У статті розкрито особливості взаємозв'язку та відмінності між фінансово-правовою відповідальністю та іншими видами юридичної відповідальності. Відзначено, що юридична відповідальність має ті ж властивості, що й нормативність, а нормативність юридичної відповідальності, як і нормативність права, включає можливість державного примусу. З'ясовано, що юридична відповідальність визначається чинним законодавством і настає за проступки або злочини, тобто за протиправні дії, які особа вчиняє умисно або з необережності і які заборонені законом та стоять під загрозою покарання. Встановлено, що усі види юридичної відповідальності здійснюються на основі нормативної структури, яка являє собою єдність матеріальних і процесуальних правових норм. Виявлено, що притягнення до фінансово-правової відповідальності не виключає одночасного притягнення до інших видів юридичної відповідальності. Наголошено, що конституційну відповідальність можна визначити як засновані на державному (або прирівняному до нього суспільному) примусі конституційні відносини, які виникають з моменту вчинення конституційного порушення і які винний (правопорушник) повинен нести. Констатовано, що взаємодія фінансово-правової та кримінальної відповідальності має функціональний характер, який полягає в тому, що норми режиму кримінальної та фінансово-правової відповідальності залучаються до регулювання та захисту валюти, податків, банківського забезпечення тощо. Акцентовано, що зв'язок фінансово-правової та цивільної відповідальності простежується в кількох напрямках, однак фінансово-правова відповідальність не сприяє захисту відносин приватної власності. Виявлено, що між фінансовою та адміністративною відповідальністю існує тісний зв'язок, спільні риси якого висвітлюють публічність, нерівність сторін, спрощений порядок накладення стягнення тощо. Перспективою подальших досліджень у цьому напрямі є дослідження сутності, принципів, ознак та функцій і особливостей фінансово-правової відповідальності в Україні.
The article deals with certain problems arising out of implementation of criminal liability of legal entities in Ukraine. The author researches experience of criminal liability of legal entities in some foreign countries and analyzes existing problems of this institute. Foreign and national approaches to criminal liability of legal entities have been compared. The issue of incompliance between international standards in criminal law and traditional approaches to the main institutes of criminal law in Ukraine has been considered. The article deals with theoretical and practical application of criminal liability against legal entities. Grounds for criminal liability and types of punishment which can be applied to legal entities and their future implementation in Ukraine have been emphasized. It has been established that economic imfluence is the most effective against legal entities. That is why the most common type of sanctions for legal entities is fine. Implementation of criminal liability of legal entities in foreign legislation was a significant step towards counteraction to illegal activities of these entities. Foreign experience is useful and efficient for future implementation of European integration of Ukraine and attempts to solve existing problems related to bringing of legal entities to liability. At the same time, it would be possible to use experience of the state which implemented the most effective mechanisms of impact on legal entities for corruption and other crimes. For national legislation this step is really revolutionary. But if the legislator is interested that this institute operates effectively certain amendments and supplements to the Criminal Code of Ukraine are needed.
The author has researched the concept and forms of consolidation of international standards in the field of administrative liability; has analyzed international regulatory acts and has carried out their classification according to the sphere of administrative liability. It has been substantiated that each branch of law is characterized by a special, own system of sources, types of sources of law stem from the very content of social relations, through the specificity of which such a branch of law is allocated and exists. The object of regulation and method directly determine not only the composition and type of the norms of the relevant field of legislation, but also the type, as well as the scope of forms of expressing the law. That is, certain types of law norms, and, consequently, the types of forms of its expression correspond to each branch of law. The features of various social systems, the diversity of forms of state intervention into public relations are clearly determined in this phenomenon. In particular, certain provisions of the institution of administrative liability in the field of administrative law of Ukraine are more regulated in international treaties (declarations, conventions and recommendations). It has been established that the formation of a new legal space and the change of social priorities lead to the need to research established legal institutions in a new light, more thorough, which create the foundation of the legal system and ensure the proper functioning of legal relations in the country, in particular the institution of administrative liability. It has been proved that the form of consolidation of the norms of international law as a way of giving them an official, compulsory nature, are sources of international law. Due to the specificity of international law and the process of establishing its norms, there is no a legal act recognized by all the subjects of international law that establishes the list of sources of international law and their definition. ; Досліджено поняття та форми закріплення міжнародних стандартів у сфері адміністративної відповідальності, проаналізовано міжнародні нормативно-правові акти і здійснено їх видову класифікацію відповідно до сфери адміністративної відповідальності.
The article is devoted to the issues of criminal liability for enforced disappearance in criminal law of Ukraine. The international legal conditionality of the appearance of this prohibition in the Criminal Code of Ukraine, its adequacy to the modern needs of combating this phenomenon as well as the compliance with the conditions of implementation of the provisions of international legal acts in the national criminal legislation are analyzed. It should be taken into account that international legal acts describe the need to criminalize socially dangerous behavior, and the form of such criminalization is chosen by states in accordance with national traditions of law-making. The article cites and analyses corpus delicti of the criminal offence provided for by Article 146-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine «Enforced Disappearance», which appeared in the criminal law as a result of the adoption of the Law of Ukraine «On the Legal Status of Missing Persons». Potential difficulties in applying the norm provided for by Article 146-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine to socially dangerous acts, cases of unjustified competition and conflict of norms are revealed. It is stated that the norm provided for by Part 1 of Article 146-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, is partly special in relation to several norms provided for by other articles of the Criminal Code: Article 146 «Illegal confinement or abduction of a person»; Article 371 «Knowingly unlawful detention, compelled appearance, house arrest or taking into custody»; Article 365 «Excess of authority or official powers by a law enforcement officer»; Article 364 «Abuse of authority or office». It should be noted that before the introduction of Article 146-1 to the Criminal Code of Ukraine virtually all the behavior constituting enforced disappearance, the criminalization of which was the obligation of the Ukrainian state under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, constituted criminally prohibited behavior in accordance with the above mentioned «general» criminal law norms. The exception, in fact, is only the formal corpus delicti of indulgence, which is not covered by Article 364 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and the introduction of which into the system of criminal offences under the current Criminal Code of Ukraine we completely approve. The article also analyses the prospects of the adoption of amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine, proposed in the draft Law of Ukraine «On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on the Implementation of Norms of International Criminal and Humanitarian Law», which offers to supplement the Criminal Code of Ukraine with Article 442-1 «Crimes against humanity». Thus, the Ukrainian legislator will react for the second time to its international legal obligations regarding the implementation of the norms of international humanitarian law. The following options for preventing real and potential threats in the criminal law regulation of liability for enforced disappearance are proposed: to borrow the German experience of criminal law regulation in this area of public relations as well as to adopt the law on international criminal law. ; Статтю присвячено розглядові проблем кримінальної відповідальності за насиль-ницьке зникнення за кримінальним правом України. Проаналізовано міжнародно-правову обумовленість появи цієї кримінально-правової заборони у КК України, її адекватність сучасним потребам протидії цьому явищу та дотримання умов імплементації положень міжнародно-правових актів у національне кримінальне законодавство. Йдеться про Римський статут Міжнародного кримінального суду та Конвенції ООН про захист усіх осіб від насильницьких зникнень. Виявлено потенційні складнощі у застосуванні цієї норми до суспільно-небезпечних діянь, випадки невиправданої конкуренції та колізії. Проаналізовано перспективи прийняття нових змін до КК України у частині імплементації норм міжна-родного гуманітарного права та очікувані проблеми, які у зв'язку з цим можуть виникнути при оцінці протиправних посягань на свободу особи. Запропоновано варіанти запобігання реальним та потенційним загрозам у кримінально-правовій регламентації відповідальності за насильницьке зникнення.
The article is devoted to the study of the problems of the application of law of unrecognized states in international law. The concept of application of foreign law in general and the legislation of unrecognized states in particular is defined. It is indicated that the relation to foreign law, as an actual circumstance or as a legal category, is determined by the method of foreign law application, which varies depending on the legal family to which a particular state belongs. Two main theories concerning recognition are investigated: declarative and constitutive. The notions of "unrecognized states" and "unrecognized governments" are delimited.The peculiarities of the application of the law of unrecognized states in international law are defined. Key words: application of foreign law, establishment of content of foreign law, qualification of foreign law, unrecognized states, unrecognized governments, international recognition, sovereignty. кандидат філологічних наук, доцент, Мясоєдова С. В., Комлик А. В. Проблеми застосування права невизнаних держав в міжнародному праві/ Національний юридичний університет імені Ярослава Мудрого, Україна, Харків;Стаття присвячена дослідженню проблем застосування права невизнаних держав в міжнародному праві. Визначено поняття застосування іноземного права загалом та невизнаних держав зокрема. Вказано на те, що відношення до іноземного права як до фактичної обставини чи як до правової категорії визначається методом застосування іноземного права, що різниться залежно від того, до якої правової сім'ї належить певна держава. Досліджено дві основні теорії щодо визнання: декларативну і конститутивну. Розмежовано поняття «невизнані держави» та «невизнані уряди». Встановлено особливості застосування права невизнаних держав в міжнародному праві.Ключові слова: застосування іноземного права, встановлення змісту іноземного права, кваліфікація іноземного права, невизнані держави, невизнані уряди, міжнародне визнання, суверенітет.
Problem setting. The article deals with general matters of constitutional liability of government, which has insufficient doctrine foundation and is not properly incorporated into legislation. Constitutional liability of government has complicated political nature which makes it difficult to distinguish this form of liability from political and kinds of legal liability. Recent research and publications analysis. Some aspects of constitutional legal liability of government were researched by Yu. Barabach, N. Batanova, N. Bobrova, O. Sovgiria, S. Serohina, Yu Todyka and others. But scientific researches of constitutional liability of government are fragmentary or deal with the analysis of political responsibility. Paper objective is to analyze approaches and establish features of constitutional responsibility of government, its place among kinds of legal liability. Paper main body. There are different some common features of constitutional and other forms of legal liability: negative assessment of delinquent's behavior by the state; normative legal regulation; connection with state enforcement; execution by authorized bodies in accordance with special legal procedure. The research of governmental liability requires drawing a distinction between "positive" and "negative" forms of liability. The notion "positive legal liability" may be understood as conscientious attitude to duties, their correct discharge, as accountability (special relationship between subjects of constitutional law). This approach may lead to the problem of distinguishing constitutional and political2responsibility of government. There are different views on the governmental responsibility: government bears only political responsibility; it can bear both political and constitutional liability; the liability of government as a separate type including features of political and constitutional liability. The main criterion for distinguishing these forms of responsibility is the reason – constitutional tort. Some of its features such as social danger (including its degree), illegality, culpability (it's mentioned that culpability of collective subjects of constitutional liability differs from those of individual) and punishability are given. Conclusions of the research. On the bases of the concluded theoretical research of the problems of constitutional and legal liability attention is drawn to the fact that this form of liability is the mean guaranteeing legality, observance of constitutional principles, effective functioning of state apparatus. ; Проанализирована конституционно-правовая ответственность, особенности ответственности правительства, отдельные аспекты соотношения конституционно- правовой с другими видами социальной ответственности. ; Досліджено конституційно-правову відповідальність, особливості відповідальності уряду, окремих аспектів співвідношення конституційно-правової з іншими видами соціальної відповідальності.
Problem setting. The article deals with general matters of constitutional liability of government, which has insufficient doctrine foundation and is not properly incorporated into legislation. Constitutional liability of government has complicated political nature which makes it difficult to distinguish this form of liability from political and kinds of legal liability. Recent research and publications analysis. Some aspects of constitutional legal liability of government were researched by Yu. Barabach, N. Batanova, N. Bobrova, O. Sovgiria, S. Serohina, Yu Todyka and others. But scientific researches of constitutional liability of government are fragmentary or deal with the analysis of political responsibility. Paper objective is to analyze approaches and establish features of constitutional responsibility of government, its place among kinds of legal liability. Paper main body. There are different some common features of constitutional and other forms of legal liability: negative assessment of delinquent's behavior by the state; normative legal regulation; connection with state enforcement; execution by authorized bodies in accordance with special legal procedure. The research of governmental liability requires drawing a distinction between "positive" and "negative" forms of liability. The notion "positive legal liability" may be understood as conscientious attitude to duties, their correct discharge, as accountability (special relationship between subjects of constitutional law). This approach may lead to the problem of distinguishing constitutional and political2responsibility of government. There are different views on the governmental responsibility: government bears only political responsibility; it can bear both political and constitutional liability; the liability of government as a separate type including features of political and constitutional liability. The main criterion for distinguishing these forms of responsibility is the reason – constitutional tort. Some of its features such as social danger (including its degree), illegality, culpability (it's mentioned that culpability of collective subjects of constitutional liability differs from those of individual) and punishability are given. Conclusions of the research. On the bases of the concluded theoretical research of the problems of constitutional and legal liability attention is drawn to the fact that this form of liability is the mean guaranteeing legality, observance of constitutional principles, effective functioning of state apparatus. ; Проанализирована конституционно-правовая ответственность, особенности ответственности правительства, отдельные аспекты соотношения конституционно- правовой с другими видами социальной ответственности. ; Досліджено конституційно-правову відповідальність, особливості відповідальності уряду, окремих аспектів співвідношення конституційно-правової з іншими видами соціальної відповідальності.
Problem setting. The article deals with general matters of constitutional liability of government, which has insufficient doctrine foundation and is not properly incorporated into legislation. Constitutional liability of government has complicated political nature which makes it difficult to distinguish this form of liability from political and kinds of legal liability. Recent research and publications analysis. Some aspects of constitutional legal liability of government were researched by Yu. Barabach, N. Batanova, N. Bobrova, O. Sovgiria, S. Serohina, Yu Todyka and others. But scientific researches of constitutional liability of government are fragmentary or deal with the analysis of political responsibility. Paper objective is to analyze approaches and establish features of constitutional responsibility of government, its place among kinds of legal liability. Paper main body. There are different some common features of constitutional and other forms of legal liability: negative assessment of delinquent's behavior by the state; normative legal regulation; connection with state enforcement; execution by authorized bodies in accordance with special legal procedure. The research of governmental liability requires drawing a distinction between "positive" and "negative" forms of liability. The notion "positive legal liability" may be understood as conscientious attitude to duties, their correct discharge, as accountability (special relationship between subjects of constitutional law). This approach may lead to the problem of distinguishing constitutional and political2responsibility of government. There are different views on the governmental responsibility: government bears only political responsibility; it can bear both political and constitutional liability; the liability of government as a separate type including features of political and constitutional liability. The main criterion for distinguishing these forms of responsibility is the reason – constitutional tort. Some of its features such as social danger (including its degree), illegality, culpability (it's mentioned that culpability of collective subjects of constitutional liability differs from those of individual) and punishability are given. Conclusions of the research. On the bases of the concluded theoretical research of the problems of constitutional and legal liability attention is drawn to the fact that this form of liability is the mean guaranteeing legality, observance of constitutional principles, effective functioning of state apparatus. ; Проанализирована конституционно-правовая ответственность, особенности ответственности правительства, отдельные аспекты соотношения конституционно- правовой с другими видами социальной ответственности. ; Досліджено конституційно-правову відповідальність, особливості відповідальності уряду, окремих аспектів співвідношення конституційно-правової з іншими видами соціальної відповідальності.
Comprehensive detailed analysis of employee involvement in disciplinary responsibility was carried out. This work was carried out on the basis of the general procedure under the Labour Code, as well as special form of disciplinary responsibility of the Prosecutor as a special subject of the violation. The work was carried out on the basis of analysis of relevant legal sources, namely: the Constitution of Ukraine, the law of Ukraine "On Prosecutor's Office", on the basis of the Code of labour laws of Ukraine, thoughts of scientists and practice, personal understanding of the issue. The composition of the disciplinary offense is investigated, the term of disciplinary misconduct with criticism and understanding of the issue by the legislator and a number of scientists was disclosed, a personal understanding of the term was provided, taking into account all the above-mentioned sources and various scientific approaches. The historical development of the institute of disciplinary responsibility of prosecutors from the beginning of Ukraine's independence until today is traced. It takes into account the painful and problematic issues of bringing prosecutors to disciplinary responsibility, the high level of corruption and low legal understanding of the population's legal awareness. The ethical component of the prosecutor's status was taken into account, the Image and degree of public attitude to prosecutors-violators with appropriate personal critical assessment, different views of relevant specialists and providing the necessary recommendations. In the future it will be impossible to avoid the responsibility by prosecutor who violates the law.
One of the most common types of legal entities are companies, in particular, Limited Liability Companies, that allow to combine material and other resources of several participants and at the same time reduce the risk of entrepreneurial activity for each of them. The article deals with the issue of the novelties in the legal regulation of the creation and activity of limited liability companies after the Law of Ukraine "On Limited Liability and Additional Liability Companies" act came into force. The adoption of this legislative act provides necessitates the analysis at the doctrinal level of a number of its rules, which regulate the activity of LLC in a new way. It is noted that for a long time the legal regulation of the activity of this type of companies remained limited and outdated, which led to the emergence of corporate conflicts. It is concluded that the process of streamlining corporate legislation is steadily ongoing, and the contradictions in the legislative regulation of corporate relations are gradually being eliminated. Regarding the novelties of regulation of the activity of limited liability companies, the author emphasizes the following positive aspects of the Law of Ukraine "On Limited Liability and Additional Liability Companies": the number of participants in the LLC was lifted; the concept of "corporate agreement" is fixed; the only reason for the establishment of the LLC is the decision of its founders; minimize the list of information that must be displayed in the charter of LLC; included in the Law of the provisions of Chapter V "Substantial and Interest-Related party transactions"; a special chapter was introduced, which regulates the issues of creation and termination of the LLC (Chapter VI "Separation and Termination of the Company"); provides for the appearance of a local act on the regulation of corporate relations in the LLC - the agreement on the termination of the company; the procedure for setting up one or more new partnerships by transferring to it (them) a part of the assets, liabilities and liabilities of an existing limited liability company is regulated in detail. ; Характеризуются новеллы в правовом регулировании создания и деятельности обществ с ограниченной ответственностью после вступления в силу Закона Украины «Об обществах с ограниченной и дополнительной ответственностью». Принятие данного законодательного акта обусловливает потребность анализа на доктринальном уровне целого ряда его норм, которые по-новому регламентируют деятельность ООО. Сделан вывод о том, что процесс упорядочения корпоративного законодательства продолжается, а противоречия законодательного регулирования корпоративных отношений постепенно устраняются. Относительно новелл регулирования деятельности обществ с ограниченной ответственностью сделан акцент на положительных моментах Закона Украины «Об обществах с ограниченной и дополнительной ответственностью». ; Характеризуються новели у правовому регулюванні створення та діяльності товариств з обмеженою відповідальністю після набрання чинності Законом України «Про товариства з обмеженою та додатковою відповідальністю». Прийняття даного законодавчого акта обумовлює потребу аналізу на доктринальному рівні цілої низки його норм, які по-новому регламентують діяльність ТОВ. Зроблено висновок про те, що процес впорядкування корпоративного законодавства неухильно триває, а суперечності законодавчого регулювання корпоративних відносин поступово усуваються. Щодо новел регулювання діяльності товариств з обмеженою відповідальністю зроблено акцент на позитивних моментах Закону України «Про товариства з обмеженою та додатковою відповідальністю».
Despite numerous in-depth scientific works, we believe that the issue of disciplinary and criminal prosecution of medical workers needs further study in the light of legislative changes and law-making activities of the European Court of Human Rights. The purpose of the article is to characterize the national legislation governing the disciplinary and criminal prosecution of medical workers. The article analyzes the national legislation governing criminal and disciplinary proceedings for medical offenses. It is established that the criminal legislation in the field of regulation of criminal liability for medical crimes needs to be improved, in particular Art. 140 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Based on the generalization of case law, it was concluded that there is no single approach to determining the objective side of this type of crime. This requirement is related to the need to avoid cases of unjustified criminal prosecution of medical workers, when criminal prosecution is carried out and only in court the truth in the case is established and an acquittal is passed. The study provided an opportunity to conclude that a disciplinary misdemeanor is an illegal culpable act or omission, which is expressed in non-performance or improper performance by the employee of duties and other requirements imposed on him under labor law, other special regulations, for which may be subject to disciplinary action. Like any offense, a disciplinary offense is characterized by a set of objective and subjective features, called the composition of the offense: the subject, the subjective side, the object, the objective side. Disciplinary liability of a medical worker is a separate type of legal liability that arises in the event of a disciplinary misconduct by a medical worker. Disciplinary liability of medical workers occurs not only for disciplinary misconduct, but also for violation of moral and ethical norms, as workers in this category must comply with the requirements of professional ethics, respect for honor and dignity of ...
The article considers the signs of responsibility of the participants of joint-stock legal relations. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that shareholder liability is characterized by certain features, which, in turn, can be divided into general and special. Shareholder liability has a direct connection with the joint-stock legal relationship and can be applied only to the participants of the relevant legal relationship, the basis for civil liability to the participants of the joint-stock legal relationship is non-performance or improper performance of duties by the latter, local acts, shareholder agreement, and violation of the rights, legitimate interests of other participants in the relationship. Another sign of liability of participants in joint-stock legal relations is the possibility of its application both in court and out of court, as joint-stock legal relations are inherently internal, and the liability that may apply to their participants and the procedure for its application should be provided not only legislative, but also at the local level. Several persons may violate the corporate rights of the parties to the respective legal relations, they are liable as joint and several debtors. That is, in case of inflicting losses on the company by actions (inaction) of its officials collegial-ly, the company may apply to all members of the company or to one of them. Liability of participants of joint-stock legal relations can be applied only at the initiative of the participant whose rights have been violated, shareholders may not go to court to protect the rights and interests of other shareholders and the company outside the relationship, as well as justify their claims by violating the rights of other shareholders. The peculiarity of the liability of participants in joint-stock legal relations is that the grounds for its application, type and amount may be provided not only by law but also by special local acts, such as charter, shareholder agreement, which may define its boundaries, sanctions, grounds for dismissal, distribution risks, etc. Thus the increased responsibility can be established both by the law, and the charter or the joint-stock contract, limited by the law, and the charter and the joint-stock contract - if it is not forbidden by the imperative norm. ; У статті розглянуто ознаки відповідальності учасників акціонерних правовідносин. На підставі проведеного аналізу зроблено висновки, що акціонерній відповідальності властиві певні ознаки, які у свою чергу можна поділити на загальні та спеціальні. Акціонерна відповідальність має безпосереднійзв'язок з акціонерними правовідносинами та може застосовуватися виключно до учасників відповідного правового зв'язку. Підставою застосування цивільно-правової відповідальності до учасників акціонерних правовідносин є невиконання або неналежне виконання обов'язків останніми, що можуть передбачатися законодавством, локальними актами, акціонерним договором, та порушення прав, законних інтересів інших учасників окреслених відносин. Ще однією ознакою відповідальності учасників акціонерних правовідносин є можливість її застосування як у судовому, так і в позасудовому порядку, оскільки акціонерні правовідносини за своєю суттю є внутрішніми, то і відповідальність, що може застосовуватися до їхніх учасників, і порядок її застосування повинні передбачатися не лише на законодавчому, а й на локальному рівні. Порушувати корпоративні права учасників відповідних правовідносин можуть декілька осіб, вони несуть відповідальність як солідарні боржники. Тобто у разі завдання збитків товариству діями (бездіяльністю) його посадових осіб колегіально товариство може звернутися з відповідною вимогою до всіх членів органів товариства або до окремого з них. Відповідальність учасників акціонерних правовідносин може застосовуватися лише за ініціативою учасника, чиї права порушено, акціонери не вправі звертатися до суду за захистом прав та інтересів інших акціонерів та самого товариства поза відносинами представництва, а також обґрунтовувати свої вимоги порушенням прав інших акціонерів. Особливістю відповідальності учасників акціонерних правовідносин є те, що підстави її застосування, вид і розмір можуть передбачатися не лише нормами законодавства, а й спеціальними локальними актами, такими як статут, акціонерний договір, де можуть бути визначені її межі, види санкцій, підстави звільнення, розподіл ризиків тощо. При цьому підвищена відповідальність може бути встановлена як законом, так і статутом або акціонерним договором, обмежена законом, а статутом та акціонерним договором - якщо цього не забороняє імперативна норма.
The article focuses on the judge's liability vilotaion of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. State of- ficials' wrongful acts result in liability of a state regardless of the fault of those officials are determined as axiomatic for the theory of law. The state agencies, where the officials are employed, are entitled to file regress suits in accordance with the procedure provided by law. In such a case, can- cellation or annulment of the wrongful act that causes damages, should not be regarded as a special precondition for the liability of the state official liable for committing such an act. The precondition of the liability of the official should be his or her fault. It is essential that the liability of a judge for issuing wrongful judicial acts, regarding his or her status, has its own peculiarities. First, according to international standards, liability of a judge for delivering an illegal judgment, that had causes financial damage and interfereance with personal rights and freedoms, is predetermined by his or her procedural independence and immunity. Secondly, compensation for losses incurred by the state as a result of a wrongful decision or conduct of a judge in the performance of his / her duties is established. In addition to this, the state has the right to bring regress suits against a judge who has caused such damages to individuals or legalentities.
The relevance of the scientific article is due to the changes made to copyright legislation, which established a multiple size of civil liability for violation of copyright and related rights. Such responsibility is atypical for civil law, since it provides for the dependence of its size on the form of guilt of the offender. In the doctrine of civil law and jurisprudence, the presumption of guilt in committing a civil offense is traditionally applied. At the same time, the measures of responsibility are aimed at full compensation for the harm caused, regardless of the form of guilt. Therefore, in civil law there is no normative definition of the forms of guilt. At the same time, in cases on the protection of copyright and related rights, the issue of proving the form of the offender's guilt acquires special significance. This is necessary to establish the basis for civil liability and its size. For this purpose, based on the study of scientific approaches to understanding the category of guilt, the author of the article formulated criteria for establishing a careless form of guilt in violation of copyright and related rights; the signs indicating the absence of guilt in the actions of the offender have been identified; the characterization of intent when committing a violation of these rights is given. The behavior of the violator, which is deliberately aimed at violating the rights of the copyright holder or deliberately ignoring his rights in order to achieve goals useful for himself, should be defined as guilt in the form of intent. The attitude of the subject to the harm caused to the copyright holder is legally unimportant. Intent should be established with respect to the behavior of the subject at the time of the violation, and not after its completion. The application of the criteria for the form of guilt proposed in the article is aimed at solving practical problems in law enforcement
The article is devoted to the research of the exercise of the property rights of limited liability companies and additional liability companies of one person.Attention is paid to the performance of the sole participant of the functions of the supreme and executive bodies of the company at the same time; fulfillment of the function of the director on the basis of an employment contract with the company and without its conclusion; the exercise of property rights without the subject's determination of such rights; lack of separation of powers of a single participant as a participant (founder), supreme body of the company and executive body of the company.The provisions of the national legislation on property, property rights and subjects of their realization, which are contained in the Law of Ukraine "On property valuation, property rights and professional valuation activity in Ukraine", Civil Code of Ukraine, Economic code of Ukraine, Law of Ukraine "On partnerships limited liability and additional liability" and certain other legal acts.The court practice of resolving disputes arising between public authorities and companies with limited liability companies and additional liability of one person in the case of performing a single participant functions of a director without concluding an employment contract with the company is analyzed. The existence of different approaches to understanding the essence of the relevant legal relationships is revealed. The own proposals for ways of solving the identified practical problems are substantiated.According to the results of the analysis, the proposals for exercising the property rights of limited liability companies and additional liability companies of one person are substantiated, namely: the proposed forms of confirmation of the authority of a single participant in the performance of the functions of the supreme body of the company and executive body of the company during the exercise of the property rights of limited liability companies and additional liability of one person; the proposed forms of exercising the property rights of limited liability companies and additional liability of one person are the sole participant in the performance of the functions of the supreme body of the company and executive body of the company. ; Статтю присвячено дослідженню питання здійснення майнових прав товариств з обмеженою та додатковою відповідальністю однієї особи.Звертається увага на виконання єдиним учасником функцій вищого та виконавчого органів товариства одночасно; виконання єдиним учасником функцій директора на підставі трудового договору з товариством та без його укладення; здійснення майнових прав без визначеності суб'єкта таких прав; відсутності розмежування повноважень єдиного учасника як учасника вищого та виконавчого органів тощо.За результатами проведеного аналізу обґрунтовано пропозиції щодо здійснення майнових прав товариств з обмеженою та додатковою відповідальністю однієї особи.
