Dzieje najnowsze: kwartalnik poświe̜cony historii XX wieku
ISSN: 2451-1323
ISSN: 2451-1323
In: Praca Instytutu Zachodniego, nr. 92
World Affairs Online
ISSN: 0137-5202, 1234-2041
ISSN: 0997-4296
Today Europeanization is a notion that is frequently used; however, there is a clear shortage of, or even fragmentariness of scientific knowledge, within this scope. The research into the Europeanization processes were initiated by political scientists in the 1970s, although the notion itself only gained popularity in the 1990s alongside the realization of the commom European market. From that moment, Europeanization is a research problem that has attracted interest in numerous fields and scientific disciplines. David Floyd [2001, p. 109] emphasizes the fact that the majority of market changes which have occurred since the beginning of the twenty-first century took place as a result of Europeanization processes which are explicite, defined as the phenomenon of the regionalization processes. As Neil Fligstein [2009, p. 107] highlights, the "majority of the research concerning the European integration focuses only on political and legal processes (…) which is the reason for which researchers overlook the fact how deep the European economy has been reorganized". There are few works of the kind cited above, nor have there been many recent papers seeking to undertake broad and deep research into the Europeanization processes in both economic (including macro- and microeconomic fields) and noneconomic dimensions.
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Europe attracts and divides. It makes us dream, but it also has a reality with boundaries that shape our lives. What are the dynamics of integration? Whom does Europe sweep off their feet? Does European integration create community or does it lead to exclusion?
Od początków rządów D. Camerona w Wielkiej Brytanii (2010) pogłębił się eurosceptycyzm, który doprowadził do polaryzacji społeczeństwa, referendum i Brexitu. Niemcy opowiadały się za pozostaniem Zjednoczonego Królestwa w UE, ale po wynikach referendum zapowiedziały twarde negocjacje na warunkach UE. Jednocześnie uznały, że stwarza to dobre perspektywy do pogłębienia współpracy w gronie 27 pozostałych państw. Największe problemy w negocjacjach koncentrują się wokół rozliczeń finansowych Londynu z Brukselą (ok. 60 mld euro), statusu obywateli Unii Europejskiej, zatrudnionych i przebywających na terenie Zjednoczonego Królestwa oraz granicy pomiędzy Irlandią Północną i Republiką Irlandii. Trudne rokowania dotyczą również kształtu nowej umowy handlowej pomiędzy Unią Europejską i Wielką Brytanią. ; Since the beginning of David Cameron's rule in the United Kingdom (2010) Eurosceptic sentiments have intensified, leading to a split in society, a referendum and, finally, Brexit. Germany was for the UK remaining in the EU, but after the referendum Germany announced the EU would negotiate hard to have its conditions met. Germany decided that Brexit provided favorable prospects for enhancing cooperation among the remaining 27 states. The most difficult negotiating items concern financial settlements between London and Brussels (ca. EUR 60 billion), the status of EU citizens employed and residing in the territory of the UK, and the North Ireland-Irish Republic border. The negotiations of a new trade agreement between the EU and the UK are also difficult.
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