Suchergebnisse

The limits of competency, responsibilities and authorities of institutions are duplicated. Interest groups had an exceptional role in the development of environmental policy and governance by applying pressure due to actual questions on environmental quality.

The limits of competency, responsibilities and authorities of institutions are duplicated. Interest groups had an exceptional role in the development of environmental policy and governance by applying pressure due to actual questions on environmental quality.

Rapid development of information and communication technologies opened up new opportunities for global interactions – developed electronic space without usual time and distance strictures. Considering globalization, one of the most important tasks for the present government is being able to change along with the exigencies and expectations of modern society and business, being able to change state ruling and at the same time make public administration modern, using up-to-date technologies, rethinking and rearranging organizational processes considering consumer requirements and trying to achieve effective control. Electronic Government is understood as an entirety which includes integration of information and communication technologies into public administration, new skills and alternation of organizational activities designed for the purpose of public services, democratic operations and open politics' improvement. Further development of Electronic Government requires public services to be effective and secure. So, one of the key aspects of Electronic Government is to ensure the consumers, who are using electronic public services, satisfaction and pay exceptional attention to the services which can be offered internationally. In order to be able to offer these services electronically, we have to aim for a wide range of use, not only for relocation of the services into electronic medium. The purpose of work is to evaluate the implementation of Electronic Government and the information society development policy in Lithuania using the analysis of law, institutions and qualitative search based on statistics. This work analyses the realization of Electronic Government in public sector. The review of Electronic Government's offered services and the present situation of possible projects are presented in this work based on conception of public administration effectiveness, the law and institutions survey, statistics and the qualitative investigation. Also the recommendations and stakes of Electronic Government development are presented. They are subject to making public sector activities more effective, government expenses reduction, specifying citizen-oriented electronic public services and better cooperation between Government and Society, using all the possibilities and measures of Electronic Government.

Rapid development of information and communication technologies opened up new opportunities for global interactions – developed electronic space without usual time and distance strictures. Considering globalization, one of the most important tasks for the present government is being able to change along with the exigencies and expectations of modern society and business, being able to change state ruling and at the same time make public administration modern, using up-to-date technologies, rethinking and rearranging organizational processes considering consumer requirements and trying to achieve effective control. Electronic Government is understood as an entirety which includes integration of information and communication technologies into public administration, new skills and alternation of organizational activities designed for the purpose of public services, democratic operations and open politics' improvement. Further development of Electronic Government requires public services to be effective and secure. So, one of the key aspects of Electronic Government is to ensure the consumers, who are using electronic public services, satisfaction and pay exceptional attention to the services which can be offered internationally. In order to be able to offer these services electronically, we have to aim for a wide range of use, not only for relocation of the services into electronic medium. The purpose of work is to evaluate the implementation of Electronic Government and the information society development policy in Lithuania using the analysis of law, institutions and qualitative search based on statistics. This work analyses the realization of Electronic Government in public sector. The review of Electronic Government's offered services and the present situation of possible projects are presented in this work based on conception of public administration effectiveness, the law and institutions survey, statistics and the qualitative investigation. Also the recommendations and stakes of Electronic Government development are presented. They are subject to making public sector activities more effective, government expenses reduction, specifying citizen-oriented electronic public services and better cooperation between Government and Society, using all the possibilities and measures of Electronic Government.

Rapid development of information and communication technologies opened up new opportunities for global interactions – developed electronic space without usual time and distance strictures. Considering globalization, one of the most important tasks for the present government is being able to change along with the exigencies and expectations of modern society and business, being able to change state ruling and at the same time make public administration modern, using up-to-date technologies, rethinking and rearranging organizational processes considering consumer requirements and trying to achieve effective control. Electronic Government is understood as an entirety which includes integration of information and communication technologies into public administration, new skills and alternation of organizational activities designed for the purpose of public services, democratic operations and open politics' improvement. Further development of Electronic Government requires public services to be effective and secure. So, one of the key aspects of Electronic Government is to ensure the consumers, who are using electronic public services, satisfaction and pay exceptional attention to the services which can be offered internationally. In order to be able to offer these services electronically, we have to aim for a wide range of use, not only for relocation of the services into electronic medium. The purpose of work is to evaluate the implementation of Electronic Government and the information society development policy in Lithuania using the analysis of law, institutions and qualitative search based on statistics. This work analyses the realization of Electronic Government in public sector. The review of Electronic Government's offered services and the present situation of possible projects are presented in this work based on conception of public administration effectiveness, the law and institutions survey, statistics and the qualitative investigation. Also the recommendations and stakes of Electronic Government development are presented. They are subject to making public sector activities more effective, government expenses reduction, specifying citizen-oriented electronic public services and better cooperation between Government and Society, using all the possibilities and measures of Electronic Government.

At the end of 2019, there were 246 schools in Lithuania without permanent school headmasters. It is a quarter of all general education schools in Lithuania. Until February 1, 2020, alone an additional 121 tenders were announced. This number may continue to grow as new competitions for the post of the outgoing school principal are published regularly. A well-prepared, professional and knowledgeable school headmaster has a significant positive impact on school outcomes for both teachers and students. Therefore, the concern about the lack of headmasters in Lithuanian schools is justified. Negative communicative attention and political pressure contribute to the desire to resolve such a situation as soon as possible. In order not to manage the situation temporarily, but for long-term positive changes in the chain of school headmasters, it is necessary to assess the consistency and success of recent changes in this area. The consistency of the state policy of headmasters will be assessed at two levels - administrative and ideological. The evaluation at the administrative level will be performed by analysing the changes in the legal acts regulating the state management policy. The assessment of ideological policy consistency will be based on the types of leadership highlighted by Ellen Daniëls, Annie Hondeghema and Filip Dochyb, which have been the most prominent in recent decades: instructional, situational, transformational and distributed. Policy success will be measured by the model developed by David Marsh and Allan McConnel, which encompasses three different dimensions of policy success: process, political, and programmatic. Research examining policy success has received increasing attention over the past decade. An empirical study of the work has shown that while national headmaster policy may be considered more consistent throughout individual governments, it is more inconsistent in general. The work also provided new empirical knowledge on the policy success of national headmaster policy. Although these assessments vary widely (from failure to success) across different dimensions of success in different governments, the overall evaluation of policy success varies slightly more towards success (2.5(6) points). At the end of the work, practical recommendations for the improvement of school leaders' policy are presented.

At the end of 2019, there were 246 schools in Lithuania without permanent school headmasters. It is a quarter of all general education schools in Lithuania. Until February 1, 2020, alone an additional 121 tenders were announced. This number may continue to grow as new competitions for the post of the outgoing school principal are published regularly. A well-prepared, professional and knowledgeable school headmaster has a significant positive impact on school outcomes for both teachers and students. Therefore, the concern about the lack of headmasters in Lithuanian schools is justified. Negative communicative attention and political pressure contribute to the desire to resolve such a situation as soon as possible. In order not to manage the situation temporarily, but for long-term positive changes in the chain of school headmasters, it is necessary to assess the consistency and success of recent changes in this area. The consistency of the state policy of headmasters will be assessed at two levels - administrative and ideological. The evaluation at the administrative level will be performed by analysing the changes in the legal acts regulating the state management policy. The assessment of ideological policy consistency will be based on the types of leadership highlighted by Ellen Daniëls, Annie Hondeghema and Filip Dochyb, which have been the most prominent in recent decades: instructional, situational, transformational and distributed. Policy success will be measured by the model developed by David Marsh and Allan McConnel, which encompasses three different dimensions of policy success: process, political, and programmatic. Research examining policy success has received increasing attention over the past decade. An empirical study of the work has shown that while national headmaster policy may be considered more consistent throughout individual governments, it is more inconsistent in general. The work also provided new empirical knowledge on the policy success of national headmaster policy. Although these assessments vary widely (from failure to success) across different dimensions of success in different governments, the overall evaluation of policy success varies slightly more towards success (2.5(6) points). At the end of the work, practical recommendations for the improvement of school leaders' policy are presented.

At the end of 2019, there were 246 schools in Lithuania without permanent school headmasters. It is a quarter of all general education schools in Lithuania. Until February 1, 2020, alone an additional 121 tenders were announced. This number may continue to grow as new competitions for the post of the outgoing school principal are published regularly. A well-prepared, professional and knowledgeable school headmaster has a significant positive impact on school outcomes for both teachers and students. Therefore, the concern about the lack of headmasters in Lithuanian schools is justified. Negative communicative attention and political pressure contribute to the desire to resolve such a situation as soon as possible. In order not to manage the situation temporarily, but for long-term positive changes in the chain of school headmasters, it is necessary to assess the consistency and success of recent changes in this area. The consistency of the state policy of headmasters will be assessed at two levels - administrative and ideological. The evaluation at the administrative level will be performed by analysing the changes in the legal acts regulating the state management policy. The assessment of ideological policy consistency will be based on the types of leadership highlighted by Ellen Daniëls, Annie Hondeghema and Filip Dochyb, which have been the most prominent in recent decades: instructional, situational, transformational and distributed. Policy success will be measured by the model developed by David Marsh and Allan McConnel, which encompasses three different dimensions of policy success: process, political, and programmatic. Research examining policy success has received increasing attention over the past decade. An empirical study of the work has shown that while national headmaster policy may be considered more consistent throughout individual governments, it is more inconsistent in general. The work also provided new empirical knowledge on the policy success of national headmaster policy. Although these assessments vary widely (from failure to success) across different dimensions of success in different governments, the overall evaluation of policy success varies slightly more towards success (2.5(6) points). At the end of the work, practical recommendations for the improvement of school leaders' policy are presented.

At the end of 2019, there were 246 schools in Lithuania without permanent school headmasters. It is a quarter of all general education schools in Lithuania. Until February 1, 2020, alone an additional 121 tenders were announced. This number may continue to grow as new competitions for the post of the outgoing school principal are published regularly. A well-prepared, professional and knowledgeable school headmaster has a significant positive impact on school outcomes for both teachers and students. Therefore, the concern about the lack of headmasters in Lithuanian schools is justified. Negative communicative attention and political pressure contribute to the desire to resolve such a situation as soon as possible. In order not to manage the situation temporarily, but for long-term positive changes in the chain of school headmasters, it is necessary to assess the consistency and success of recent changes in this area. The consistency of the state policy of headmasters will be assessed at two levels - administrative and ideological. The evaluation at the administrative level will be performed by analysing the changes in the legal acts regulating the state management policy. The assessment of ideological policy consistency will be based on the types of leadership highlighted by Ellen Daniëls, Annie Hondeghema and Filip Dochyb, which have been the most prominent in recent decades: instructional, situational, transformational and distributed. Policy success will be measured by the model developed by David Marsh and Allan McConnel, which encompasses three different dimensions of policy success: process, political, and programmatic. Research examining policy success has received increasing attention over the past decade. An empirical study of the work has shown that while national headmaster policy may be considered more consistent throughout individual governments, it is more inconsistent in general. The work also provided new empirical knowledge on the policy success of national headmaster policy. Although these assessments vary widely (from failure to success) across different dimensions of success in different governments, the overall evaluation of policy success varies slightly more towards success (2.5(6) points). At the end of the work, practical recommendations for the improvement of school leaders' policy are presented.

The article deals with the problem of representation in the area of local public policy. Representation is a crucial element of any democratic society. The democratic society should be reflected as sharp as possible in the representative institutions. Otherwise, if the reflection of society's structure is distorted, there will be a great danger to fall into the asymmetry of democracy. Contemporary public administration extended the traditionally political notion of representation into the area of bureaucracy. The distinction between the passive and the active representation was developed. Despite that there is no consensuses of whether the passive representation always leads to the active one, the authors of the article keep a premise that most often the passive representation leads to the active one, but it may become a negative point if the passive representation is not the sharp one. While the local council is considered as a subject of public administration in Lithuania, the authors of the article choose to research how sharp the local council of Klaipëda represents the community of the city. The problem is relevant because the contemporary public policy is increasingly oriented towards the notion of public governance. Applying the casestudy method and analytical statistics, article analyzes the last four elections to the local council of Klaipëda. Due to the wide scope of the topic, the object of the research is divided into the four main structural components: representation of gender, nationality, age-group, and occupation. Additionally, the diversity effect is calculated applying the Blau index. The research proved that the passive representation in the local council is not the sharp one. Among all, the distinct domination of only two - business and education - occupational groups revealed that there are negative tendencies in the development of local democracy. Two of them are of the greatest menace: 1) prevailing of business leaders might lead to the market relationships in the processes of solving social problems, 2) governing may become available only for the privileged closed stratas what jeopardize the fading of democracy. Knowing that passive representation may lead to the active one, it is possible to envisage the predominance of the certain interests' implementation what leads to the so called asymmetry of democracy.

The article deals with the problem of representation in the area of local public policy. Representation is a crucial element of any democratic society. The democratic society should be reflected as sharp as possible in the representative institutions. Otherwise, if the reflection of society's structure is distorted, there will be a great danger to fall into the asymmetry of democracy. Contemporary public administration extended the traditionally political notion of representation into the area of bureaucracy. The distinction between the passive and the active representation was developed. Despite that there is no consensuses of whether the passive representation always leads to the active one, the authors of the article keep a premise that most often the passive representation leads to the active one, but it may become a negative point if the passive representation is not the sharp one. While the local council is considered as a subject of public administration in Lithuania, the authors of the article choose to research how sharp the local council of Klaipëda represents the community of the city. The problem is relevant because the contemporary public policy is increasingly oriented towards the notion of public governance. Applying the casestudy method and analytical statistics, article analyzes the last four elections to the local council of Klaipëda. Due to the wide scope of the topic, the object of the research is divided into the four main structural components: representation of gender, nationality, age-group, and occupation. Additionally, the diversity effect is calculated applying the Blau index. The research proved that the passive representation in the local council is not the sharp one. Among all, the distinct domination of only two - business and education - occupational groups revealed that there are negative tendencies in the development of local democracy. Two of them are of the greatest menace: 1) prevailing of business leaders might lead to the market relationships in the processes of solving social problems, 2) governing may become available only for the privileged closed stratas what jeopardize the fading of democracy. Knowing that passive representation may lead to the active one, it is possible to envisage the predominance of the certain interests' implementation what leads to the so called asymmetry of democracy.

The article deals with the problem of representation in the area of local public policy. Representation is a crucial element of any democratic society. The democratic society should be reflected as sharp as possible in the representative institutions. Otherwise, if the reflection of society's structure is distorted, there will be a great danger to fall into the asymmetry of democracy. Contemporary public administration extended the traditionally political notion of representation into the area of bureaucracy. The distinction between the passive and the active representation was developed. Despite that there is no consensuses of whether the passive representation always leads to the active one, the authors of the article keep a premise that most often the passive representation leads to the active one, but it may become a negative point if the passive representation is not the sharp one. While the local council is considered as a subject of public administration in Lithuania, the authors of the article choose to research how sharp the local council of Klaipëda represents the community of the city. The problem is relevant because the contemporary public policy is increasingly oriented towards the notion of public governance. Applying the casestudy method and analytical statistics, article analyzes the last four elections to the local council of Klaipëda. Due to the wide scope of the topic, the object of the research is divided into the four main structural components: representation of gender, nationality, age-group, and occupation. Additionally, the diversity effect is calculated applying the Blau index. The research proved that the passive representation in the local council is not the sharp one. Among all, the distinct domination of only two - business and education - occupational groups revealed that there are negative tendencies in the development of local democracy. Two of them are of the greatest menace: 1) prevailing of business leaders might lead to the market relationships in the processes of solving social problems, 2) governing may become available only for the privileged closed stratas what jeopardize the fading of democracy. Knowing that passive representation may lead to the active one, it is possible to envisage the predominance of the certain interests' implementation what leads to the so called asymmetry of democracy.

The article deals with the problem of representation in the area of local public policy. Representation is a crucial element of any democratic society. The democratic society should be reflected as sharp as possible in the representative institutions. Otherwise, if the reflection of society's structure is distorted, there will be a great danger to fall into the asymmetry of democracy. Contemporary public administration extended the traditionally political notion of representation into the area of bureaucracy. The distinction between the passive and the active representation was developed. Despite that there is no consensuses of whether the passive representation always leads to the active one, the authors of the article keep a premise that most often the passive representation leads to the active one, but it may become a negative point if the passive representation is not the sharp one. While the local council is considered as a subject of public administration in Lithuania, the authors of the article choose to research how sharp the local council of Klaipëda represents the community of the city. The problem is relevant because the contemporary public policy is increasingly oriented towards the notion of public governance. Applying the casestudy method and analytical statistics, article analyzes the last four elections to the local council of Klaipëda. Due to the wide scope of the topic, the object of the research is divided into the four main structural components: representation of gender, nationality, age-group, and occupation. Additionally, the diversity effect is calculated applying the Blau index. The research proved that the passive representation in the local council is not the sharp one. Among all, the distinct domination of only two - business and education - occupational groups revealed that there are negative tendencies in the development of local democracy. Two of them are of the greatest menace: 1) prevailing of business leaders might lead to the market relationships in the processes of solving social problems, 2) governing may become available only for the privileged closed stratas what jeopardize the fading of democracy. Knowing that passive representation may lead to the active one, it is possible to envisage the predominance of the certain interests' implementation what leads to the so called asymmetry of democracy.

The article deals with the problem of representation in the area of local public policy. Representation is a crucial element of any democratic society. The democratic society should be reflected as sharp as possible in the representative institutions. Otherwise, if the reflection of society's structure is distorted, there will be a great danger to fall into the asymmetry of democracy. Contemporary public administration extended the traditionally political notion of representation into the area of bureaucracy. The distinction between the passive and the active representation was developed. Despite that there is no consensuses of whether the passive representation always leads to the active one, the authors of the article keep a premise that most often the passive representation leads to the active one, but it may become a negative point if the passive representation is not the sharp one. While the local council is considered as a subject of public administration in Lithuania, the authors of the article choose to research how sharp the local council of Klaipeda represents the community of the city. The problem is relevant because the contemporary public policy is increasingly oriented towards the notion of public governance. Applying the case-study method and analytical statistics, article analyzes the last four elections to the local council of Klaipeda. Due to the wide scope of the topic, the object of the research is divided into the four main structural components: representation of gender, nationality, age-group, and occupation. Additionally, the diversity effect is calculated applying the Blau index. The research proved that the passive representation in the local council is not the sharp one. Among all, the distinct domination of only two - business and education - occupational groups revealed that there are negative tendencies in the development of local democracy. Two of them are of the greatest menace: 1) prevailing of business leaders might lead to the market relationships in the processes of solving social problems, 2) governing may become available only for the privileged closed stratas what jeopardize the fading of democracy. Knowing that passive representation may lead to the active one, it is possible to envisage the predominance of the certain interests' implementation what leads to the so called asymmetry of democracy. ; Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos viešosios valdžios įgyvendinimo galimybės vietos valdyme. Kadangi viešoji valdžia suponuoja aktyvų piliečių įsitraukimą į valdymo organizavimą, tyrimui pasirinktas vienas iš pagrindinių įsitraukimo aspektų - atstovavimas. Straipsnio autoriai laikosi nuostatos, kad pasyvus atstovavimas yra linkęs virsti aktyviu, ir tai gali tapti neigiama tendencija, jei atstovaujamoji struktūra nėra pakankamai simetriška visuomeninei struktūrai. Kaip itin mažai tyrinėta sritis, tyrimo objektu pasirinkta Klaipėdos miesto savivaldybės tarybos narių socialinė priklausomybė ir jos atitiktis miesto socialinei struktūrai. Kadangi atstovavimas apima labai plačią tematiką, straipsnyje jis yra dalijamas į keturis pagrindinius struktūrinius komponentus: lyčių, tautybių, amžiaus grupių ir užimtumo atstovavimą. Tyrimas patvirtino prielaidą, kad dažniausiai aktyvia visuomenės grupe tampa verslo sektorius, kuris stengiasi išnaudoti visiems piliečiams sukurtus demokratinius dalyvavimo viešojoje valdžioje kanalus.

Investing is the conversion of available savings to a specific asset, usually shares, bonds, real estate or investment fund units, with a simple purpose of increasing the amount of money invested in the future. Investments have several types, which are divided according to certain features: according to the investor's influence on the entity, according to the investor's permanent residence, according to the investor status, according to the investment object. Investment policy is often defined institutional investors including, where everything is more or less regulated. State investment policy is formulated in the program of activities of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania, taking into account economic and social-economic development forecasts of the Republic of Lithuania Investor's rights and protection, cooperation between the investor and the investment firms determine the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive.