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Title from cover. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Formed by the union of: Federal Republic of Germany (Washington, D.C.); and: German Democratic Republic (Washington, D.C. : 1977).

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT -- OUTLOOK AND RISKS -- POLICY DISCUSSIONS -- A. Addressing External Imbalances by Restoring Household Purchasing Power -- B. Fiscal Policy to Boost Potential Growth and Support Rebalancing -- C. Boosting Productivity Growth and Private Investment -- D. Shoring up Financial-Sector Profitability while Preventing Buildup of Financial Risks -- E. Tackling the Supply-Side of Corruption -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Corporate Saving, Top Income and Wealth Inequality, and External Imbalances -- 2. The Impact of Potential US Auto Tariffs on Germany -- FIGURES -- 1. Evolution of Unemployment and Stagnation of Lower Incomes -- 2. Bank Credit to the Nonfinancial Sector -- 3. Evolution and Distribution of Real Income -- 4. Fiscal Positions at Länder Level -- 5. Labor Productivity Growth -- 6. Supply-Side Constraints -- 7. Residential and Commercial Real Estate Indicators -- 8. German Banks' Risk Provisioning and Tier 1 Capital Ratio -- 9. Change in LTV for New Mortgage Loans -- 10. Growth Developments -- 11. Prices and Labor Market -- 12. Balance of Payments -- 13. Fiscal Developments and Outlook -- 14. Credit Conditions and Asset Prices -- 15. Recent Developments in the German Banking Sector -- 16. Housing Market Developments -- 17. Product Market Competition, Innovation, and Digitalization -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Economic Indicators, 2016-20 -- 2. General Government Operations, 2016-24 -- 3. Medium Term Projections, 2016-24 -- 4. Balance of Payments, 2016-24 -- 5. International Investment Position, 2010-18 -- 6. Core Financial Soundness Indicators for Banks, 2013-18 -- 7. Additional Financial Soundness Indicators, 2013-18 -- ANNEXES -- I. External Sector Assessment -- II. Risk Assessment Matrix -- III. Public Debt Sustainability Analysis -- IV. Authorities' Response to Past IMF Policy Recommendations.

Although strong traditional principles have stifled reform of multiple procedures beyond joinder and consolidation, injunction claims by associations and commercial organizations have for some decades been more active in Germany than many European states. Since 2000, innovative experiments have been under way with a special model case procedure for investor claims and assignment of claims in antitrust. Both these approaches are likely to prove inadequate, but debates on reform remain cautious. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright The American Academy of Political and Social Science.]

The aim of the chapter is to analyse how Germany cooperates with China at the substate level. The authors try to highlight the background of the bilateral relations and answer the questions about the grounds for German multidimensional cooperation with China and its transformation in recent years. The chapter consists of three main parts. The first one concentrates on a description of the political, economic and social relations at the interstate level. Firstly, it presents the genesis of political relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and the People's Republic of China, as well as how they have evolved until today. Secondly, the data on the economic exchange of recent years and the importance of bilateral cooperation between states in economic dimension is presented. Thirdly, in the section devoted to people-to-people contacts, the authors focus on the importance of the Chinese diaspora in Germany, the number of Chinese students and the role played by Confucius Institutes. The second part of the chapter discusses the theoretical background of international cooperation of German Bundesländer and their position as policy actors on the global scene. The third section presents the outcomes of a survey conducted among German regions and the results of interviews with officials in selected regional authorities and in the German MFA. This final part describes moreover German paradiplomatic relations with Chinese counterparts. This section is supplemented by a case study of the land of Berlin and its cooperation with China. ; Publication financed by the National Science Centre, Poland. (Project number: 2015/19/B/HS5/02534 entitled "Rola regionów w polityce Unii Europejskiej wobec Chin/ The Role of Regions in the European Union Policy towards China")

After summing up the competencies of the Federal Government and the States regarding the area of teacher education and the teaching profession in Germany, the author describes the two phases of teacher training and research as well as the "research and inservice education of teachers" (INSET). Furthermore, he analyses the institutional backgrounds of educational research in Germany and the influence of educational research on political parties and parliaments. Finally, "priorities and new trends in educational research" and the relations between "research and the status of teachers and teacher education" are pointed out. (DIPF/ssch.)

My first contact with Germany was in 1921 when I visited European countries in a party conducted by that indefatigable world traveler Sherwood Eddy. We visited the Ruhr and Rhineland, where Germany was offering "passive resistance" to the efforts of Poincare to extract from a reluctant, vanquished nation the reparations which subsequently were found to be excessive and which were in effect paid by American loans (Dawes plan and Young plan). The French occupation of the Rhineland became ever more oppressive in the heat of the struggle and wrecked the economy of both nations. The British occupied the section of the Rhineland with Cologne as die center and rather ostentatiously disassociated themselves from the French designs.

In the face of rapid population ageing and the trend towards early retirement, there is a need to promote better employment opportunities for older people. Much has been said about the need for reform of old-age pensions and early retirement schemes but this may not be sufficient to raise employment rates for older people significantly or to reduce the future risk of labor shortages. Both governments and firms will need to take active measures to adapt wage setting to ageing workforces, to address the extent to which other welfare schemes act as pathways to early retirement, to tackle age discrimination and to improve the job skills and working conditions of older workers. In addition, older workers will need to change their own attitudes towards working longer and acquiring new skills. Little is known about what countries have been doing or should be doing in these areas. This report contains a survey of the main barriers to employment for older workers, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to overcome these barriers and a set of policy recommendations for further action by the public authorities and social partners.--Publisher summary

KEY ISSUESContext:? Germany fundamentals are sound: balance sheets are generally healthy,unemployment is at a historic low, and the fiscal position is strong.? While a recovery is underway, medium-term growth prospects are subdued and thecurrent account surplus remains high. The economy also faces a still weakinternational environment, lingering uncertainty (including about future energycosts), and fast approaching adverse demographic changes.? Germany could do more to increase its growth, thus strengthening its role as anengine of euro area recovery.Policy recommendations:? Germany has the fi

Although strong traditional principles have stifled reform of multiple procedures beyond joinder and consolidation, injunction claims by associations and commercial organizations have for some decades been more active in Germany than many European states. Since 2000, innovative experiments have been under way with a special model case procedure for investor claims and assignment of claims in antitrust. Both these approaches are likely to prove inadequate, but debates on reform remain cautious.