All the sciences and even philosophical, ethic thinking and also practice are grounded by so called "line - thinking", which is efective in only limited sphere and time as synergetic paradigmus born in the 20 century. Unfortunately propositions under "line thinking" influence gave miserable results as much in politics as in government. The article shortly deals with some paradoxical synergetic confirmities (regularities) and the first observed results and chances of their using in the prevention of crimes, goverment in connection with the problem of theory and practice. It is suggested to change "strategic planing" conception into "strategic thinking" concept which joins theory and practice most effectively. In conclusion, connect of theory and practice are visible in teleonomy of emergetic evolution of social processes which are expressed namely by "strategic thinking" as intentionality obeyed to the same synergetic laws.
All the sciences and even philosophical, ethic thinking and also practice are grounded by so called "line - thinking", which is efective in only limited sphere and time as synergetic paradigmus born in the 20 century. Unfortunately propositions under "line thinking" influence gave miserable results as much in politics as in government. The article shortly deals with some paradoxical synergetic confirmities (regularities) and the first observed results and chances of their using in the prevention of crimes, goverment in connection with the problem of theory and practice. It is suggested to change "strategic planing" conception into "strategic thinking" concept which joins theory and practice most effectively. In conclusion, connect of theory and practice are visible in teleonomy of emergetic evolution of social processes which are expressed namely by "strategic thinking" as intentionality obeyed to the same synergetic laws.
The object of this master work is public relations of municipalities of Lithuania. While the state is implementing the conception of e-government and creating e-democracy, the main channel between society and government for institutions is becoming an official website of a particular institution. Not only does it have to systematically deliver information and supply various public services via internet but it also has to create relations online. This work analyzes the concept of e-government of Lithuanian Republic, which uses information technologies for creating interactive communications between government and citizens online. In this work current situation of e-government has been determined and various municipalities-regulating laws and particles as well as other documents which describe the functions of municipalities and are connected with public relations have been found. Herein the functions of public relations of municipalities which are implemented by using websites of these institutions are described. The documents that regulate websites of municipalities have been found and used as a basis for the research of this work. Also it has been assessed how the websites suit the regulations mentioned. In the investigative part of this master work it has been defined that the majority of websites do not suit the raised requirements. The goals in the defined strategies have not been accomplished. The websites of municipalities vary a lot: they are of different technologic and informative level. The research has showed that the municipalities of Lithuania are still paying too little attention for public relations via internet.
The object of this master work is public relations of municipalities of Lithuania. While the state is implementing the conception of e-government and creating e-democracy, the main channel between society and government for institutions is becoming an official website of a particular institution. Not only does it have to systematically deliver information and supply various public services via internet but it also has to create relations online. This work analyzes the concept of e-government of Lithuanian Republic, which uses information technologies for creating interactive communications between government and citizens online. In this work current situation of e-government has been determined and various municipalities-regulating laws and particles as well as other documents which describe the functions of municipalities and are connected with public relations have been found. Herein the functions of public relations of municipalities which are implemented by using websites of these institutions are described. The documents that regulate websites of municipalities have been found and used as a basis for the research of this work. Also it has been assessed how the websites suit the regulations mentioned. In the investigative part of this master work it has been defined that the majority of websites do not suit the raised requirements. The goals in the defined strategies have not been accomplished. The websites of municipalities vary a lot: they are of different technologic and informative level. The research has showed that the municipalities of Lithuania are still paying too little attention for public relations via internet.
The object of this master work is public relations of municipalities of Lithuania. While the state is implementing the conception of e-government and creating e-democracy, the main channel between society and government for institutions is becoming an official website of a particular institution. Not only does it have to systematically deliver information and supply various public services via internet but it also has to create relations online. This work analyzes the concept of e-government of Lithuanian Republic, which uses information technologies for creating interactive communications between government and citizens online. In this work current situation of e-government has been determined and various municipalities-regulating laws and particles as well as other documents which describe the functions of municipalities and are connected with public relations have been found. Herein the functions of public relations of municipalities which are implemented by using websites of these institutions are described. The documents that regulate websites of municipalities have been found and used as a basis for the research of this work. Also it has been assessed how the websites suit the regulations mentioned. In the investigative part of this master work it has been defined that the majority of websites do not suit the raised requirements. The goals in the defined strategies have not been accomplished. The websites of municipalities vary a lot: they are of different technologic and informative level. The research has showed that the municipalities of Lithuania are still paying too little attention for public relations via internet.
The object of this master work is public relations of municipalities of Lithuania. While the state is implementing the conception of e-government and creating e-democracy, the main channel between society and government for institutions is becoming an official website of a particular institution. Not only does it have to systematically deliver information and supply various public services via internet but it also has to create relations online. This work analyzes the concept of e-government of Lithuanian Republic, which uses information technologies for creating interactive communications between government and citizens online. In this work current situation of e-government has been determined and various municipalities-regulating laws and particles as well as other documents which describe the functions of municipalities and are connected with public relations have been found. Herein the functions of public relations of municipalities which are implemented by using websites of these institutions are described. The documents that regulate websites of municipalities have been found and used as a basis for the research of this work. Also it has been assessed how the websites suit the regulations mentioned. In the investigative part of this master work it has been defined that the majority of websites do not suit the raised requirements. The goals in the defined strategies have not been accomplished. The websites of municipalities vary a lot: they are of different technologic and informative level. The research has showed that the municipalities of Lithuania are still paying too little attention for public relations via internet.
Communication with media is very important in nowadays world: if media doesn't inform about activities of organizations or institutions we can say that there is no media. NGO organizations, business companies, state institutions communicate with media in different forms (press conferences, statements to the press). Literature sources state that communication with media is one of the braches of science. One of the main principals of the communication with media is good communication and one of the functions is to inform. Media can be used as means of forming image (both negative and positive). The paper presents connections between image specialists and journalists, because these two professions have a lot in common and often get mixed up. The paper also describes the understanding of communication on Government, public and local authority level. The objective of this work is to analyze how communication with media is maintained in Lithuanian municipalities. To achieve the objective we have these goals: 1) according to theoretic literature to find out what is media, define its concept, compare communication with media in state and NGO, to describe differences and similarities between media and public communication; 2 )to carry out a survey on the Internet and find out in how communication with media specialists in municipalities communicate with media, what are the functions and activities of these specialists; 3) after a structural interview make a conclusion if local authorities have to communicate with media and what ways of communication are effective; 4) connecting analysis of theoretical literature and qualitative / quantitative research draw a conclusion and give recommendations what communication with media should be done in municipalities. The work gives analysis, synthesis and comparison of scientific literature; comparison and induction methods were used. In order to analyze a case if communication with media is used in Lithuanian municipalities a combination of two methods was used: method of probability selection; quantitative research on the Internet survey and qualitative research carrying out an expert interview. The research showed that communication with media is considered as the whole of some means which help to convey the information to public. Lithuanian institutions communicate with media and in some municipalities this communication is a priority. Municipalities mostly send statements to the press, organize press conferences. Specialists responsible for communication with media or a person delegated by the Director of Administration make statements to the press. It became clear after the expert interview that municipalities have to communicate with media; the situation, the size of the municipality, the importance of the news help to choose the way of communication.
Communication with media is very important in nowadays world: if media doesn't inform about activities of organizations or institutions we can say that there is no media. NGO organizations, business companies, state institutions communicate with media in different forms (press conferences, statements to the press). Literature sources state that communication with media is one of the braches of science. One of the main principals of the communication with media is good communication and one of the functions is to inform. Media can be used as means of forming image (both negative and positive). The paper presents connections between image specialists and journalists, because these two professions have a lot in common and often get mixed up. The paper also describes the understanding of communication on Government, public and local authority level. The objective of this work is to analyze how communication with media is maintained in Lithuanian municipalities. To achieve the objective we have these goals: 1) according to theoretic literature to find out what is media, define its concept, compare communication with media in state and NGO, to describe differences and similarities between media and public communication; 2 )to carry out a survey on the Internet and find out in how communication with media specialists in municipalities communicate with media, what are the functions and activities of these specialists; 3) after a structural interview make a conclusion if local authorities have to communicate with media and what ways of communication are effective; 4) connecting analysis of theoretical literature and qualitative / quantitative research draw a conclusion and give recommendations what communication with media should be done in municipalities. The work gives analysis, synthesis and comparison of scientific literature; comparison and induction methods were used. In order to analyze a case if communication with media is used in Lithuanian municipalities a combination of two methods was used: method of probability selection; quantitative research on the Internet survey and qualitative research carrying out an expert interview. The research showed that communication with media is considered as the whole of some means which help to convey the information to public. Lithuanian institutions communicate with media and in some municipalities this communication is a priority. Municipalities mostly send statements to the press, organize press conferences. Specialists responsible for communication with media or a person delegated by the Director of Administration make statements to the press. It became clear after the expert interview that municipalities have to communicate with media; the situation, the size of the municipality, the importance of the news help to choose the way of communication.
The subject of the parliamentary law and public governance institutions is relevant and new, because it was not analysed before in the scientifical publications of Lithuanian constitutionalists. This subject includes the comparative aspects not only of the constitutional status, powers and interinstitutional relations between the President and the Parliament of Lithuania but also foreign countries governmental relations, status and powers (USA, Latvia and Portugal). The problem, set out in this master thesis, is the lack of systematic comparative analysis, that is connected to the presidential and parliamental relations and the fragmentary scientifical basis on this topic. The object of this thesis is the relations between the actual President and Parliament in Lithuania and three chosen foreign countries (USA, Latvia and Portugal), also their constitutional status, powers and functions that stipulates the mentioned governmental relations. The purpose of this work is to reveal the main aspects and possible solutions of the problematical situations in the sphere of presidential and parliamential relations, constitutional status, powers in the governmental field in Lithuania, USA, Latvia and Portugal. The purpose is obtained while using these main tasks: analysing the theory and the practice of the status, powers, intergovernmental relations in Lithuania, USA, Latvia and Portugal, introducing the similarities and the differences among all the mentioned countries and their governments. There are two hypothesis set out in this work: The mechanism of the relations of Lithuanian Parliament and President presupposes, that the Presidents' powers are inadequately limited in some areas of his actions and the second hypothesis is that the status, powers and relations of the Presidents and the Parliaments in USA, Latvia and Portugal confirms its' similarity to the President of Lithuania. The methods, used in this master thesis are: comparative systematic, teleological, documental analysis, logical method. At the end of analysis, the hypothesis, denoting that in the mechanism of the governmental relations the powers of the President are disproportionately limited, i.e. his rights in the process of the Governments' formation are too narrow and he has no constitutional right to apply to the Constitutional Court on the matter of the legal acts of Seimas incompatibility with the Constitution is confirmed. Moreover, the second hypothesis is partialy rejected: the intergovernmental relations of the researched foreign countries in the abstract level are similar to the governmental institutions of Lithuania but after the deeper examination the differences are also revealed. The American and Portuguese Presidents have strong powers and wide area of constitutional actions, unlike the President of Latvia, that has weaker status, powers and is more likely to be the nominal leader of the country. The master thesis consists of introduction, three main parts, conclusions, offers, the list of the literature used, anotation and the summary in Lithuanian and English languages. The first part of the this work consists of the analysis of the actual Parliament and President in Lithuania, their constitutional status, functions, powers and relations, the second part describes the same features of the three chosen foreign countries (USA, Latvia and Portugal) and the last part discloses the similarities and the differences among all those countries and their governmental relations. The Constitutions of Lithuania, USA, Latvia and Portugal were broadly used when writing this master thesis, as well as some laws, constitutional jurisprudence and some scientifical works of lithuanian constitutionalists, such as G. Mesonis, V. Sinkevičius, E. Jarašiūnas and others and some foreign scientists as well (especially american), such as G. Calabresi, I. Vladeck, W. Marshall and others.
The subject of the parliamentary law and public governance institutions is relevant and new, because it was not analysed before in the scientifical publications of Lithuanian constitutionalists. This subject includes the comparative aspects not only of the constitutional status, powers and interinstitutional relations between the President and the Parliament of Lithuania but also foreign countries governmental relations, status and powers (USA, Latvia and Portugal). The problem, set out in this master thesis, is the lack of systematic comparative analysis, that is connected to the presidential and parliamental relations and the fragmentary scientifical basis on this topic. The object of this thesis is the relations between the actual President and Parliament in Lithuania and three chosen foreign countries (USA, Latvia and Portugal), also their constitutional status, powers and functions that stipulates the mentioned governmental relations. The purpose of this work is to reveal the main aspects and possible solutions of the problematical situations in the sphere of presidential and parliamential relations, constitutional status, powers in the governmental field in Lithuania, USA, Latvia and Portugal. The purpose is obtained while using these main tasks: analysing the theory and the practice of the status, powers, intergovernmental relations in Lithuania, USA, Latvia and Portugal, introducing the similarities and the differences among all the mentioned countries and their governments. There are two hypothesis set out in this work: The mechanism of the relations of Lithuanian Parliament and President presupposes, that the Presidents' powers are inadequately limited in some areas of his actions and the second hypothesis is that the status, powers and relations of the Presidents and the Parliaments in USA, Latvia and Portugal confirms its' similarity to the President of Lithuania. The methods, used in this master thesis are: comparative systematic, teleological, documental analysis, logical method. At the end of analysis, the hypothesis, denoting that in the mechanism of the governmental relations the powers of the President are disproportionately limited, i.e. his rights in the process of the Governments' formation are too narrow and he has no constitutional right to apply to the Constitutional Court on the matter of the legal acts of Seimas incompatibility with the Constitution is confirmed. Moreover, the second hypothesis is partialy rejected: the intergovernmental relations of the researched foreign countries in the abstract level are similar to the governmental institutions of Lithuania but after the deeper examination the differences are also revealed. The American and Portuguese Presidents have strong powers and wide area of constitutional actions, unlike the President of Latvia, that has weaker status, powers and is more likely to be the nominal leader of the country. The master thesis consists of introduction, three main parts, conclusions, offers, the list of the literature used, anotation and the summary in Lithuanian and English languages. The first part of the this work consists of the analysis of the actual Parliament and President in Lithuania, their constitutional status, functions, powers and relations, the second part describes the same features of the three chosen foreign countries (USA, Latvia and Portugal) and the last part discloses the similarities and the differences among all those countries and their governmental relations. The Constitutions of Lithuania, USA, Latvia and Portugal were broadly used when writing this master thesis, as well as some laws, constitutional jurisprudence and some scientifical works of lithuanian constitutionalists, such as G. Mesonis, V. Sinkevičius, E. Jarašiūnas and others and some foreign scientists as well (especially american), such as G. Calabresi, I. Vladeck, W. Marshall and others.
Key words: e government, innovation, innovation diffusion and adoption theory, E. Government diffusion, e. Government adoption, studies, comparative aspect. The object of this work – e. Government diffusion and adoption. The aim of this work - to analyze and evaluate e. Government diffusion and adoption. To support this aim four tasks were set: 1) to provide e. Government conception, implementation and rewiew of e. Government tools and show the importance of e. Government; 2) to present the innovation diffusion and adoption theory; 3) to deliver the diffusion and adoption of e. Government theoretical review, 4) identify the factors influencing e. Government diffusion and adoption; 5) an overview e. Government dissemination of the extent of cross-border dimension and analyze e. Government diffusion and adoption in Lithuania making aspect. The analysis of e. Government diffusion of Lithuania as compared with other countries on this subject dealt with aspects related to the theoretical and empirical context. It follows that E. Government diffusion and adoption studies are a relatively new topic and little studied phenomenon. As evidenced by the existence of e Governance development assessments carried out in Lithuania and abroad, the analysis, the majority of currently proposed e. Government decisions are analyzed only from the quantitative side, dispensed with the need for comprehensive quality of the population of e. services research. E. Government - is an excellent tool to improve communication between government and citizens, public and private sector, and make these relations simpler, more interactive and meet citizens' needs. The main findings of the work is that e. Government diffusion and adoption problems are global, that is to say, all the states face similar social, financial, personal, communication, cultural and other barriers. E. Government servises in diffusion process in Lithuania and other countries is influenced by the convenience, savings in time, money and the ability to communicate and work directly (on – line) mode. Such an exercise is a clearer way, does not require bureaucratic procedures and transparent. E. Government suppressors - e. Government rough public services system, lack of opportunities, lack of demand, a large distance between the public and the government. The study showed that the e. Government diffusion of government services are not the conditions are right and still suffer from the problem of digital divide, especially in rural areas and between mature and low-income people in Lithuania. It appears that in e. Government acceptance, very importance of preparation, so it is important to draw attention to the barriers that may interfere with this process, which requires a special e. Government incentive policies. Therefore, it is necessary to take the lead in promoting the e. Government services, the involvement of neighborhoods, local governments, the media and most citizens, preparing them training with the full awareness and promoting understanding of the various campaigns and events. It is important to convince the public that the e. Government can simplify the work is easy and rewarding cause.
Key words: e government, innovation, innovation diffusion and adoption theory, E. Government diffusion, e. Government adoption, studies, comparative aspect. The object of this work – e. Government diffusion and adoption. The aim of this work - to analyze and evaluate e. Government diffusion and adoption. To support this aim four tasks were set: 1) to provide e. Government conception, implementation and rewiew of e. Government tools and show the importance of e. Government; 2) to present the innovation diffusion and adoption theory; 3) to deliver the diffusion and adoption of e. Government theoretical review, 4) identify the factors influencing e. Government diffusion and adoption; 5) an overview e. Government dissemination of the extent of cross-border dimension and analyze e. Government diffusion and adoption in Lithuania making aspect. The analysis of e. Government diffusion of Lithuania as compared with other countries on this subject dealt with aspects related to the theoretical and empirical context. It follows that E. Government diffusion and adoption studies are a relatively new topic and little studied phenomenon. As evidenced by the existence of e Governance development assessments carried out in Lithuania and abroad, the analysis, the majority of currently proposed e. Government decisions are analyzed only from the quantitative side, dispensed with the need for comprehensive quality of the population of e. services research. E. Government - is an excellent tool to improve communication between government and citizens, public and private sector, and make these relations simpler, more interactive and meet citizens' needs. The main findings of the work is that e. Government diffusion and adoption problems are global, that is to say, all the states face similar social, financial, personal, communication, cultural and other barriers. E. Government servises in diffusion process in Lithuania and other countries is influenced by the convenience, savings in time, money and the ability to communicate and work directly (on – line) mode. Such an exercise is a clearer way, does not require bureaucratic procedures and transparent. E. Government suppressors - e. Government rough public services system, lack of opportunities, lack of demand, a large distance between the public and the government. The study showed that the e. Government diffusion of government services are not the conditions are right and still suffer from the problem of digital divide, especially in rural areas and between mature and low-income people in Lithuania. It appears that in e. Government acceptance, very importance of preparation, so it is important to draw attention to the barriers that may interfere with this process, which requires a special e. Government incentive policies. Therefore, it is necessary to take the lead in promoting the e. Government services, the involvement of neighborhoods, local governments, the media and most citizens, preparing them training with the full awareness and promoting understanding of the various campaigns and events. It is important to convince the public that the e. Government can simplify the work is easy and rewarding cause.
The article reveals important aspects of current situation of local government and its development over 20 years (from 1990 to 2010): development and changes of the administrative division over past 20 years, the importance and place of the local government in the system of public government, as well as nature of relations between local government and state authorities over past 10 years. The article also deals with local government legal regulation and its changes over past 20 years and reveals the definition of local self-government and its basic changes. From 2000 there are functioning just 60 municipalities (lower administrative unit of the territory of the State with the guaranteed right to self-government) in Lithuania and in the 2/3 of them lives from 10 to 50 thousands of citizens. This situation is estimated positively in terms of financial capacity but it reduces the capacity of local democracy as well. Despite all the efforts, the reform of administrative division is not completed and the aims of the first and the second stages of the reform are not reached. [.] ; Šiame straipsnyje, kurį sudaro dvi dalys, apibūdinami svarbiausi dabartiniu metu Lietuvoje egzistuočios vietos savivaldos sistemos ir jos raidos per dvidešimt metų (1990–2010 m.) aspektai. Pirmoje dalyje rašoma apie vietos savivaldos teritorinį organizavimo pagrindą –valstybės teritorijos administracinių vienetų sistemą bei jos pertvarką, apibūdinama vietos savivaldos teisinė aplinka, jos formavimas (-is) ir reikšmė, kuriant demokratinę savivaldą Lietuvoje, parodoma vietos savivaldybės ir vietos savivaldos sąvokų apibrėžimų kaita.
This doctoral dissertation explores, why Poland pursued a policy of engagement and balancing towards Russia between the parliamentary elections in 2001 and the European Unions Eastern Partnership summit in Vilnius in 2013. Such a policy was conducted by a middle power towards a major power, though in such cases structural realism predicts that middle powers either bandwagon or balance against major powers. Thus, this research employs neoclassical realist theory and the method of systematic process analysis to find out the reasons behind Poland's decisions in foreign policy and for that purpose four hypotheses are formulated and tested. It turned out that Poland engaged Russia for several reasons. In 2001-2005 and 2005-2007 Poland attempted to change Russia's intentions towards Poland. However, in 2007-2013 the pursuit of such policy was dictated by motives of domestic politics. But most importantly in three cases of 2001-2005, 2005-2006 and 2007-2013 Polish governments sought through a policy of engagement to show Western states, that Poland is not a "russophobic country," trying to entangle the EU and NATO into its drive to withhold Russia's expansionism.
This doctoral dissertation explores, why Poland pursued a policy of engagement and balancing towards Russia between the parliamentary elections in 2001 and the European Unions Eastern Partnership summit in Vilnius in 2013. Such a policy was conducted by a middle power towards a major power, though in such cases structural realism predicts that middle powers either bandwagon or balance against major powers. Thus, this research employs neoclassical realist theory and the method of systematic process analysis to find out the reasons behind Poland's decisions in foreign policy and for that purpose four hypotheses are formulated and tested. It turned out that Poland engaged Russia for several reasons. In 2001-2005 and 2005-2007 Poland attempted to change Russia's intentions towards Poland. However, in 2007-2013 the pursuit of such policy was dictated by motives of domestic politics. But most importantly in three cases of 2001-2005, 2005-2006 and 2007-2013 Polish governments sought through a policy of engagement to show Western states, that Poland is not a "russophobic country," trying to entangle the EU and NATO into its drive to withhold Russia's expansionism.
