Suchergebnisse

Addressing the increasingly globalised determinants of many important problems affecting human health is a complex task requiring collective action. We suggest that part of the solution to addressing intractable global health issues indeed lies with the role of new legal instruments in the form of globally binding treaties, as described in the recent article of Nikogosian and Kickbusch. However, in addition to the use of international law to develop new treaties, another part of the solution may lie in innovative use of existing legal instruments. A 2015 court ruling in The Hague, which ordered the Dutch government to cut greenhouse gas emissions by at least 25% within five years, complements this perspective, suggesting a way forward for addressing global health problems that critically involves civil society and innovative use of existing domestic legal instruments.

Research Question/Issue: How are national institutional systems related to the proportion of women found on corporate boards of directors of companies listed in particular countries? Which particular types of national institutions play the most important role? We explore cross-country variation in the pattern of female representation on corporate boards and evaluate the extent to which it is associated with the nature of national institutional systems as captured in five frameworks each of which emphasises the importance of a distinct type of national institutions. Our analysis includes 38 countries and covers the years 2001-2007. Research Findings/Insights: Our findings show that as much as half of the variation in the presence of women on corporate boards across countries is attributable to national institutional systems and that culturally and legally-oriented institutional systems appear to play the most significant role in shaping board diversity. Theoretical/Academic Implications: Our study suggests that country-level institutions, previously neglected in studies of board diversity, play an important role in shaping the prevalence of women on corporate boards and that these need to be more fully incorporated in future research on board diversity. Practitioner/Policy Implications: The importance of national institutional systems for board diversity suggests that policy levers of a regulatory nature and national cultural characteristics are important elements in driving corporate board diversity and offer distinct opportunities for tailoring a mix of corporate governance interventions that suit the particular institutional nature of a given country.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- List of Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction: Power, Knowledge and the Social Construction of Climate Change -- PART I: NORM-CENTERED PERSPECTIVE -- 2 Measuring the Domestic Salience of International Environmental Norms: Climate Change Norms in American, German and British Climate Policy Debates -- 3 The Netherlands' Climate Change Policy: Constructing Themselves/Constructing Climate Change -- 4 The Rise of Japanese Climate Change Policy: Balancing the Norms Economic Growth, Energy Efficiency, International Contribution and Environmental Protection -- 5 Constructing Progressive Climate Change Norms: The US in the Early 2000s -- PART II: DISCOURSE ANALYTICAL PERSPECTIVE -- 6 Climate Governance Beyond 2012: Competing Discourses of Green Governmentality, Ecological Modernization and Civic Environmentalism -- 7 Singing Climate Change into Existence: On the Territorialization of Climate Policymaking -- 8 Trust Through Participation? Problems of Knowledge in Climate Decision Making -- 9 Disrupting the Global Discourse of Climate Change: The Case of Indigenous Voices -- 10 Presence of Mind as Working Climate Change Knowledge: A Totonac Cosmopolitics -- 11 Conclusion: The Constructions of Climate Change

This paper describes the outcome of an artefactual field experiment of group discrimination using sports fans. The behavior of individuals whose identity is deeply tied to a larger group or popular institution is politically important, particularly when it comes to crafting public policy. Sports fans provide a unique opportunity to study individuals who openly identify their in-group and rival groups. The study identifies within-subject group-based discrimination by quantifying the difference in dictator game takes (out of a possible $10) between fans of an individual's self-professed team and fans of an individual's self-professed rival. Fifty-two sports fans each participated in nine separate power-to-take dictator games with group identification spanning three levels (NCAA Division III, NCAA Division I, and professional) of football fandom. The results suggest that individuals discriminate between in-group and out-group members. The average takings ratio with same-team fans is 0.657 while the average takings ratio with other-team fans is 0.848 and the difference of 0.190 is statistically different from zero. We discuss the results in the context of team and league governance focusing on fan interactions.

Manuscript Type: Empirical
Research Question/Issue: This study seeks to find evidence of discrimination behind the scarce presence women on Spanish boards of directors through factors within firms linked with different theories of discrimination.
Research findings/Insights: Using data on the boards of directors from the top 1000 Spanish companies in 2005 and 2008, we identify some signals of discrimination. We find that women directors are scarcer in those sectors where there are less female managers or where the directors are mainly draw on the firm's executive staff. There is also evidence of the dynamics of Becker's theory of discrimination, since time and competition are determinants of the women's presence on Spanish boards. We also find a positive relationship between the number of women already on the board and the likelihood of adding a woman. This could signal some kind of underestimation of women's skills and preconceptions about their attitudes (such as risk-aversion).
Theoretical/Academic Implications: This study provides empirical support for the prediction of Becker's theory of discrimination. The study also furnishes evidence of false preconceptions concerning the skills and risk attitudes of female managers.
Practitioner/Policy Implications: Education and mentoring initiatives to improve the training of the female candidates helps to reduce discrimination before reaching the board, as well as better work- and family-life balance. Once they are in the pool of candidates, transparency and objectivity in selection procedures and/or even the establishment of a women's quota on boards may contribute to dismiss employers' negative beliefs about their capabilities in the long run.
Key words: Corporate Governance; Board of Directors; Gender Discrimination; Glass Ceiling.
Classification JEL: G34, J16, M14, C35.

The last two decades have seen a gradual shift in the reporting practices of the corporate sector across the globe. Besides reporting the standard financial statements, there is increased emphasis on qualitative reporting particularly issues related to governance, sustainability and society, popularly referred to as environmental, social and governance (ESG) reporting ( Griffin & Sun, 2018 ). In this regard, sustainability issues are being more aggressively addressed by the firms. This study aims at identifying and empirically examining the antecedents that influence the relationship between ESG disclosures of organisations and its corporate financial performance (CFP). The study uses a sample of BSE-200 companies and employs multiple regression technique to ascertain the ESG–CFP relationship. The results obtained show that ESG and CFP are negatively related, and the control variables have a significant impact on this association. The study provides insights from the perspective of an emerging economy and contributes to both the managerial decision-making and policy formulation. It also paves the way for future research.

The main attention is paid to the use of this document as one of the mechanisms for protecting the rights and interests of participants in corporate relations. In addition, an analysis of the provisions of this document is made, taking into account its practical application, as well as an analysis of its structure and content. The article also focuses on the position of the Government of the Russian Federation, in terms of summarizing the results of the application of the Code, in order to regulate corporate relations. This article is intended to disclose the legal nature of the Corporate governance Code, to point out the strengths and weaknesses of its application in practice. In particular, the author's idea about the advantage of this mechanism for protecting the rights and interests of participants in corporate relations is justified, in contrast to other mechanisms. The article is devoted to a close analysis of the results of the application of the Corporate governance Code, based on the reporting data of the Open Government of the Russian Federation. In addition, in the process of research, the practice of applying similar documents in foreign countries is singled out and described. The main content of the study is the study of the provisions of the Corporate governance Code aimed at protecting the rights and interests of corporate participants, in particular the right to information about the activities of the corporation, the right to dividends, the protection of minority shareholders and protection against abuse of rights by other members of the corporation. The urgency of the issue is due to the lack of a clear understanding of the practical application of this Code, the study of its advantages and disadvantages ; Основное внимание уделено использованию данного документа как одного из механизмов защиты прав и интересов участников корпоративных отношений. Кроме того, приводится анализ положений данного документа с учетом его практического применения, а также анализ его структуры и содержания. В статье акцентируется внимание на позицию Правительства Российской Федерации в части подведения результатов применения Кодекса в целях урегулирования корпоративных отношений. Данная статья призвана раскрыть правовую природу Кодекса корпоративного управления, указать на сильные и слабые стороны его применения на практике. В частности, обосновывается идея автора о преимуществе данного механизма защиты прав и интересов участников корпоративных отношений в отличие от других механизмов. Статья посвящена пристальному анализу результатов применения Кодекса корпоративного управления, основанных на отчетных данных Открытого Правительства Российской Федерации. Кроме того, в процессе исследования выделяется и описывается практика применения аналогичных документов в зарубежных странах. Основное содержание исследования составляет изучение положений Кодекса корпоративного управления, направленных на защиту прав и интересов участников корпораций, в частности права на информацию о деятельности корпорации, права на дивиденды, защиты миноритариев и защиты от злоупотребления правом со стороны других участников корпорации. Актуальность вопроса обусловлена отсутствием четкого понимания практического применения данного Кодекса, изучения его преимуществ и недостатков

Питання сталого розвитку громад є вельми актуальним в українських реаліях. У статті встановлено, що до основних чинників, що визначають сталий розвиток громади відносять наявність та продуктивність використання видобувних ресурсів, людський капітал, екологізацію розвитку економіки, якість управління місцевим розвитком. У статті проаналізовано, що для громад, які володіють значними запасами корисних копалин та активно їх розробляють, питання сталого розвитку та активної участі громади в процесах формування та розподілу місцевих бюджетів є критично важливим. Адже в сучасних соціально-економічних умовах внаслідок порушення режиму виробничих процесів, у багатьох територіальних громадах України, де ведеться видобуток вуглеводнів, значно зросла загроза виникнення екологічно небезпечних техногенних аварій і катастроф. Це актуалізує потребу в посиленні цільового використання коштів, отриманих місцевими бюджетами територіальних громад від використання надр, зокрема шляхом їх спрямування на підтримку соціально-економічного розвитку територій, ремонти доріг і об'єктів інженерної та соціальної інфраструктури, посилення рівня екологічної безпеки. Мешканці майже всіх територіальних громад України як правило не мають навіть загального уявлення про величину надходжень до місцевого бюджету та структуру його дохідної й видаткової частин. В статті запропоновано посилення участі громади за допомогою демократичних практик (громадські слухання, бюджети участі, обговорення, конкурси місцевих ініціатив, електронні петиції тощо). Також окремими пунктом пропозицій є впровадження ресурсів з відкритими даними, що дозволить знизити корупційну складову та мінімізувати тіньову компоненту. Окрім того, ресурси з відкритими даними забезпечують суттєве нарощування ефективності використання фінансово-бюджетного потенціалу відповідних територіальних громад. ; The issue of sustainable community development is very relevant in Ukrainian realities. There is found in the article that the main factors that determine the sustainable development of the community are the availability and productivity of extractive resources, human capital, greening of economic development, the quality of local development management. There is analyzed in the article that communities which have significant mineral reserves and actively develop them, the issue of sustainable development and active community participation in the formation and distribution of local budgets is critical. After all, in modern socio-economic conditions due to the violation of the production processes, in many territorial communities of Ukraine, where hydrocarbon production is carried out, the threat of environmentally dangerous man-made accidents and catastrophes has increased significantly. This highlights the need to strengthen the targeted use of funds received by local budgets of territorial communities from the usage of subsoil, in particular by directing them to support socio-economic development, repair of roads and engineering and social infrastructure, strengthening environmental safety. Residents of almost all territorial communities of Ukraine, as a rule, do not even have a general idea of the amount of revenues to the local budget and the structure of its revenue and expenditure parts. There is proposed in the article strengthening community participation through democratic practices (public hearings, participation budgets, discussions, competitions for local initiatives, e-petitions, etc.). Also a separate item of the proposals is the introduction of open data resources, which will reduce the corruption component and minimize the shadow component. In addition, open data resources provide a significant increase in the efficiency of using the financial and budgetary potential of the respective territorial communities.