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Zweiter und abschließender Teil eines Reiseberichts aus Haiti 3 Monate nach der Vertreibung von Duvalier. Wiedergabe von Eindrücken über den Zustand des Gesundheitswesens, den Fortgang der Aktionen gegen die Tonton Macoutes, die Situation der Bauern und der städtischen Arbeiter sowie die Rolle der Rassen, der politischen Parteien und der Kirche im Prozess der politischen Neuordnung. Ausblick auf die Zukunftsperspektiven

The history of Haiti is similar to that of other once-colonized nations, which display economic, class, gender, religious, and ethnic inequalities. As Deepa Naraya argues, when Haiti gained independence in 1804, two social groups emerged, one composed of newly freed slaves who fought for personal freedom and another of the small class of freed people who had fought for the economic and political autonomy of the nation. The result of this original cleavage is a society deeply divided and polarized between its urban and rural areas. Haitian society possesses informal connections among power circles and a rich social capital only at local levels. ; A história do Haiti é similar ao de outras nações outrora colonizadas, que exibem desigualdades económicas, de classe, género, religiosas e étnicas. Como Deepa Naraya argumenta, quando o Haiti se tornou independente em 1804, dois grupos sociais surgiram: um composto de escravos recém libertados que lutaram pela liberdade pessoal e outro de uma pequena classe de pessoas livres que tinham lutado pela autonomia política e económica da nação. O resultado desta clivagem original é uma sociedade profundamente dividida e polarizada entre as suas áreas urbanas e rurais. A sociedade haitiana possui conexões informais entre os círculos de poder e um elevado capital social mas apenas a nível ...

Ausgehend von den ökonomischen und sozialen Rahmenbedingungen stellt der Verfasser in seinem Handbuchartikel zunächst die Entwicklung der Gewerkschaften in Haiti dar, wobei besonders die Organisationsstruktur und die Rolle der Gewerkschaften in den sozialen Auseinandersetzungen des Landes berücksichtigt wird. Unter der seit 1971 herrschenden Diktatur von Jean-Claude Duvalier werden Gewerkschaften als politische Kampforganisationen angesehen; vor allem seit der neuerlichen Verschärfung der innenpolitischen Lage seit 1980 ist mit der Zulassung autonomer Gewerkschaftsverbände nicht zu rechnen. Ergänzt wird die inhaltliche Darstellung durch Literaturhinweise und die Anschrift der christlichen Gewerkschaft Haitis sowie der Exilorganisation in Venezuela. (KS)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis is the final review under the Extended Credit Facility (ECF) arrangement. Theprogram contributed to maintaining macroeconomic stability, and there was progress on structural reforms. The authorities intend to request a successor arrangement under the ECF. A new finance minister was appointed in April; uncertainly remains on the timing of elections. Preliminary data suggest that GDP in FY2014 grew by 3.5-4 percent, while inflation increased slightly to about 5 percent. An increase in fuel prices (in October) should result in fiscal savings of at least 1 percent of GDP duri

HAITI: EARTHQUAKE AND RESPONSE -- HAITI: EARTHQUAKE AND RESPONSE -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 HAITI EARTHQUAKE: CRISIS AND RESPONSE* -- SUMMARY -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS -- CURRENT CONDITIONS -- Preliminary Numbers at a Glance -- HAITIAN GOVERNMENT RESPONSE -- The Government"s New Action Plan -- Extra-Constitutional Rule Begins after May 10 -- U.N. STABILIZATION MISSION IN HAITI (MINUSTAH)17 -- HUMANITARIAN RELIEF OPERATION -- Overall Status of the Relief Effort -- United Nations Humanitarian Response -- Humanitarian Relief Sectors: Recent Developments28

Of all the literary and cultural traditions in the Caribbean, none has produced a body of work as rich, diverse, and challenging as that of the French-speaking islands. Informed by the great French traditions of intellectual inquiry and artistic innovation, the francophone Caribbean tradition has seen the emergence of artists, activists, and theorists such as Aimé Césaire, Léon-Gontran Damas, René Ménil, Suzanne Césaire, Frantz Fanon, Édouard Glissant, Patrick Chamoiseau, Jean Bernabé, Raphael Confiant, Maryse Condé, Jean–Price Mars, Jacques Roumain, Jacques-Stephen Alexis, René Depestre, Frankétienne, Émile Ollivier, Marie Chauvet, Dany Laferrière, and Edwidge Danticat, to name only a few. The French–speaking islands and French Guyana have therefore a long, established tradition of prolific and incisive intellectual and artistic output, and have had considerable influence across the whole Caribbean literary and cultural spectrum. Until ten or fifteen years ago, the départements d'outre mer were in large part the main focus of any analysis of Francophone Caribbean culture. Since then, however, the other important French– and Creole-speaking nation, Haiti, has been the subject of unprecedented attention, both from scholars and the general public. Independent since 1804, the «first black republic» in the New World is at once a symbol of anti–colonial resistance and of postcolonial decay and economic, political, and social problems. At once years ahead of and years behind the rest of the Caribbean, Haiti demands critical attention, and in this article, I will summarize some of the major movements in Haitian literary culture, before focusing on the Duvalier period and the ways in which contemporary artists address the memory of that most traumatic period. ; De las tradiciones literarias y culturales del Caribe, ninguna ha producido un corpus tan rico, diverso y desafiante como el de las islas francófonas. Inspirado por las grandes tradiciones francesas de la búsqueda intelectual y la innovación artística, la tradición del Caribe francófono ha visto el surgimiento de artistas, activistas, y teóricos como Aimé Césaire, Léon-Gontran Damas, René Ménil, Suzanne Césaire, Frantz Fanon, Édouard Glissant, Patrick Chamoiseau, Jean Bernabé, Rápale Confiant, Maryse Condé, Jean-Price Mars, Jacques Roumain, Jacques-Stephen Alexis, René Depestre, Frankétienne, Émile Ollivier, Marie Chauvet, Dany Lafèrriere, y Edwidge Danticat por solo nombrar a unos pocos. Las islas francófonas y la Guayana Francesa tienen por tanto una larga y bien establecida tradición de producción intelectual y artística prolífica e incisiva, y han tenido una influencia considerable a través de todo el entorno literario y cultural caribeño. Hasta hace diez o quince años, los départements d'outre mer eran en gran parte el foco principal de cualquier análisis de la cultura francófona caribeña. Desde entonces, sin embargo, la otra nación de habla francófona y créole, Haití, ha sido objeto de una atención sin precedentes, por parte de investigadores así como del público en general. Independiente desde 1804, la «primera república negra» del Nuevo Mundo es un símbolo tanto de resistencia anticolonial como de declive postcolonial, así como de problemas económicos, políticos y sociales. A la vez avanzada y rezagada en el tiempo respecto al resto del Caribe, Haití merece la atención de la crítica. En este artículo haré un recuento de los principales movimientos de la cultura literaria en Haití, para luego centrarme en el período de Duvalier y en las estrategias que los artistas contemporáneos han utilizado para indagar sobre la memoria de ese periodo tan traumático.

KEY ISSUESProgram. A three-year arrangement under the Extended Credit Facility (ECF) in an amount of SDR 40.95 million (50 percent of the quota) was approved on July 21, 2010. The arrangement was extended for one year on August 2, 2013, with no augmentation of access. The program expires on August 29, 2014.Macroeconomic performance in FY2013 was favorable. GDP growth was 4.3 percent (vs. 3.4 percent in the program) and headline inflation fell from 6.5 percent to 4.5 percent (y/y), amid a modest depreciation of the gourde. International reserves remained at over five months of imports. However