Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Obsah -- Seznam zkratek -- Úvod -- 1. Teoretická a metodologická východiska -- 1.1 Pojmy válka a mír a jejich vzájemný dyadický vztah -- 1.1.1 Co je dyadický vztah -- 1.1.2 Dyadický vztah, mír vs. válka -- 1.2 Základní vymezení pojmu válka -- 1.2.1 Co je a co není válka -- 1.2.2 Dělení válek -- 1.3 Války a jejich úloha v dějinách lidstva -- 1.3.1 Války v novověku -- 1.3.2 Teorie válečných cyklů -- 1.4 Úroveň analýzy válek -- 1.4.1 Domácí úroveň analýzy -- 1.4.2 Mezistátní úroveň analýzy -- 1.4.3 Celosvětová úroveň analýzy -- 1.5 Historické podoby míru -- 1.5.1 Alexandrijský mír -- 1.5.2 Pax romana -- 1.5.3 Augustiánský mír -- 1.5.4 Vestfálský mír -- 1.5.5 Pax britannica -- 1.5.6 Pax americana -- 1.5.7 Pax sovietica -- 1.5.8 Hlavní rysy jednotlivých uspořádání -- 1.6 Teoretická vysvětlení pojmu mír -- 1.6.1 Realistické pojetí míru -- 1.6.2 Liberalismus a jeho pojetí míru -- 1.6.3 Marxismus a neomarxismus -- 1.6.4 Konstruktivismus -- 1.7 Nejvýznamnější autoři a jejich teoretická inspirace pro hodnocení 20. století -- 1.7.1 Důvody volby jednotlivých autorů -- 1.7.2 Eric Hobsbawm a jeho "krátké 20. století" -- 1.7.3 Edward Carr a jeho pojetí dějin 20. století -- 1.7.4 Galtungovo pojetí negativního a pozitivního míru -- 1.7.5 Válka a mír podle Raymonda Arona -- 1.8 Metodologická východiska -- 1.8.1 Typ práce -- 1.8.2 Ontologické a gnozeologické pozice -- 1.8.3 Návaznost na Foreign Policy Analysis -- 1.8.4 Analytické vyprávění -- Závěr kapitoly -- 2. První světová válka -- 2.1 První polovina 20. století z pohledu teorie mezinárodních vztahů -- 2.1.1 Realismus jako skeptický náhled -- 2.1.2 Liberalismus a jeho optimistický přístup -- 2.1.3 Konstruktivismus a jeho důraz na bezpečnostní kulturu -- 2.1.4 Kritické teorie -- 2.2 Změny v poměru sil před první světovou válkou -- 2.2.1 Centrální mocnosti a jejich postavení na počátku 20. století.

According to the 1867 constitution the Habsburg Monarchy's armed forces consisted
of the common army, the navy, the Austrian Landwehr and the Landsturm. The armed forces
had authority over three ministries and were themselves subject to the rule of three parliamentary
institutions. From the beginning the growth of the armed forces had not kept pace
with that of the population as a whole. There was a low volume of conscripts and poor training
of reservists. This resulted in a relatively small army both in peace time and during war and
meant that by the spring of 1918 Austria-Hungary had practically exhausted its available human
resources. This was exacerbated by the high number of losses, both through death and capture.
On the battlefield the number of deaths is thought to have been between 905,000 and 1,200,000
with 1.8 million injured. At the same time the number of deaths and illness in the hinterland
increased while the rate of fertility dropped. In order to resolve this the government applied
a number of measures: the upper age limit of conscription increased, the necessary standards
for recruitment were lowered, training period was shortened, more use of weapons, factory
workers were replaced with women, prisoners of war and workers from the occupied territories.
However at this time the importance of the "war economy" was also growing which resulted in
an increase in firms requesting the release of their employees from military service. In 1918 the
Habsburg Monarchy had not only exhausted its human resources but was also on the brink of
economic collapse.

The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 was accompanied by mass enthusiasm. This
wave of enthusiasm (Kriegsbegeisterung) was particularly high in Austro-Hungary. In the regions
where the German population was significantly large crowds thronged the streets singing patriotic
songs such as "Wacht am Rhein", "Heil Dir im Siegeskranz", "The Radecky Marsch", "Prince
Eugene Marsch". They also arranged tributes in front of monuments, state buildings and military
headquarters. Despite the fact that the operation to mobilise the Czech military went smoothly
the German public noticed the lack of enthusiasm amidst the Czech soldiers and consequently the
Czechs were seen as indifferent and even hostile. There was an attempt to promote demonstrations
in Prague as an expression of Czech-German reconciliation. However as these were organised by
the German minority in Prague the Czechs continued in their lack of fervour and viewed the war
as a German one rather than Czech.

The featured observations represent selected viewpoints of World War I, highlighting
background events that led to the war. They present the situation in Austro-Hungary for whom the
war was a tool to solve its political problems and further demonstrate how the war actually made
the aforementioned country's relations with national groups more complicated. The observations
also focus on the image of the war, distorted by propaganda, and the situation on both the front
line and in the hinterland. Last but not least they deal with the war from the Czech viewpoint,
unique for many reasons including the fact that at this time the Czechs were escalating their
attempts at creating their own state.

The article is part of a wider discussion on & the assessment of the global terrorism threat since 2001. Terrorism considered the most dangerous & urgent security threat of today. The text focuses on the three major terrorist attacks in recent history: USA (2001), Madrid (2004) & London (2005). The text examines whether terrorism still remains an indirect strategy in the globalization era. The author analyses the effects of previous terrorist attacks in the assessment of terrorism by politicians, looking at the impact of this assessment on further developments in international relations, both on the regional & global level. The article studies the links between the imminence of a terrorist threat & individual Western countries' approaches to the Islamic world & immigrants coming from this world. The author focuses on global terrorism threat assessment at the theoretical level, introducing the main schools of thought & approaches. Adapted from the source document.

Ten topics are identified for future sociological research in the Czech Republic, noting that it must shift its focus to adequately cope with the qualitative historical & societal changes of today's world: (1) the history of sociology, (2) the globalization process, (3) the sociology of networks, (4) modernization problems, (5) the postcommunist societal transformation (testing the theory of convergence), (6) the socioprofessional structure, (7) the Czech brand of multiculturalism, (8) the sociology of economics, (9) postmodern criticism of traditional sociological conceptual apparatus, & (10) the sociology of ecology & the ecological issues in the risk society.

The article deals with the phenomenon of the naval blockade in peacetime. Instituting a naval blockade is an extensively used policy in international politics, both in history and in the contemporary world. The peacetime naval blockade is firstly defined and theoretically classified. This is followed by an analysis of several peacetime naval blockades, which serves to illustrate the limits of the effectiveness of such blockades. The analysis comes to the conclusion that there are many limitations on the effectiveness of the peacetime naval blockade, the most significant being that this kind of blockade has no formal rules and no background in international law. It also comes to the conclusion that an effective naval blockade in peacetime must be based on a complex approach and be part of a package of diplomatic measures. Also, it appears that such blockades themselves can have some deeper psychological effects, not only economic, political or military ones. Adapted from the source document.