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As an aid in interpreting the outcome of the 1942 congressional election and subsequent general elections, this paper presents two basic studies that have been found very helpful in connection with the 1940 election. One of these deals with the changes in political sentiment for the country as a whole, as shown by the long-time record of relative strength of the Democratic party in the two-party vote in congressional and presidential elections. From this long-time record it is possible to derive the characteristics of our political tides and an interpretation of the most recent changes as background for forthcoming elections. For example, the Democratic party attained its greatest strength on record in 1936, but in 1938 the tide turned against it, largely because of the 1937–38 business recession. Recovery by 1940 checked the decline.The second study (in two sections) deals with the basic similarities between the pattern of political behavior for a given series of elections for the country as a whole and the political behavior of most of the states. From the "normal" relationships that can be developed between the national and state experience, it is possible to determine the influence of certain major issues, such as the isolationist and third-term issues in 1940. In that election, the Eastern and Far Western states voted more Democratic and the Midwestern and Great Plains states voted less Democratic than usual. These discrepancies are immediately traceable more to isolationist and anti-third-term sentiment than to any of the other issues.

Any civilization may be reduced to two factors, a system of institutions and a system of ideas. By institutions we merely mean collective behavior patterns, the ways in which a community carries on the innumerable activities of social life. The church, the market, the family, the learned society, the trade union, the university, are examples of institutions. We often attribute a personality to such behavior patterns, clothe them with the attributes of a personal will, mind, and purpose; but such attribution is sheer fiction, the product of a purely imaginative process. Institutions are merely behavior patterns—they are nothing else. Government is an institution or a set of institutions. Society achieves certain results through collective political action. The means that it uses are the behavior patterns which we call courts, legislative bodies, commissions, electorates, administration. We idealize these institutions collectively and personify them in the State. But this idealization is pure fancy. The State as a juristic or ideal person is the veriest fiction. It is real only as a collective name for governmental institutions.

Political science is not a sociological science of everything, a psychological study of all human behavior in all aspects, an anthropological inquiry into miscellaneous human customs, or a philosophy of history. Still less is it a study only of the state, which is a form of social organization resulting from one species of political action, or a study only of governments and the stage properties of law and administration.Politics is concerned with a field of human behavior characterized by the recurrence of specific behavior patterns. These peculiarly political patterns, however, must not be treated simply as a series of incidents in mere temporal juxtaposition. Human history must be studied as natural history and physical phenomena have been studied, that is to say, with a view to the detection of a recurrence in these patterns, and, hence, of a process in accordance with which, in given total situations, given detailed behavior patterns recur. These patterns are "lines of conduct" of an individual or group character, pursued in relation to other individuals or groups, as a matter of human method in dealing with such situations, which situations arise partly from the nature of the non-human environment, partly from the historical combination of human factors. The resultant specific action or behavior recurs with the recurrence of the stimuli of the approximately recurrent situation; for example, a certain general situation known as "the outbreak of hostilities" has certain specific consequences in changes of individual conduct toward members of a given nation, and the need of putting through a domestic policy against opposition brings into play the ever similar methods of party organization.

Introductory.--The machine process.--Business enterprise.--Business principles.--The use of loan credit.--Modern business capital.--The theory of modern welfare.--Business principles in law and politics.--The cultural incidence of the machines process.--The natural decay of business enterprise.

"Population courses are usually taught by sociologists, but as yet, unfortunately, much of the literature in the field has had a strong biological and/or economic orientation rather than a sociological one, or has escaped into a sheltered world of facts, failing to be concerned with their social meaning, or their social origin. In this book an attempt is made to give the student and general reader a meaningful picture of population unencumbered by numerous historical speculations concerning population and population laws so-called, few of which contribute anything to an understanding of concrete population data or their interpretation. This book aims to present a treatment of population which will meet at least four standards: (1) proper emphasis on social and cultural factors as forces in the biological behavior of man; (2) primary stress upon social implications of population data and their human significance rather than on a statistical presentation of biosocial facts; (3) classification of population into categories that have sociological meaning, and analysis of data within these categories; (4) proper presentation of population movements as a function of changing culture patterns. Part One is devoted to a consideration of the numbers of people in the world and in the United States, giving some attention to the probable future growth of mankind, and to population theory. Part Two is concerned with an exhaustive analysis of vital processes as affected by human motives, values, and goals. At all points social and cultural forces are shown to be dynamic factors in determining biosocial behavior, suck as is manifest in birth- and death-rate phenomena, and in the selection of biological types. In Part Three the population is broken down into its biological structural elements--sex, age, and ethnic composition. The changing significance of these elements, as they affect fertility and social roles in a dynamic society, is considered. In Part Four the distribution of the population of the United States by functional roles is analyzed, as well as distribution in rural and urban habitat and in geographic-cultural regions. Migration of population, internal and international, its extent, the selective processes involved, and its significance to the social order, is the subject of Part Five. A final chapter is devoted to consideration of a population policy for the United States. Throughout, the best available data, derived from numerous specialized researches, are employed within the interpretive framework of current sociological thought in an attempt to give a brief but clear and systematic picture of the nation's population in its world setting"--Preface. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved)

On some later occasion, I hope to discuss in detail the various problems of German-Polish relations which Professor Hans Rothfels raised in his article "Frontiers and Mass Migrations in Eastern Central Europe" (The Review of Politics, January 1946).Immediately, however, I should like to clear up the misunderstandings which might arise in connection with two quotations which Professor Rothfels took out of the context of my own publications.1. Recalling that in 1226 the duke of Mazovia called upon the help of the Teutonic Order, and stressing that he did it "apparently in despair," Professor Rothfels adds the following footnote (p. 43, n . 43) :"En désespoir de cause," as Professor O. Halecki puts it correctly (La Pologne de 963 à 1914, Paris, 1933, p. 47). Other Polish historians have tried to minimize this fact.

The subject of adult education has been chosen for this paper in order to provide a point of orientation for the discussion of certain related social problems of the western farming community. The conclusions are based upon field studies of several contrasting rural communities in Manitoba carried out under the direction of the Manitoba Royal Commission on Adult Education. Some characteristics of governmental institutions, farm movements, and farming conditions are peculiar to that province but basic similarities in the social structure of farming communities throughout the Prairie region mean that most of the findings have a wider application. It is necessary for reasons of space to treat ethnic communities only briefly, but this brevity may be partially justified on the grounds that the British-origin farming community represents the ideal type to which the ethnic communities are assimilating at various rates.The difficulty of defining adult education may be avoided by noting briefly its place in the educational process. In complex societies the term "education" has commonly been used to apply to the explicit function of the formal institutions through which social groups prepare young candidates for adult participation. It is apparent that, in terms of this social function, education is part of the more inclusive processes of socialization and acculturation necessary to all social groups and carried out in many societies without benefit of formal institutions. To prepare the young for integration in social groups as adults it is necessary that they acquire and incorporate in their personalities at least a minimum of the normative behaviour patterns necessary to various social roles as well as learn such elements of the cultural tradition (systems of knowledge, techniques, value-patterns, language, art, and the other expressional forms) as the adults controlling the training deem desirable. Although an unprecedented amount of training is acquired within formal institutions in our society, these institutions provide only part of the training necessary for social participation as an adult.

Some seventy years ago, sixty-eight, to be exact, Walter Bagehot published a notable little volume entitled Physics and Politics, described in a subtitle as "Thoughts on the Application of the Principles of 'Natural Selection' and 'Inheritance' to Political Society." Actually the volume sought to sketch in outline a natural history of political society, and to describe the process or processes by which later, more elaborate, and more liberal forms of association have emerged, from the dissolution of earlier, simpler, and more rigid, if not oppressive, forms.Society, or at least political society, as Bagehot conceived it, is a kind of super-organism, having a social structure which is maintained by a social process. This structure is imbedded in and cemented by custom. Man is a custom-making animal. The process in this instance which is not otherwise defined, is what we know elsewhere as "the historical process." Its function is to weave and reweave the web of custom and tradition in which the individuals who are destined to live together and eventually act together as a political unit, are ineluctably bound together.Always there is a more or less inflexible tradition which imposes upon each new generation the pattern of the inherited social order. But always there are the liberating and individuating influences of other social processes—competition, conflict, and discussion—which represent what Bagehot describes as man's "propensity to variation," or, to use a political rather than a biological term, his propensity for non-conformity, "which," he adds, "is the principle of progress."

International politics, like nature, is a system of processes. There are no simple causes and effects of historical developments. The record of the past tends to determine the present — until circumstance intervenes. Peoples, like individuals, are at the mercy of what is called chance, and an apparently meaningless combination of circumstances may frustrate the culmination of long-developed tendencies. Tendency is conservative of past forms, and circumstance may appear formless, but their balanced interplay is the source of novel forms. It is only within the frame of reference of these three terms — tendency, circumstance and novelty — that forecasting future developments can derive its warrant from an exact science of prediction. The basic conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union is the central issue of world politics. Sir Halford Mackinder's celebrated theorem — the juxtaposition of the continental empire of Eurasia and the Oceanic Powers, and the contest over the vast rimland interposed be-between the "heartland" and the littoral of Eurasia — is today as brilliant a summation of the world strategic problem as it was forty years ago when it was first propounded.

Adams, Romanzo. The education and the economic outlook for the boys of Hawaii, a study in the field of race relationships. 1927.- Bau, Mingchien Joshua. Chinese nationalism.- Bau, M.J. Concessions and settlements - and their transference to Chinese rule.- Bau, M.J. Extraterritoriality - and its relinquishment.- Bau, M.J. The new British policy in China.- Bau, M.J. Readjustment of China's treaty relations.- Bau, M.J. The spark that set the nation afire.- Bau, M.J. Tariff autonomy - and its exercise.- Bau, M.J. Unequal treaties.- Bau, M.J. Appendices, relating to the Chinese question.- Charteris, A.H. Australian immigration laws and their working.- Currey, C.H. Politics and parties in Australia.- Dan, Inō. Japanese art and its modernization.- Faris, Ellsworth. The superiority of race.- Harada, Tasuku. The social status of the Japanese in Hawaii.- Hodgkin, H.T. Memorandum on missions- Hume, E.H. Facing the future of the missionary movement.- Lee, Shao Chang. A brief interpretative outline for the study of Chinese culture.- Mills, R.C. Australian public debt.- Nasu, Shiroshi. The problem of population and food supply in Japan.- Scholefield, G.H. and Hall, T.D.H. Asiatic immigration in New Zealand: its history and legislation.- Taylor, Griffith. The resources of Australia.- Wood, G.L. Effect of migration on the economic condition of labourers in the lands to which migrants go - Difference in standards of living as a barrier to immigration.- Yamasaki, Naomasa. Micronesia and Micronesians. ; Mode of access: Internet.