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Once again about the capitulation of nazi Germany
In: Diplomatic Service, Heft 2, S. 73-78
The article analyzes the situation in Europe at the final stage of the great Patriotic war. The situation around two German surrender ceremonies is described in detail: the preliminary one on 7 may 1945 before the allied forces in Reims and the full, unconditional one in Karlshorst on 8 may 1945.
Russia and Germany: some electoral estimates (gender approach)
In: PolitBook, Heft 1, S. 53-60
Author reveals the features of the political culture of the electorate in Russia and Germany. Through the comparative survey he finds gender differences in political consciousness and the voting behavior. Author analyzes the reasons for the limited participation of women in Russian political life and provides some recommendations
for improving the democratization process of the political sphere.
The influence of the Reformation on the formation of the political elite of Germany
This article is devoted to the problem of the historical heritage of the confessional division of the German lands as a result of the completion of the Reformation in Germany, as well as the specifics of the formation of the national German political elite. The confrontation between the Lutherans and the Calvinists during the years of the Reformation created a solid foundation for the formation of the future strong neo-confessional political parties in Germany, a striking example of which is the party of the Centre. The analysis of the characteristic features of the party system of the Empire of the Hohenzollerns, the features of the models of German conservatism and German liberalism of the 19th century allows us to conclude about the impact of the bi-confessional factor on the process of formation of both the German totalitarianism and the effective democracy of Germany.
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Migration paradigm in Germany in 2000s: change of priorities
The given paper touches upon the problem of German migration policy in contemporary period. The on-going processes allow us to conclude that the German migration paradigm has been changing as well as one of the most successful states in the European Union and as a state endowed with the greatest peace load after the crisis of 2008. The study gives the main qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the German migration policy in the 2000s. First of all, it is characterized by changes in the geography of migration flows. In 2004, with ten new countries entering the EU, the inflow of migrants from Eastern Europe countries began to increase. During this period, the number of immigrants from Poland has almost doubled. After Bulgaria and Romania joined the EU, the number of people from these countries also increased by more than three times. At the period of 2008 crisis, the inflow of migrants from Italy, Spain, Greece and the Balkan countries intensified; the number of migrants from Croatirapidly increasedafter this country joined the EU in 2013. The author analyzes the qualitative composition of migrants and concludes that, from the beginning of the 21st century, the working migration, having dominated for many decades, is gradually changing in favor of skilled workers' migration. The important role of universities in order to attract highly qualified specialists is substantiated. The migration impact on the labor market is studied with a special attention. It is due to the fact that, when arriving in the country and getting the opportunity to apply skills and realize their human capital, a migrant becomes a kind of investor in the hosting country economy, contributing to its growth. One of its main advantages is that, already having a certain set of knowledge and skills (the hosting country does not need to pay for his education), he can generate new knowledge, create innovations, thereby increasing the competitiveness of the recipient country economy. Germany has a policy of attracting highly qualified ...
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FOREIGN EXPERIENCE OF MIGRANT INTEGRATION: PRACTICE OF MODERN GERMANY
In: Political Science Issues, Heft 11(75), S. 3323-3328
В статье рассматриваются предпосылки формирования востребованной миграции в Германию, а также трансформация миграционных потоков от внешней трудовой миграции к миграции беженцев. Привлечение внешних мигрантов способствовало экономическому росту Германии, однако обнажило проблему взаимодействия мигрантов-мусульман и местного общества. Несмотря на официальную позицию политического руководства Германии, базирующуюся на позициях мультикультурализма, реализуемые, в связи с этим программы, как на федеральном, так и на региональном уровне не всегда достигают поставленных целей интеграции мигрантов в немецкое общество. Данный факт обуславливает рост критического восприятия мигрантов в современной Германии, что говорит о необходимости выработки новых, более эффективных подходов к реализации моделей политики интеграции.
FACTOR OF LANGUAGE INTEGRATION OF MIGRANTS IN EU COUNTRIES ON THE EXAMPLE OF GERMANY
The article deals with one of the important issues of modern language policy in Germany where the language and cultural integration of children from families of migrants and refugees are developed. Cultural integration will also be affected. Knowledge of German and possibilities of integration are in direct connection. In view of the migration crisis of 2015–2016, when about 1,139 million refugees arrived in Germany, this issue has become particularly relevant. A large number of refugees are also able to distort the real native German language. So the observations can be noted, that the indigenous Germans began to imitate their "brothers" from the Middle East. Young people in Germany, particularly Germans, tend to copy the accent of refugees, and the same refugees with great effort to copy the accent of the Germans. In addition to linguistic differences, there are differences in culture and religion. The specificity of cultures makes itself felt. The German government faces new problems affecting new spheres of life. The large influx of refugees undermines the country's economic, cultural and political stability. The main dissatisfaction is that the Germans increased the rate of income tax to provide refugees with all the necessary attributes for a comfortable stay in their country. At the same time, another problematic issue of the well-being of the Germans is the spread of the Islamic religion. Today in the information "ocean" there are many examples of how Islam is exposed under the wrong angle. This has a rather negative impact on the successful integration of refugees in new country. Language integration of adults and children who arrived in the country with their parents for permanent residence becomes a task of national scale. The concentration of attention in solving such disputes is explained by the fact that in a multinational country like Germany it is difficult to get along with several people at once. The article discusses the degree of effectiveness of solving the problem of language policy by the government of Germany in the post-crisis period.
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Legal aid in Germany ; Обеспечение доступности правосудия в Германии
The subject. The article is devoted to problems of institute of legal aid in German civil procedure law.The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that financial support is the main but not exclusive form of legal aid in Germany.The methodology of the study includes analysis and synthesis of German civil procedure legislation, description of decisions of German Federal Court of Justice and interpretation of legal studies concerning legal aid issues.The main results and scope of their application. The right to state support for equal access to judicial protection, regardless of property status, has constitutional grounds. The fundamental aspect of the principle of the rule of law is the prohibition of unauthorized enforcement of legal claims, and, therefore, the need to go to the court. Thus, ensuring equal access to judicial protection for all, including the needy persons, is a duty of a state governed by the rule of law. An important guarantee in this case is legal aid. In Germany, this aid, enshrined in civil procedure law, is a special reflection of the General social and legal institution of social assistance.The author reveals the structure of the main costs associated with the conduct of the process and covered by the legal aid, as well as conditions for the provision of such assistance in Germany – personal preconditions and prerequisites regarding the prospects for the conduct of the process. The provision of legal aid does not exclude the risk of a poor party that arise in connection with the loss process and the reimbursement court costs to the prevailing party. In addition, the provision of legal aid does not exempt from the obligation of its subsequent reimbursement to the Federal land budget from free revenues.The compilation and maintenance of statistics on the cost of certain types of proceedings by the Federal States of Germany, which account for the lion's share of the costs of maintaining the judicial system, seems justified from a fiscal point of view. However, it does not mean that the judicial system as a whole should be subordinated to the logic of economic profitability of "services" for dispute resolution.Conclusions. The provision of legal aid in Germany requires the identification of a set of conditions-relating to both the person and the prospects of the case. However, financial assistance in the conduct of proceedings is not the only way to ensure legal aid, another is, for example, the simplification of judicial procedure. It is at the discretion of the state to choose the means of legal aid to ensure effective protection of rights, however it may not be possible without qualified legal assistance. ; Раскрывается структура помощи в ведении процесса, а также условия ее предоставления в Германии – относящиеся как к личности, так и к перспективам рассмотрения дела. Отмечается, что предоставление помощи в ведении процесса не исключает риски малоимущей стороны, которые возникают в связи с отказом в удовлетворении ее требований и необходимостью возмещения выигравшей стороне судебных издержек; кроме того, предоставление помощи в ведении процесса не освобождает получателя от обязанности ее последующего возмещения в бюджет федеральной земли из свободных доходов. Делается вывод, что выбор средств обеспечения эффективного доступа к правосудию находится в усмотрении государства.
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Дискурсивная личность бундесканцлера Германии ; Discursive personality of the Bundeskanzler of Germany
The aim set by the authors of this paper is to reveal the peculiarities of linguistic personality of one of the most authoritative state and political actors of our time - Angela Merkel. ; В статье рассматриваются особенности языковой личности канцлера Федеративной Республики Германия Ангелы Меркель.
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History of local taxation in Germany ; История местного налогообложения в Германии
The article discusses the history of local taxation in Germany and its current state, focusing on the correspondence of the existing local taxes to the criteria of optimal local taxation. The author's hypothesis is that the German system of local taxation, which dates back to the imperial period, can and should be reformed in order to meet the internationally recognized criteria. The analysis is based on several criteria: the general criteria, which apply to all taxes, including federal; criteria for local and central taxes and, last but not least, criteria for relationships between local governments. The history of the three local taxes (property tax, business tax and income tax) is viewed in the light of the above-described criteria. It is shown that the local business tax needs to be adjusted according to the criteria of optimal local taxation. The author also explains why, from the theoretical perspective, it was important to transfer the revenue from the income tax to the local level in 1969 and points out that local governments currently lack the authority to set tax rates. The case of the property tax, introduced in 1936, is particularly interesting, taking into consideration the current plans to amend the existing legislation. The author compares the two possible scenarios of the future tax reforms and comes to the conclusion that only one of them fully meets the international standards. The analysis has shown that the local taxation system in Germany is quite efficient, although there is definitely some room for improvement. The combination of the business tax and the income tax allow local authorities to balance the interests of local households and businesses.For citationZimmermann H. History of local taxation in Germany. Journal of Tax Reform. 2019;5(1):57–69. DOI:10.15826/jtr.2019.5.1.060Article infoReceived December 17, 2018; accepted March 12, 2019 ; Не ограничиваясь простым описанием истории местного налогообложения в Германии, автор оценивает существующую систему и ее историческое развитие на соответствие различным критериям оптимального местного налога. Гипотеза автора говорит о том, что немецкая система местного налогообложения, сложившаяся с имперских времен, может быть реформирована, чтобы достаточно хорошо соответствовать общепринятым критериям. Для анализа выделено несколько критериев: критерии для любого налога (также федерального), критерии для местных и центральных налогов и, что не менее важно, критерии для отношений между местными органами власти. Основываясь на этих критериях, описывается история трех местных налогов (налог на имущество, местный налог на бизнес, местный налог на прибыль). Развитие налога на имущество описано с момента его введения в 1936 г. вплоть до настоящего времени. С учетом наличия планов по внесению дальнейших изменений в законодательство, оценены две возможные альтернативы его предстоящего реформирования. Сделан вывод, что из двух предлагаемых вариантов его изменения лишь один соответствует международным стандартам. На основе анализа системы реформ, последовательно изменявших местный промысловый налог, сделан вывод о необходимости его скорейшего реформирования в целях приведения в соответствие с критериями оптимального местного налогообложения. Оправдана, с теоретических позиций, важность передачи на местный уровень власти в 1969 г. доли поступлений от налога на доходы. Вместе с тем отмечен недостаток полномочий местного уровня по установлению налоговой ставки. Анализ показал, что система местного налогообложения в Германии в целом не плоха, но может быть значительно улучшена. Промысловый налог и налог на доходы, работая совместно, создают предпосылки для балансирования интересов коренного населения и предпринимательского сообщества, а в целом три названных источника доходов сформировали неплохую местную систему налогообложения Германии. Вместе с тем все элементы этой системы нуждаются в реформировании.Для цитированияЦиммерманн Х. История местного налогообложения в Германии // Journal of Tax Reform. 2019. Т. 5, № 1. С. 57–69. DOI:10.15826/jtr.2019.5.1.060Информация о статьеДата поступления 17 декабря 2018 г.; дата принятия к печати 12 марта 2019 г.
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Прагматика нарратива о капитуляции Германии ; Pragmatics of the Narrative About the Capitulation of Germany
В статье рассматриваются прагматические характеристики публичного признания Германии о поражении во Второй мировой войне на материале текстов обращения по радио правительства страны к населению и официального акта о капитуляции. ; The paper focuses on pragmatic characteristics of the public official recognition of the German govern-ment about the defeat in World War II on the basis of the texts of the radio address of the government of the country to the population and the official act of surrender.
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German political parties as a resource for social reform in Germany in the 70s of the XIX century
The paper analyzes the role of political parties and other political resources in the context of social reform in the German Empire in the 1870s. Not only political parties and movements, but also professional associations, entrepreneurial groups that demonstrate a certain degree of social responsibility are referred to political resources. The indicated period in Reich Chancellor O. Bismarck's domestic policy was marked by an active search for like-minded people represented by representatives of various political parties, economists, and large industrialists for social reforms development and implementation. It is proved that in search of the all-German social support, O. Bismarck demonstrated the ability to maneuver between political parties and groups, business and other social strata. The study focuses on Reich Chancellor's strategy was aimed at reducing the severity of political and social problems and creating a social balance between different social strata. The author emphasizes that the head of the German government not only sought to isolate the working class out of the social democracy through social concessions, but also to maintain peace and harmony in new industrial society, open the way to its consolidation, which was supposed to come to stability through social reforms. The author pays particular attention to the structure, organization and influence of the political parties. The study provides the statistical data on the share of voters who voted for the parties and the number of deputy mandates received from the results of general elections, as well as describes various political programs.
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Переименование политических партий в современной Германии ; Renaming Political Parties in Modern Germany
The article deals with the main linguistic mechanisms of renaming and the extralinguistic motives to change the name on the material of the modern political parties of Germany. ; В статье рассматриваются основные языковые механизмы осуществления переименования и экстралингвистические мотивы смены имени на материале современных политических партий Германии.
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"Russian libraries in Germany" – The essays in history ; «Русские библиотеки в Германии» – исторические очерки
Review of the collection of works prepared by Gottfried Kratz (Gottfried Kratz. Russische Biblioteken in Deutschland. – Berlin : Peter Lang, 2020. – 231 s. (Arbeiten und Bibliographen zum Buch – und Bibliothekswesen. 17).The book in German comprises the papers by German and Russian researchers on public, academic, military and church libraries in the mid-19th century and up to present. The reviewer focuses on the works matching the profile of the "Scientific and Technical Libraries" journal. The presented works are based on vast archival materials and expand the knowledge of Russian-German library relationships within the mentioned historical period. The researchers of Russian diaspora abroad, book and library historians will make the readership of the book. ; Рецензия на подготовленный Готтфридом Кратцем научный сборник «Русские библиотеки в Германии» (Берлин : Петер Ланг, 2020. – 231 с. ; (Труды и библиографии по книжному и библиотечному делу. 17) – Gottfried Kratz. Russische Biblioteken in Deutschland. – Berlin : Peter Lang, 2020. – 231 s.; (Arbeiten und Bibliographen zum Buch – und Bibliothekswesen. 17).В этот сборник, изданный на немецком языке, вошли статьи немецких и российских специалистов. В их работах освещена деятельность публичных, академических, военных, церковных библиотек с середины XIX в. до наших дней. В представленном отзыве основное внимание сосредоточено на статьях, соответствующих тематике журнала «Научные и технические библиотеки». Отмечено, что все статьи подготовлены на основе изучения большого количества архивных документов, что позволило ввести в научный оборот новые данные, расширяющие представление о немецко-русских библиотечных взаимосвязях обозначенного исторического периода. Сборник предназначен в первую очередь исследователям русского зарубежья, историкам книги и библиотечного дела.
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