Suchergebnisse

At head of title: L.A. Podestá Costa. ; Bibliographical footnotes. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The paper discusses some emerging issues of criminal liability for assaults against public officials in various jurisdictions. Emphasis is placed both on the comparative approach to analyzing the relevant criminal statutes and on the specific legal framework for the protection of the life and health of law enforcement officers. Based on the provisions of statutory criminal law and the case law of several countries, it is shown that the life, health and property of law enforcement officers enjoy a higher level of protection. This is explained by the fact that such persons are direct representatives of the state, perform their duties in public, remain under public scrutiny and, therefore, may become an easier target for assault crimes. In the conclusions of the research, it has been argued that the determination of the legal grounds, scope and limits of protection of public officials by criminal law should be carried out at the national level (or state level in a federal jurisdiction), based on the orientations and principles of the domestic criminal law policy and program of a given nation.

In modern conditions of development of public relations complication of activity of law enforcement agencies is observed. This is due to new challenges in the law enforcement system, including the fight against high levels of the organization and the criminal professionalism of corrupt individuals. Because of this, it is challenging for operational units to identify specific facts of illegal actions with the help of operational and investigative measures. At the same time, the fight against crime by establishing high quantitative indicators of disclosure remains one of the principles of law enforcement in Ukraine, including sometimes deviating from those means established by law. Therefore, the problem of provoking bribery is relevant for scholars of the legislator and law enforcement. The object of the study is criminal liability for provoking bribery. The research methodology consists of such methods as the dialectical method, analytical method, historical method, method of analysis of legal documents, articles, and monographs, method of generalization, comparison, synthesis, and modeling method. The authors identified the features of such liability to clarify the problematic issues of qualification of provoking bribery, and to distinguish the distinctive features of prosecution from other types of crimes.

Constitution and State Responsibility (administrative law) are fairly close terms, not only because they coincide in the most determining aspects of their evolution and consolidation, but also because they both constantly dialogue and nourish each other reciprocally. In effect, the active role that the public administration began to have towards the end of the 18th century led to the need to establish limits to the exercise of power and to the idea that the latter should submit to the law. Additionally, respect for fundamental rights became a requirement for state authorities and a limit for their actions. With the emergence of modern constitutions and with the passage of the irresponsible State to the responsible State, the responsibility of the public administration increasingly becomes an important and effective mechanism to control and limit the exercise of power and to guarantee fundamental rights and the supremacy of the constitutional text, a circumstance that is also seen in the context of a democratic Constitution –like the Colombian Constitution of 1991–, in which the responsibility of the State contributes, in addition, to respect and fulfillment of the popular will expressed in the Politic Constitution. ; Constitución y responsabilidad Estatal (derecho administrativo) son términos bastante cercanos, no sólo porque coinciden en los aspectos más determinantes de su evolución y conso-lidación, sino también porque ambos dialogan constantemente y se nutren recíprocamente. En efecto, el papel activo que empezó a tener la administración pública hacia finales del S iglo XVIII condujo a la necesidad de establecer unos límites al ejercicio del poder y a la idea de que este último debía someterse al derecho. Adicionalmente, el respeto a los Derechos Fundamentales pasó a ser una exigencia para las autoridades estatales y un límite para sus actuaciones. Con el surgimiento de las constituciones modernas y con el paso del Estado irresponsable al Estado responsable, la responsabilidad de la administración pública se convierte cada vez más en un importante y efectivo mecanismo para controlar y limitar el ejercicio del poder y garantizar mate -rialmente los derechos fundamentales y la supremacía del texto constitucional, circunstancia que también se aprecia en el contexto de una Constitución democrática -como la colombiana de 1991-, en la que la responsabilidad del Estado contribuye, además, al respeto y al cumplimiento de la voluntad popular expresada en la Carta Política.

A lei ambiental internacional é um conjunto de regras e regulamentos do direito internacional que regem as relações entre seguidores e atores do direito internacional, incluindo leis governamentais e não- governamentais para proteger o meio ambiente, e é um campo emergente cujo ponto de virada foi a Conferência de Estocolmo em 1972. Desde então, este campo sofreu muitas mudanças e os advogados dividiram a evolução da estrada em três etapas: a conferência de 1972, a Conferência do Rio em 1992 e a Conferência da Rio + 20; Esses desenvolvimentos são principalmente focados em questões como o desenvolvimento de medidas preventivas, a ampliação das garantias de compromissos ambientais dos governos, o ajuste dos governos e a redução do princípio da soberania nacional. No entanto, o processo tem enfrentado obstáculos e limitações, como falta de recursos financeiros, questões ambientais e preferências e governança nacionais. Instituições internacionais fortes e eficientes, com a competência e capacidade necessárias para avançar objetivos am

The aim of the article was to conduct a comparative legal analysis of the features and problems of criminal prosecution of legal entities for environmental crimes. The research objectives were fulfilled through modern methods of cognition. The leading practical method was the method of observation. The study allowed to form a conceptual understanding of theoretical ideas about environmental crimes of legal entities in Ukraine. Currently, Ukraine is trying to focus in its legislative innovations on the implementation of progressive approaches to the introduction of a comprehensive institution of criminal law measures regarding the liability of these entities. Relevant legal mechanisms and comments identified in the practice of the European Union and substantiated by scholars, can be implemented in the legislation of Ukraine. Amendments to the rules governing the procedure for effective prevention of environmental crimes by legal entities are proposed. It seems reasonable to introduce an active monitoring analysis of anthropogenic activities of companies, and the creation of special units to identify relevant violations. The mechanisms for implementing the set of preventive and monitoring measures outlined in the article, set the background for further scientific research.

The creation of legal entities or institutions —instrumental entities of the government administration— to implement a change in the system of the activities assigned to the government administration, is aimed at eluding the administrative law thereby, making the state's responsibility unviable. However, this distorts the very reason for the existence of the state's public entities, since it makes no sense to exempt the State from responsibility when the activity that causes the damage has been placed by it, in the hands of a third person who exercises it. Facing this, and considering that a society that fails to recognize that the government administration must meet the general objectives subject to the full extent of the law, «or that recognizing it, adds observations or exceptions thereto, does not truly live under a system of rule of law» (Duguit), the «communicability» of the responsibility has been proposed so that the citizen damaged by a public entity is not deprived of a fair redress ; La generación de entidades o personas jurídicas —entes instrumentales de la administración— para vehiculizar un cambio de régimen de las actividades asignadas a la administración pública, tiene por objeto huir del derecho administrativo y, por tanto, hacer inviable la responsabilidad estatal. Sin embargo, esto desnaturaliza la propia razón de ser de los entes públicos estatales, pues no tiene sentido eximir de responsabilidad al Estado cuando la actividad prestacional que causa el daño ha sido puesta por él en manos del tercero que la ejerce. Frente a ello, y considerando que una sociedad que no reconozca que la Administración pública debe servir a los objetivos generales con sometimiento pleno al derecho, «o que reconociéndolo, le agregue reservas o excepciones, no vive verdaderamente bajo un régimen de Estado de derecho» (Duguit), se ha postulado la «comunicabilidad» de la responsabilidad, de modo que el ciudadano lesionado por un ente instrumental no se vea privado de una justa reparación