Suchergebnisse

State immunity — Attachment and execution — Embassy bank account — Embassy employee seeking enforcement of judgment against foreign State for arrears of salary — Whether execution could be levied on embassy bank account — Effect on functioning of the mission — Whether general current bank account of foreign State used to cover embassy expenditure immune from execution — Bank account used in part for normal commercial expenditure — Burden of proof as to use of bank account — Whether foreign State required to provide evidence of use of funds in bank accountState immunity — Attachment and execution — Distinction from jurisdictional immunity — Whether restrictive theory of State immunity now recognized by customary international law for execution as well as jurisdiction — Distinction between assets allocated by foreign State for support of sovereign activities and those allocated for ordinary commercial activities — Spanish Constitution, Article 24(1) — Whether limiting recourse to immunity from execution — Whether 412individuals enjoy right to enforce judgment against assets of foreign State exclusively allocated for commercial activities — Whether any requirement that assets should be allocated for the same activity as that which has given rise to the disputeDiplomatic relations — Immunity — Embassy bank account — Account in use for defraying running costs of embassy — Whether subject to execution in receiving State — Whether position governed by Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, or rules of customary international law — The law of Spain

In the early colonial history of South Africa, horses played an important role, both in general transportation and in military operations. Frequent epidemics of African horsesickness (AHS) in the 18th century therefore severely affected the economy. The first scientific research on the disease was carried out by Alexander Edington (1892), the first government bacteriologist of the Cape Colony, who resolved the existing confusion that reigned and established its identity as a separate disease. Bluetongue (BT) was described for the first time by Duncan Hutcheon in 1880, although it was probably always endemic in wild ruminants and only became a problem when highly susceptible Merino sheep were introduced to the Cape in the late 18th century. The filterability of the AHS virus (AHSV) was demonstrated in 1900 by M'Fadyean in London, and that of the BT virus (BTV) in 1905 by Theiler at Onderstepoort, thus proving the viral nature of both agents. Theiler developed the first vaccines for both diseases at Onderstepoort. Both vaccines consisted of infective blood followed by hyper-immune serum, and were used for many years. Subsequent breakthroughs include the adaptation to propagation and attenuation in embryonated eggs in the case of BTV and in mouse brains for AHSV. This was followed by the discovery of multiple serotypes of both viruses, the transmission of both by Culicoides midges and their eventual replication in cell cultures. Molecular studies led to the discovery of the segmented double-stranded RNA genomes, thus proving their genetic relationship and leading to their classification in a genus called Orbivirus. Further work included the molecular cloning of the genes of all the serotypes of both viruses and clarification of their relationship to the viral proteins, which led to much improved diagnostic techniques and eventually to the development of a recombinant vaccine, which unfortunately has so far been unsuitable for mass production. ; Paper given at the 30th World Veterinary Congress, October 2011, Cape ...