Suchergebnisse

The aims of this article are to describe the fundamental connection between State government, counties and municipalities and to expose peculiarities of interaction of State government subjects and Local Self-government institutions. The survey method is grounded on the systemic research and analysis of the Lithuanian legal acts: Law on the Local Self-government, Law on the Governing of the County and Law on the Regional Development. The main conclusions of the article are following: a) the objects, functions and responsibility of Regional institutions and Counties are separated by legal acts, but in fact Regional institutions and Counties are indivisible unit; b) in reality municipalities become subordinate to the State government and restraint from Self-government institutions appreciable by limited liberty of decision making and finance resources, and intensive state inspection of procedures; c) there is not fully realized principle of decentralization. In the future State government system and Local Self-government reforms could take the way of self-governmental regions making and the power, functions and decision making competence of municipalities could be extended

The aims of this article are to describe the fundamental connection between State government, counties and municipalities and to expose peculiarities of interaction of State government subjects and Local Self-government institutions. The survey method is grounded on the systemic research and analysis of the Lithuanian legal acts: Law on the Local Self-government, Law on the Governing of the County and Law on the Regional Development. The main conclusions of the article are following: a) the objects, functions and responsibility of Regional institutions and Counties are separated by legal acts, but in fact Regional institutions and Counties are indivisible unit; b) in reality municipalities become subordinate to the State government and restraint from Self-government institutions appreciable by limited liberty of decision making and finance resources, and intensive state inspection of procedures; c) there is not fully realized principle of decentralization. In the future State government system and Local Self-government reforms could take the way of self-governmental regions making and the power, functions and decision making competence of municipalities could be extended

The aims of this article are to describe the fundamental connection between State government, counties and municipalities and to expose peculiarities of interaction of State government subjects and Local Self-government institutions. The survey method is grounded on the systemic research and analysis of the Lithuanian legal acts: Law on the Local Self-government, Law on the Governing of the County and Law on the Regional Development. The main conclusions of the article are following: a) the objects, functions and responsibility of Regional institutions and Counties are separated by legal acts, but in fact Regional institutions and Counties are indivisible unit; b) in reality municipalities become subordinate to the State government and restraint from Self-government institutions appreciable by limited liberty of decision making and finance resources, and intensive state inspection of procedures; c) there is not fully realized principle of decentralization. In the future State government system and Local Self-government reforms could take the way of self-governmental regions making and the power, functions and decision making competence of municipalities could be extended. ; Straipsnyje nagrinėjami centrinių valstybės valdymo subjektų ir savivaldybių sąveikos ypatumai, regioninės valstybės politikos ir vietos savivaldos santykis, apskričių sąsajos su savivaldybėmis bei vietos gyventojais. Išanalizavus Lietuvos Respublikos vietos savivaldos, Regioninės plėtros ir Apskrities valdymo įstatymus, teigiama, jog santykiai tarp valstybės valdymo subjektų ir savivaldybių yra grįsti įvairialype ir detalia kontrole, varžančia savivaldos plėtojimą; regionai ir apskritys institucijų požiūriu egzistuoja kaip nedalomas vienetas, todėl tarp valstybės valdymo ir savivaldos sistemų egzistuoja Konstitucijoje nenumatyti pavaldumo ryšiai; pažeidžiamas subsidiarumo principas: Apskrities valdymo įstatymas nustato konkrečius santykius su pavieniais gyventojais ne jų pačių, bet valstybės iniciatyva. Straipsnyje pateiktas teorinis sisteminis valstybės valdymo modelis. Jame patobulinti valstybės institucijų bei savivaldybių ryšiai, supaprastinti gyventojų bei valdžios institucijų santykiai.

In this article a presently existing public administration system in Lithuania as well as the position of municipalities (subjects of local self–government) in that system are described, the features of the "real" local self–government are being formulated, potentially possible groups of problems of local self–government are distinguished and currently main problems of municipalities of Lithuania are indicated. The author of the article notes that in Lithuania up till now the concept of the "real" local self–government has not been clearly and unambiguously defined yet. That makes the formulation of target goals, tasks and means as well as their implementation developing the system of local self–government more difficult. Seeking at least partly to fill the existing gap, the author of the article formulates eight features of the "real" local self–government. Having defined the problem of local self–government as a deviation from the "normal" conditions for the functioning of the local self–government system that cause negative changes in the system, the author of the article shows the relationship between the "normal" conditions for the functioning of local self–government and the formulated features of the "real" local self–government. According to this relationship the author of the article indicates eight potentially possible groups of problems of local self–government. On the basis of the accumulated knowledge and acquired experience the author of the article points out five groups of currently particularly important problems for local self–government of Lithuania, which are conditionally named as follows: 1) suppressed independence; 2) insufficient constructiveness of the relationship among different levels of government; 3) economic problems of municipalities; 4) not involving community members in managing local affairs; 5) inertness of municipalities.

In this article a presently existing public administration system in Lithuania as well as the position of municipalities (subjects of local self–government) in that system are described, the features of the "real" local self–government are being formulated, potentially possible groups of problems of local self–government are distinguished and currently main problems of municipalities of Lithuania are indicated. The author of the article notes that in Lithuania up till now the concept of the "real" local self–government has not been clearly and unambiguously defined yet. That makes the formulation of target goals, tasks and means as well as their implementation developing the system of local self–government more difficult. Seeking at least partly to fill the existing gap, the author of the article formulates eight features of the "real" local self–government. Having defined the problem of local self–government as a deviation from the "normal" conditions for the functioning of the local self–government system that cause negative changes in the system, the author of the article shows the relationship between the "normal" conditions for the functioning of local self–government and the formulated features of the "real" local self–government. According to this relationship the author of the article indicates eight potentially possible groups of problems of local self–government. On the basis of the accumulated knowledge and acquired experience the author of the article points out five groups of currently particularly important problems for local self–government of Lithuania, which are conditionally named as follows: 1) suppressed independence; 2) insufficient constructiveness of the relationship among different levels of government; 3) economic problems of municipalities; 4) not involving community members in managing local affairs; 5) inertness of municipalities.

The methods for change detection and management published in the scientific literature are often of empirical nature and are not suitable for the analysis of the particular situations, whereas local governments are a specific object of analysis. Furthermore, many scholars interpret the content of a strategic change quite differently. This shows that the methodology of strategic change analysis is not fully developed. Therefore, further issues of strategic change management, which would consider the specifics of an organization, are very important. The aim of the article is to discuss the specifics of the strategic changes in local governments (local government institutions), describe their types, and evaluate the operational changes. The paper presents the concept of strategic change and distinguishes the levels of strategic changes according to their importance for the local governments. It describes strategic changes in the local governments and their need on the political, organizational potential development, and action levels. The article evaluates the strategic changes in the local governments at the level of their activities. The local governments can implement the strategic changes on the political and action levels. They are not procedural, but oriented to activity. Organizational potential development and functional changes are more common at the local government institutions. These changes are procedural and can be strategic and operational. It is not possible to. [to full text]

The methods for change detection and management published in the scientific literature are often of empirical nature and are not suitable for the analysis of the particular situations, whereas local governments are a specific object of analysis. Furthermore, many scholars interpret the content of a strategic change quite differently. This shows that the methodology of strategic change analysis is not fully developed. Therefore, further issues of strategic change management, which would consider the specifics of an organization, are very important. The aim of the article is to discuss the specifics of the strategic changes in local governments (local government institutions), describe their types, and evaluate the operational changes. The paper presents the concept of strategic change and distinguishes the levels of strategic changes according to their importance for the local governments. It describes strategic changes in the local governments and their need on the political, organizational potential development, and action levels. The article evaluates the strategic changes in the local governments at the level of their activities. The local governments can implement the strategic changes on the political and action levels. They are not procedural, but oriented to activity. Organizational potential development and functional changes are more common at the local government institutions. These changes are procedural and can be strategic and operational. It is not possible to. [to full text]

Objectives of the thesis are –1) to identify the legal problems coming from mashups of Open Government Data (OGD) and 2) to purpose an informal ontology to help technical reusers of Public Sector Information to utilize datasets according to their intended purpose and in compliance with the legal obligations that govern the rights to reuse the data. A survey of national OGD portals found that the majority of OGD are released under inappropriate licenses, not fully complying with the legal rules that apply to the reuse of the data. Open Government Data can be released and covered by multiple licensing regimes, up to 33 in a single country. We have analysed the European Union (EU) legal framework of reuse of Public Sector Information (PSI), the EU Database Directive and copyright framework and other legal sources (e.g., licenses, legal notices, and terms of use) that can apply to open government Datasets. From this deep analysis we have modelled several major concepts in an Informal Ontology of Open Government Data Licenses Framework for a Mash-up Model (iOGDL4M). The iOGDL4M will be used for qualifying datasets in order to improve the accuracy of their legal annotation. The iOGDL4M also aims to connect each applicable legal rule to official legal texts in order to direct legal experts and reusers to primary sources. This research aims to present 1) a legal analysis of OGD regulation in the European Union and its member states; 2) the Survey of National Open Government Data Portals and analysis of the most commonly applied licenses and legal notices and their compatibility; and 3) the Informal Ontology of Open Government Data Licenses Framework for a Mash-up Model. This thesis is comprised of 4 publications. It consists of presentation of the research, the publications, and annexes that support the research.

Objectives of the thesis are –1) to identify the legal problems coming from mashups of Open Government Data (OGD) and 2) to purpose an informal ontology to help technical reusers of Public Sector Information to utilize datasets according to their intended purpose and in compliance with the legal obligations that govern the rights to reuse the data. A survey of national OGD portals found that the majority of OGD are released under inappropriate licenses, not fully complying with the legal rules that apply to the reuse of the data. Open Government Data can be released and covered by multiple licensing regimes, up to 33 in a single country. We have analysed the European Union (EU) legal framework of reuse of Public Sector Information (PSI), the EU Database Directive and copyright framework and other legal sources (e.g., licenses, legal notices, and terms of use) that can apply to open government Datasets. From this deep analysis we have modelled several major concepts in an Informal Ontology of Open Government Data Licenses Framework for a Mash-up Model (iOGDL4M). The iOGDL4M will be used for qualifying datasets in order to improve the accuracy of their legal annotation. The iOGDL4M also aims to connect each applicable legal rule to official legal texts in order to direct legal experts and reusers to primary sources. This research aims to present 1) a legal analysis of OGD regulation in the European Union and its member states; 2) the Survey of National Open Government Data Portals and analysis of the most commonly applied licenses and legal notices and their compatibility; and 3) the Informal Ontology of Open Government Data Licenses Framework for a Mash-up Model. This thesis is comprised of 4 publications. It consists of presentation of the research, the publications, and annexes that support the research.

SUMMERY Personnel Education in State Institution A basic problem being the study object of the thesis entitled Personnel Education in State Institution is our ever changing (improving) life and the unprepared community (the employees of the State Company VISAGINO ENERGIJA). In other words, here one gets insight into and examines why it is precisely the persons who are employed at the State Company VISAGINO ENERGIJA have not been comprehensively prepared for the changes that require a continuous training (improvement), meanwhile, it is precisely nowadays that a reconstruction (improvement of technologies and installation of new equipment) of the divisions at the State Company VISAGINO ENERGIJA is taking place. An anonymous quiz has been carried out during the study with the help of a questionnaire. After having analysed the obtained data, factors that might facilitate or perhaps even solve the raised problem are presented. Also, during the study one has obtained sufficiently positive results. One of the most important obtained results is that most questioned company's employees have a positive attitude to the need of training during one's whole life and also believe that it is indispensable to change (train and improve) themselves. During the quiz a respondents' opinion that an initiative for training (improving) must arise from employees themselves has become clear. In parallel, the reasons why some respondents are willing to improve their qualifications, but do not do so, have been analysed. Only one third of the questioned employees are sure that the training at the State Company VISAGINO ENERGIJA has been well organised.

SUMMERY Personnel Education in State Institution A basic problem being the study object of the thesis entitled Personnel Education in State Institution is our ever changing (improving) life and the unprepared community (the employees of the State Company VISAGINO ENERGIJA). In other words, here one gets insight into and examines why it is precisely the persons who are employed at the State Company VISAGINO ENERGIJA have not been comprehensively prepared for the changes that require a continuous training (improvement), meanwhile, it is precisely nowadays that a reconstruction (improvement of technologies and installation of new equipment) of the divisions at the State Company VISAGINO ENERGIJA is taking place. An anonymous quiz has been carried out during the study with the help of a questionnaire. After having analysed the obtained data, factors that might facilitate or perhaps even solve the raised problem are presented. Also, during the study one has obtained sufficiently positive results. One of the most important obtained results is that most questioned company's employees have a positive attitude to the need of training during one's whole life and also believe that it is indispensable to change (train and improve) themselves. During the quiz a respondents' opinion that an initiative for training (improving) must arise from employees themselves has become clear. In parallel, the reasons why some respondents are willing to improve their qualifications, but do not do so, have been analysed. Only one third of the questioned employees are sure that the training at the State Company VISAGINO ENERGIJA has been well organised.

The purpose of the Master's Paper is to review the peculiarities of the Local Governments' financial system functioning and the associated theoretical and practical problems. The paper consists of four parts, in which the essential aspects of the topic are considered. In the first part the concept of the local governments' financial system functioning, its methods and forms are introduced. The institutions, whose purpose is to put into practice the above-mentioned financial activity are presented and its specific functions are defined. The definition of pecuniary funds, whose aim is to accumulate the local governments' money resources, is also given in this part. At the beginning of the second part the concept of the local governments' budget as the basis of any local governments' pecuniary fund is introduced. Then the sources of the local governments' budget revenue and the ways of spending the pecuniary funds are explained. At the end of this part I tried to define the problems of balancing out the local governments' budgets and to show the ways how to solve these problems. The aim of the third part of the paper is to discuss the process of the formation of the local governments' budget. The methods and principals of forming the budgets are presented and the order of formation, confirmation and implementation are introduced here in detail. The accountability and control of the implementation of the budget as the important means of the financial clearness are discussed here as well. The purpose of the fourth part is to review the loans as they are very important to balance the local governments' budgets and to sponsor certain projects. The concept of the loans is introduced and the subjects, from whom the local governments can borrow are defined. The limits for loans and the problem of the local governments' bonds, which give an extra opportunity for loans are mentioned at the end of the fourth part. In the last part the conclusions are given, which were formulated considering the results of the analysis of the local governments' financial system done in this paper.

The purpose of the Master's Paper is to review the peculiarities of the Local Governments' financial system functioning and the associated theoretical and practical problems. The paper consists of four parts, in which the essential aspects of the topic are considered. In the first part the concept of the local governments' financial system functioning, its methods and forms are introduced. The institutions, whose purpose is to put into practice the above-mentioned financial activity are presented and its specific functions are defined. The definition of pecuniary funds, whose aim is to accumulate the local governments' money resources, is also given in this part. At the beginning of the second part the concept of the local governments' budget as the basis of any local governments' pecuniary fund is introduced. Then the sources of the local governments' budget revenue and the ways of spending the pecuniary funds are explained. At the end of this part I tried to define the problems of balancing out the local governments' budgets and to show the ways how to solve these problems. The aim of the third part of the paper is to discuss the process of the formation of the local governments' budget. The methods and principals of forming the budgets are presented and the order of formation, confirmation and implementation are introduced here in detail. The accountability and control of the implementation of the budget as the important means of the financial clearness are discussed here as well. The purpose of the fourth part is to review the loans as they are very important to balance the local governments' budgets and to sponsor certain projects. The concept of the loans is introduced and the subjects, from whom the local governments can borrow are defined. The limits for loans and the problem of the local governments' bonds, which give an extra opportunity for loans are mentioned at the end of the fourth part. In the last part the conclusions are given, which were formulated considering the results of the analysis of the local governments' financial system done in this paper.

The purpose of the Master's Paper is to review the peculiarities of the Local Governments' financial system functioning and the associated theoretical and practical problems. The paper consists of four parts, in which the essential aspects of the topic are considered. In the first part the concept of the local governments' financial system functioning, its methods and forms are introduced. The institutions, whose purpose is to put into practice the above-mentioned financial activity are presented and its specific functions are defined. The definition of pecuniary funds, whose aim is to accumulate the local governments' money resources, is also given in this part. At the beginning of the second part the concept of the local governments' budget as the basis of any local governments' pecuniary fund is introduced. Then the sources of the local governments' budget revenue and the ways of spending the pecuniary funds are explained. At the end of this part I tried to define the problems of balancing out the local governments' budgets and to show the ways how to solve these problems. The aim of the third part of the paper is to discuss the process of the formation of the local governments' budget. The methods and principals of forming the budgets are presented and the order of formation, confirmation and implementation are introduced here in detail. The accountability and control of the implementation of the budget as the important means of the financial clearness are discussed here as well. The purpose of the fourth part is to review the loans as they are very important to balance the local governments' budgets and to sponsor certain projects. The concept of the loans is introduced and the subjects, from whom the local governments can borrow are defined. The limits for loans and the problem of the local governments' bonds, which give an extra opportunity for loans are mentioned at the end of the fourth part. In the last part the conclusions are given, which were formulated considering the results of the analysis of the local governments' financial system done in this paper.

The purpose of the Master's Paper is to review the peculiarities of the Local Governments' financial system functioning and the associated theoretical and practical problems. The paper consists of four parts, in which the essential aspects of the topic are considered. In the first part the concept of the local governments' financial system functioning, its methods and forms are introduced. The institutions, whose purpose is to put into practice the above-mentioned financial activity are presented and its specific functions are defined. The definition of pecuniary funds, whose aim is to accumulate the local governments' money resources, is also given in this part. At the beginning of the second part the concept of the local governments' budget as the basis of any local governments' pecuniary fund is introduced. Then the sources of the local governments' budget revenue and the ways of spending the pecuniary funds are explained. At the end of this part I tried to define the problems of balancing out the local governments' budgets and to show the ways how to solve these problems. The aim of the third part of the paper is to discuss the process of the formation of the local governments' budget. The methods and principals of forming the budgets are presented and the order of formation, confirmation and implementation are introduced here in detail. The accountability and control of the implementation of the budget as the important means of the financial clearness are discussed here as well. The purpose of the fourth part is to review the loans as they are very important to balance the local governments' budgets and to sponsor certain projects. The concept of the loans is introduced and the subjects, from whom the local governments can borrow are defined. The limits for loans and the problem of the local governments' bonds, which give an extra opportunity for loans are mentioned at the end of the fourth part. In the last part the conclusions are given, which were formulated considering the results of the analysis of the local governments' financial system done in this paper.