державної сімейної політики у Німеччині були: зміцнення економічної стабільності родини; гендерна рівність; сприяння узгодженню сімейної та професійної діяльності; охорона здоров'я матері й дитини; підвищення рівня народжуваності, сприяння добробуту дітей, їх пізнавального та соціального розвитку.Ключові слова: соціальна політика, підтримка, материнство, дитинство, Німеччина.
The article is devoted to the analysis of problematic aspects of the migration policy of the European Union. The author describes this problem using the example of separate country, namely Germany. Germany is one of the most attractive countries for refugees, because of its high standard of living, social insurance system and multiculturalism policy. The author claims that Germany accepted the largest number of refugees among all other EU countries, which led to internal conflicts and necessity for reforming migration policy. The ineffectiveness of the Dublin system, the disagreement between Member States about division of migrants, the dissatisfaction of the population with government and, as a consequence, the rise in popularity of far-right sentiment in Europe, were the main reasons for changing the EU's approach to refugee policy and reforming the entire migration system. From 2015 to 2018, there were attempts by EU Member States to come up with a joint action plan to overcome the negative effects of the migration crisis. The author emphasizes two stages in the reforming of the system. First stage was lasting from April to October 2015 and was connected with first attempts of reforming. It was proposed to introduce a quota system, but not all states agreed with it. Also at the Valletta Migration Summit EU and African leaders signed an agreement on joint migration action, as well as in the framework of the EU-Turkey Action Plan aimed at halting the migration flow to Europe and combating illegal migration. The author says that EU actions within this period can be characterized as responding to current problems and finding possible ways and strategies for solution of the migration crisis. On the second stage decisions were made not so much with the aim of solving current problems, but with the aim of creating a more efficient system of migration legislation on the European level as a whole. During this period EU concluded agreement with Turkey on measures of illegal migrants. In conclusion the author says that ...
The article is devoted to the study of the doctrine of formalized and non-formalized basic human rights in Ukraine and Germany. To achieve this research goal, the following research objectives have been identified: 1) to outline a subsystem of formalized fundamental human rights and freedoms in accordance with the German fundamental doctrine of fundamental human rights; 2) identify the subsystem of unformalized basic human rights and freedoms in accordance with the German fundamental doctrine of fundamental human rights, to name the problems of its functioning; 3) to analyze the national doctrine of formalized and non-formalized human rights and freedoms, to make proposals on the development of the theory and practice of affirmation and maintenance of human rights and freedoms in Ukraine. As a result of the study, the following conclusions are made: a) It is found that one of the dimensions of the existence of the human rights and freedoms system in Germany is its division into: formalized (written) and unformalized (unwritten) human rights. However, both types of human rights have equal constitutional status; b) It is stated that the formation of the human rights system, both formalized and unformalized, is not monopolized by the state. Legal science is actively involved in the formation of this system. Scientists' conclusions and suggestions, both on the list and on the content of individual human rights, are applied at the same level as the legislation in the exercise of a specific human right or freedom in Germany; c) it is determined that the list of unformalized (unwritten) human rights in Germany is open, as new informal human rights can emerge as a result of the activities of both the judiciary and the state; d) it is stated that in Ukraine only formalized human rights that have a normatively defined mechanism of their realization are able to be asserted and secured by the Ukrainian state. Informal rights can exist only in the form of scientific theories and concepts, but do not have a real dimension of ...
The article highlights the main points of transition to the second stage of decentralization in Ukraine. It is emphasized that the state regional policy of Ukraine can not be reduced to the reform of the administrative and territorial system only. However, it is currently impossible to achieve economic growth and development of the state as a whole without reforming the territorial organization of government and systematic understanding of the place of communities in regional development. The article studies the evolution of voluntary merger of territorial communities. At the transition to the second stage of decentralization, which suggests formation of a subregional administrative and territorial system, it is proposed to consider merger of territorial communities based on the principle of their capacity, consolidating or reformatting them if necessary. This will help to achieve community competitiveness and economic growth.
The monograph is devoted to the actual problems of functioning and development of this poorly understood phenomenon today of local government in Ukraine as communicative potential. The essence of the communicative potential analyzes the features of the communicative process in local government determined by law communicative potential normalized forms of direct citizen participation. Theoretical presentation illustrated with examples from periodicals, scientific literature and practices of local communities. Based on recent political and economic trends in the ways of the communicative potential of local government in Ukraine.
The article analyzes the specifity of the activity of modern higher education institutions in Germany. It has been stated that improving the content and quality of the training of specialists at Ukrainian higher education institutions will be facilitated by the study and creative use of pedagogically valuable ideas and experience of the leading countries of the world, in particular Germany. It has been emphasized that the government of the country is constantly improving and introducing original forms and methods of training future specialists in various fields of knowledge. It has been established that S. Vitvytska, B. Vulfson, O. Dzhurynskyi, T. Kalinichenko, Yu. Pyvovar, S. Cherkashyn and others were engaged in studying the formation, development and analysis of the current state of higher education institutions in both Ukraine and the leading countries of the world. In the process of the scientific search we used theoretical methods – systematization of sources on the problem under study; analysis of normative documents, legislative acts, current documentation on the content, forms and methods of the activity of IHE; comparative-historical methods (in order to analyze domestic and foreign experience); logic and structural and retrospective methods in order to summarize and systematize the theoretical positions and activities of modern higher education institutions in Germany and to identify the prospects of using the best assets on the outlined problem in modern higher education in Ukraine. It has been proved that the specifity of the activity of higher education institutions in Germany is fundamentalisation of higher education; giving preference to the classical university education; individualization of learning; implementation of corporate programs that involve a close combination of higher education with work in firms or companies; broad involvement of young people in scientific activities; continuous improvement of the quality of higher education; modernization of training technologies; intensification of both the educational process and the process of training qualified teaching staff; improvement of the system of verification of the educational activity, etc. The study has shown that there are some problems in the organization of education in higher education institutions in Germany. These problems include ensuring a high level of the training of specialists while their number is significantly increasing; search for ways of balancing humanitarian, natural and technical training programs, theoretical and practical components of the educational process, educational and research work, etc.Keywords: Germany, IHE, education, trends, students. ; У статті проаналізовано специфіку діяльності сучасних закладів вищої освіти Німеччини. Констатовано, що покращенню змісту та якості підготовки фахівців у вищій школі України сприятиме вивчення та творче використання педагогічно цінних ідей та досвіду провідних країн світу, зокрема Німеччини. Наголошено на тому, що уряд зазначеної країни постійно удосконалює та впроваджує в життя оригінальні форми та методи підготовки майбутніх фахівців різних галузей знань.Установлено, що дослідженням питань становлення, розвитку та аналізу сучасного стану закладів вищої освіти як України, так і провідних країн світу займалися С. Вітвицька, Б. Вульфсон, О. Джуринський, Т. Калініченко, Ю. Пивовар, С. Черкашин та ін. У процесі наукового пошуку використано теоретичні – систематизація джерел із досліджуваної проблеми; аналіз нормативних документів, законодавчих актів, поточної документації щодо змісту, форм і методів діяльності ЗВО; порівняльно-історичні (з метою аналізу вітчизняного та зарубіжного досвіду); логіко-структурні та ретроспективні методи з метою узагальнення й систематизації теоретичних положень та діяльності сучасних закладів вищої освіти Німеччини та виявлення перспектив використання кращих надбань із окресленої проблеми в сучасній вищій школі України.Доведено, що специфіка діяльності закладів вищої освіти Німеччини полягає у: фундаменталізації вищої освіти; наданні переваги класичній університетській освіті; індивідуалізації навчання; впровадженні корпоративних програм, які передбачають тісне поєднання навчання у вищій школі з працею у фірмах або компаніях; широкому залученні молоді до наукової діяльності; постійному вдосконаленні якості вищої освіти; модернізації технологій навчання; інтенсифікації як навчального процесу, так і процесу підготовки кваліфікованих викладацьких кадрів; удосконаленні системи перевірки навчальної діяльності та ін. Проведене дослідження дало змогу стверджувати, що організація навчання у закладах вищої освіти Німеччини має і певні проблеми. До зазначених проблем можна віднести: забезпечення високого рівня підготовки фахівців водночас з суттєвим збільшенням їх кількості; пошук шляхів збалансування гуманітарних, природознавчих та технічних напрямів підготовки, теоретичної та практичною складових освітнього процесу, навчальної та науково-дослідної роботи тощо. Ключові слова: Німеччина, ЗВО, освіта, тенденції, студенти.
The article is focused on the analysis of problems of implementation e-government into Ukrainian legislation. In the modern world, Internet technologies play an important role in the life of every person. Political authorities also understand how the Internet makes life easier for society. The authors analyze the interpretation of Ukraine and the European Union, the concept of «e-government». While solving the tasks of the research the authors define the own definition of e-government, where they offer to understand e-government as an integrated system of all state registries, open source data portals and administrative services that make the interaction of public administration bodies with society as easy as possible. Special attention is paid to analysis of problems of implementation e-government into Ukrainian legislation. The authors identify three main problems. The first is the insecurity of personal data. According to the authors, Ukrainian legislation is not ready for the implementation of legal acts of e-government. The second problem is the lack of knowledge and skills in using the e-government system. The absence of an appropriate authority regulating relations in this area. The third problem is the socio-informational inequality. Not all people have access to the Internet and not all people want to move into information age. The authors also analyze the achievements of Ukrainian society in the development of e-government. According to the results of the conducted studying we can concluded that implementation system of e-government has a lot of advantages. E-government is one of the keys of democracy. It is the key to get rid of bureaucracy and corruption that will lead to public confidence in government.
The article defines the features of organizing the activities of Administrative Service Centers. Modern changes in the activities of the Administrative Service Centers are aimed at further ensuring the decentralization of the system for the provision of administrative services by more than doubling the number of such centers that should be in each community. This transfers the main responsibility for the further development of the Administrative Service Centers to local governments. When studying the activities of the Center for the providing of administrative services in Chernigov, it was found that the number of applications for 2013‒2019 is constantly growing, therefore, this type of organization of administrative services is convenient for consumers. The largest share of the services of this Center in 2019 is registration / deregistration of a place of residence, and a total of 221 services are provided. The experience of organizing similar centers in Germany, the Netherlands, Georgia, Latvia, Poland is analyzed. It was determined that a further direction for improving the activities of the Centers for the provision of administrative services is to increase the electronic, including the mobile component in their activities, while it is assumed that organizational powers will be transferred from the Unified State Portal of Administrative Services to the portal "Diia". A significant improvement in the functioning of the Center may be the expansion of the list of administrative services that can be provided on an accelerated basis. The use of modern information technologies should contribute to the improvement of the mechanism of providing administrative services. Digital technologies play a fundamental role in ensuring the availability of services and information about them, as well as contributing to the development of new skills needed by both the ordinary citizen of a democratic society and the public servant involved in the service delivery process.
The features of Ukrainian social politics are considered based on research of the existing in foreign and home science going near understanding of social politics. The study examined the impact of market reforms on the development of the state social policy in Ukraine. The specific of social politics is exposed. The contradiction in the acceptance of political decisions in this sphere is certain. The general trends in the transformation of social policy, reflecting the specific functioning of the welfare state under conditions of market transformations are educed. The basic lacks of realization of social politics in Ukraine are certain. It is proved that the existing system of social protection requires significant improvement, because a significant portion of the population lives below the poverty line, has a low level of well-being. It was revealed that the social policy of Ukraine has a number of drawbacks, namely: non-transparent legislative framework, the presence of a large number of inefficient social benefits, imperfect system of financing and bureaucracy in the bodies of social protection and the like. It is proved that the improvement of the social security system should be based on improving the organizational, legal, financial measures provided by relevant government programs that need to be focused on economic development and improving living standards.
The article reveals the features of parliamentary responsibility of the governments of Western Europe. When the government or some of its members is to be failing to carry out their duties, parliament can initiate procedures which have the potential to replace all or part of the government. There are two different types of procedure. One is the withdrawal of confidence in the government or in individual ministers. The requirement for a certain minimum number of votes to be obtained before such motions can be initiated or passed highlights the relative strengths of the different political groups within parliament. Where the government has a parliamentary majority, it can usually count on that majority to block the motions. The majority of the parliaments in Europe allow votes of no confidence in the government. Where the legitimacy of the government rests on parliamentary confidence, the withdrawal or denial of confidence by parliament can force the government out of power. For a vote of no confidence to be passed an absolute majority of all members of the chamber (or chambers, if votes are taken in joint session) is required. Where the collective responsibility of the Cabinet is stressed, a votum of no confidence against individual members is prohibited. Several parliaments admit both collective and individual responsibility and allow both types of no confidence motions. The difference between votum of no confidence in the government as a whole and votum against individual ministers were researched. It is concluded that institute of government' parliamentary responsibility of is the an integral feature of a democratic state with parliamentarianism, ensuring the optimal functioning of the highest bodies of state legislative and executive power
The article is devoted to topical issues of motivation of local government officials. The study of motivation is carried out in the context of reflecting the processes that have taken in the field as a result of decentralization reform. They are associated with a change in approaches to governance, the shift of the traditional vector of relations with public authorities, awareness of the independent role of local self-government, expanding the range of powers aimed at community development. The study analyzes the main trends and challenges in increasing the motivation of officials, encouraging them to effectively perform their duties. Motivation is seen as the process of involving staff in activities to achieve the goals of the organization (in this case – village, town, city councils, their executive bodies). It determines the intensification of professional activity of officials, stimulates the implementation of tasks. It is noted that modern heads of local governments do not pay due attention to issues of motivation, encouragement of employees, identifying their needs. Practical examples of evaluation by both managers and subordinates of their motivation to work are given. Motivational factors of officials, including material, spiritual, social, industrial and household, etc. are analyzed. The connection of motivation with human needs and actions is investigated. It is emphasized that the needs of higher levels do not motivate the official until the needs of the lower level are at least partially met. The analysis of the Ukrainian legislation and normative-legal acts of local self-government bodies concerning the regulation of the sphere of motivation and incentives of officials is given. The directions and means which can be applied in modern conditions for increase of motivation of local government officials are shown.
The article considers the political and administrative measures of the Nazi regime to establish control over the academic life of German universities. Academic self-government contradicted the Nazi political order, so the universities were quickly incorporated into the administrative system of the new government, and their autonomy was abolished.In parallel, the new authorities made direct ideological interference in the curricula and subjects of scientific research, reformatting them in the spirit of the doctrine of National Socialism. After the reform, university disciplines and studies began to serve the ideological needs of the ruling regime and substantiate Nazi policies. Control over the content of curricula and the activity of teachers was placed on the party committees of the NSDAP established in universities.In order to purify the universities from the non-Aryan spirit, the Nazis conducted political purges among students and scientists. Their victims were Jews and opponents of the Gittler regime. From 1933 to 1939 years the number of students in German universities was reduced from 128 000 to 58 000, and the work lost up to 20% of teachers.At the same time despite the repressive nature of the Nazi regime, most teachers began to cooperate with the new government. The universities turned into public platforms for Nazi policies and ideology. The other side of political purges was the mass entry of professors and associate professors into the Nazi Party as a manifestation of political loyalty. By the end of the 1930s, half of the teachers were members of the NSDAP. Since the basis of Nazi ideology was biology and racial theory, the highest level of membership in the party was found in medical faculties that tended to these disciplines. Up to 70% of the teachers of these faculties had a party ticket. The smallest - about 30% - this figure was at the technical and natural faculties, which traditionally tried to distance themselves far from politics.As a result of the long domination of Nazi ideas in the academic sphere, the quality of higher education and research at universities in the Third Reich has been constantly falling, and political cleansing has led to the emigration of a significant part of talented scientists.On the other hand, the new rules, imposed by the Nazi regime, quickly took root in the educational system. Universities began to train professionals loyal to the Fuhrer and the state, although the quality of their training fell.Key words: the higher education, political cleansing, ideological campaigns, conformism, The Third Reich, the academic community, National Socialism. ; У статті розглядаються політико-управлінські заходи нацистського режиму щодо встановлення контролю над академічним життям німецьких вишів, що мали значний вплив на їхній інституційний розвиток. Аналізуються трансформація моделі вузівського управління та змісту навчальних планів у дусі націонал-соціалізму, чистки серед студентства та викладачів.Стверджується, що академічна спільнота не чинила активного опору новому режиму Гітлера, а виші перетворились на публічні майданчики для нацистської політики та ідеології.
The article is devoted to the study of the theory of institutional and organizational guarantees of fundamental human rights in Ukraine and Germany. The article analyses the scientific studies of Ukrainian and German scientists, which reflect the doctrine of institutional and organizational guarantees of fundamental rights. The legislation of Ukraine and Germany was also investigated from the point of view of the normative regulation of the named guarantees of fundamental rights. The analysis of the Ukrainian doctrine on the guarantee of human rights and freedoms makes it possible to determine its following features: 1) institutional and organizational guarantees of human rights are defined by the constituent elements of the system of human rights guarantees; 2) they belong to the special (legal or legal) guarantees of human rights; 3) the guarantees of human rights directly depend on their official affirmation in the legislation of Ukraine, because it is they that they find their objective reflection; 4) the guarantors of human rights and freedoms are authorized to determine the basic rights and freedoms of man and citizen, to establish mechanisms for their implementation and protection; 5) human rights guarantors are mainly public authorities that have a normatively defined function to guarantee and secure one or more human rights. The study of the German and Austrian doctrine of basic human rights allows us to determine the following characteristics: 1) basic human rights give rise to guarantees for the individual as their carrier. This is one of their central functions; 2) fundamental rights are directed against the state. These are restrictions for: a) the legislation of the Federal Republic of Germany; b) executive power; c) jurisdiction; 3) the state is not the creator of fundamental rights, it only recognizes the fact of their existence. The realization of fundamental rights does not depend on the level of their consolidation in the legislation; 4) the system of guaranteeing fundamental rights includes: ...
The article considers the economic functions of the state. Reveals the effectiveness of state regulation of the economy of Ukraine. The methods of state regulation and the main levers of the state in economic activity in market conditions.
The article explores the organizational forms of activity of local governments in the lands that were part of the GDR during their stay in the GDR and the Federal Republic of Germany. During their stay in the GDR, local government bodies were part of the Socialist Unified Party of Germany and did not have self-government powers. Therefore, at least at this stage, there can be no talk of any 5th organizational form of local self-government. Local authorities were subordinate to the goals of planning and managing the regime of the Socialist Unified Party of Germany. The socialist united party of Germany secured its hegemony for power at the local level.Citizens were guaranteed the right to local self-government by the Law "On SelfGovernment of Communities and Areas in the German Democratic Republic" of May 17, 1990. In addition to issues of self-government, communities were required to carry out state-delegated authorities.The modern reform of local government in Germany is analyzed. So, in general, district reforms have led to a significant reduction in counties in the new federal states. The reform of local government has not yet been completed in all federal states, so the consequences of the reform in Thuringia are still expected.It is argued that, in reality, this fifth organizational form of local self-government does not exist in the Federal Republic of Germany, because the Federal Lands that used to be part of the Soviet occupation zone, as a result of territorial and functional reforms, adopted the experience of the types of organizational forms of activity of local self-government bodies existing in the Federal Republic of Germany and, as a result, gravitate towards the South German type of local constitution.It is summarized that the analysis does not exhaust the entire list of problematic aspects related to the organizational forms of activity of local authorities in Germany, on the basis of which such aspects should become the subject of further scientific development. ; У статті досліджено організаційні форми діяльності органів місцевого самоврядування в Землях, що входили до складу НДР в часи перебування в складі НДР та ФРН.Проаналізовано сучасне реформування місцевого самоврядування у ФРН. Аргументовано, що насправді у ФРН не існує п'ятої організаційної форми місцевого самоврядування, яка згадується в окремих літературних джерелах, адже федеральні Землі, які раніше входили до радянської окупаційної зони, внаслідок територіальних та функціональних реформ, перейняли досвід існуючих у ФРН типів організаційних форм діяльності органів місцевого самоврядування та, як наслідок, тяжіють до південно-німецького типу місцевої конституції. Запропоновано проведення подальших досліджень наслідків реформ місцевого самоврядування у ФРН.