Suchergebnisse

von J. von Hartmann, General der Cavallerie z.D. ; Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- Mil.g. 95 hd-1/3

Partnerschaft zwischen Geber- und Empfängerländern soll zu mehr entwicklungspolitischer Wirksamkeit beitragen. Die Stärkung der Eigenverantwortung der Empfänger ist dabei ein zentrales Prinzip. Dazu bekannten sich zumindest die traditionellen DAC-Geber nicht zuletzt in der "Erklärung von Paris über die Wirksamkeit der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit" von 2005. [.] Ziel des vorliegenden Papers ist es, anhand der Diskussion entwicklungspolitischer Partnerschaften im Spannungsfeld Eigenverantwortung und Rechenschaftspflichten, zu einem besseren Verständnis der aktuell wichtigsten entwicklungspolitischen Herausforderungen in diesem Zusammenhang beizutragen. Die Schlussfolgerungen am Ende des Papers liefern diesbezüglich eine Orientierung für die Gestaltung von Entwicklungspolitik. ; The current OECD aid paradigm suggests that partnership produces more aid effectiveness. Donors widely agree on partner country ownership of development policy as key principle for more effective aid, as stated in the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. However this says little about donor behavior in the ever-day political business. Two-way effective domestic accountability mechanisms in developing countries are key for sustainable development. Anyway, donors are influencing distribution of power within developing countries by supporting actors from the state and/or the society. Hence it happens a lot that donors at least gradually undermine existing domestic accountability mechanisms. "Do no harm" to them is a first step to provide space for both, aid and development effectiveness. Secondly, donors have to think about ways to support the domestic accountability mechanisms in recipient countries. Adapting on existing domestic institutions has to be given priority. Choice in development policy has to be based on deep insights in local and regional context. Together with the international environment this is the most important factor which shapes the policy space for donor recipient negotiations and the bargaining power on both sides. Inseparable from these considerations, a more open debate on competing interests from various other policy fields is rather needed. This analysis aims at challenges of development partnerships by drawing on discrepancies between ownership and accountability mechanism in the every-day business of development policy. Raising and grinding awareness on problems connected with these challenges is the main purpose of this paper. The concluding remarks section finally shall provide orientation for approaching them.

Anfang 2006 tritt Alan Greenspan als Vorsitzender der Federal Reserve (Fed) ab. Damit endet gleichzeitig eine einschneidende Epoche der amerikanischen Geldpolitik. Das Urteil zur Greenspan-Ära fällt bisher ambivalent aus. Auf der einen Seite wird der pragmatischen und flexiblen Geldpolitik der letzten 18 Jahre ein erheblicher Anteil am Wachstums- und Beschäftigungserfolg der USA zugebilligt. Andererseits wird die einseitige Ausrichtung auf den Vorsitzenden und das Fehlen einer klaren und verständlichen Konzeption bemängelt. Diese Arbeit versucht zu klären, ob die geldpolitische Strategie der Federal Reserve in der heutigen Form ein Erfolgs- oder Auslaufmodell darstellt. Dazu wird die Fed-Strategie seit 1987 umfassend analysiert und bewertet. Die Analyse soll insbesondere Antworten darauf geben, welche Rolle Beschäftigungsziele in der Geldpolitik spielen sollten, und ob die Fed-Strategie für die Europäische Zentralbank (EZB) Vorbildcharakter besitzt.

leyds-p66-169.pdf created from original pamphlet in the WJ Leyds Collection held in the Africana Section of the Stellenbosch University Library and Information Service. ; German pamphlet entitled: The war in South Africa and its lessons for German-South-West Africa.

The PhD thesis was embedded in the Energy for Smart Objects (EnSO) project, which is part of the Electronic Components and Systems for European Leadership (ECSEL) Joint Undertaking in collaboration with the European Union's H2020 Framework Program (H2020/2014-2020) and National Authorities, with the aim to develop Autonomous Micro Energy Sources (AMES) for smart objects. In the framework of the EnSO project, the goal of the thesis was to develop a solid electrolyte for all-solid Li-metal microbatteries as energy storage device in AMES. Lithium metal is the anode material of choice because of its very high theoretical specific capacity of 3861 mAh/g, which is one of the important requirements for miniaturized batteries. However, inhomogeneous lithium depositions known as dendrites, which reduce the life time and can connect both electrodes and create a short circuit, are often observed when using Li-metal as anode. The aim is therefore to develop a solid electrolyte, which presents a high ionic conductivity for the Li ion transport and a high mechanical stability to hinder dendritic growth. Electrolyte solutions based on ionic liquids (ILs) with dissolved lithium salt can be confined into inorganic porous networks forming so called ionogels (IGs), which are investigated as quasi-solid electrolyte materials. In a first step, the synthesis in a one-pot sol-gel process for silica-based ionogels is developed and in a second step tested as quasi-solid electrolyte in Li/LiCoO2 systems. IGs were obtained by a sol-gel reaction between TMOS as silica precursor and TFA as catalyst in PYR13-FSI (IL) and LiTFSI (Li+ source). It was possible to synthesize transparent IG monoliths with gelation times of 2-3 h, which is a suitable time for the IG film preparation on the LCO cathodes. Four IGs with different compositions were prepared and characterized. Two types of silica matrices built of mostly threefold-condensed Si centers could be distinguished: a densely packed structure and an open-porous structure, the latter one corresponding to IG B with the molar ratios IL/TMOS=3, TFA/TMOS=0.3, H2O/TMOS=2.3. The ionic conductivity of the IGs could be linked to the silica matrix structure. Only the IG with the open-pore structure (IG B) has a good ionic conductivity (10−4 S/cm). Equally, the examination of the four IGs as thin film electrolytes in LCO/Li batteries show promising results for batteries containing IG B. However, the capacity lies under the theoretical value (89 mAh/g instead of 136 mAh/g) due to high cell resistance. Therefore, the ionic conductivity of IG B was improved by changing the synthesis process while keeping the composition unaltered. The new IG B∗ has a very good ionic conductivity (10−3 S/cm) but a poor mechanical stability due to a matrix structure of loosely connected silica particles. IG B∗ was not able to hinder dendritic growth. Thus, the PVDF-HFP polymer (20 wt.%) was added to B∗ (B∗-p), which enhanced the mechanical stability and the cyclability of the Li-ion batteries with B∗-p as electrolyte layer. No indication of dendrites was visible in the charge/discharge curve for minimum 30 cycles at C/5. The capacities are low (≤ 80 mAh/g) due to the decreased liquid (IL) to solid (SiO2 + PVDF-HFP) ratio, which results in a lower lithium ion mobility. In order to increase the battery capacity, the silica amount in the IG formulation was reduced, the LiTFSI lithium salt concentration was increased, and the Li+ source was modified by taking IL-based electrolyte solution with different concentrations of LiFSI. Indeed, the capacity increases with decreasing silica amount due to improved ion mobility. The change of the lithium concentration from 1M to 3M and 5M enhanced the capacity. A battery with the combination of the reduced silica amount (0.5 TMOS) and 5M electrolyte solution has a good capacity (> 100 mAh/g) for at least 10 cycles at C/5. The lithium salt LiFSI has a smaller anion than LiTFSI and thus, it can further improve the ion mobility in the IG electrolyte film. All IGs containing LiFSI have a higher ionic conductivity than the corresponding gels with LiTFSI. Overall the battery performance and reproducibility could be greatly improved. Batteries containing a solid electrolyte with 20 wt.% PVDF-HFP and the reduced TMOS amount with a 3M LiFSI solution are able to cycle without the appearance of dendrites for 13 cycles at C/5 followed by 12 cycles at C/2 with a rather good coulombic efficiency around 95%. However, the capacity remains under the theoretical maximum.

Seit der Gründung der türkischen Republik im Jahr 1923 spielten ausländische Experten beim Aufbau des neuen Staates eine zentrale Rolle. Anhand der Geschichte der Entwicklungspolitik in der ländlichen Türkei lassen sich gut die Erwartungshorizonte aufzeigen, die deutsche, amerikanische und türkische Akteure für das Land in der Nachkriegszeit formulierten, das in der Zeit zwischen Marshallplan, Bevölkerungskrise und neuer Migrationspolitik fest in globale Diskurse eingebunden war. Die Türkei wurde dabei, so die These dieses Buches, zu einem wichtigen Experimentierfeld neuer Praktiken von Entwicklungspolitik, da sich hier die Maximen der europäischen Integration und des globalen Krisendenkens begegneten.

Elektronisches Geld stellt eine neue und umstrittene Innovationsstufe des modernen Zahlungsverkehrs dar. Über sein Wesen, sein Entwicklungspotenzial und insbesondere seine Bedeutung für die etablierte Geldordnung kursieren kontroverse Auffassungen. Monika E. Hartmann analysiert in ihrer erstmalig im Jahr 2000 erschienenen Dissertation das elektronische Geldgeschäft im Kontext alternativer Zahlungskonzepte und aus geldpolitischer Sicht. Geldtheoretische Überlegungen werden dabei anhand der tatsächlichen Zahlungsverkehrsstrukturen und der geldpolitischen Gegebenheiten ausgewählter Länder überprüft. Die Analyse zeigt, dass elektronisches Geld gesamtwirtschaftlich betrachtet nur mäßige Veränderungen im heutigen Gefüge des Zahlungsverkehrs bewirken ...

Die Stärkung der Gesundheitskompetenz in der Bevölkerung ist weltweit ein Schwerpunkt in der Gesundheitspolitik geworden. Das Suchen, Verstehen und Anwenden von gesundheitsbezogenen Informationen zur Erhaltung der eigenen Gesundheit definiert die Fähigkeiten von gesundheitskompetenten Verhalten. Leit- und Orientierungssysteme in Gesundheitseinrichtungen enthalten Informationen, die für alle verständlich sein sollten. Diese Anforderung wird aber oftmals nicht erfüllt. In der Literatur liegen zahlreiche Studien zum Thema Gesundheitskompetenz vor und auch die allgemeine Orientierung in Gesundheitseinrichtungen wurde beforscht. Eine Verbindung zwischen diesen beiden Inhalten wurde wissenschaftlich noch nicht hergestellt. Die Erkenntnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit beruhen auf den durchgeführten Interviews mit Expertinnen und Experten für Leit- und Orientierungssysteme, ergänzt durch internationale Forschungsergebnisse zur Gesundheitskompetenz sowie gesundheitskompetenten und gesundheitskompetenzförderlichen Organisationen. Ein Zusammenhang zwischen den Themen wird hergestellt beziehungsweise sichtbar gemacht. Dabei wird die Rolle der professionellen Pflegeberatung beleuchtet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die frühzeitige, professionelle Planung und Konzeption von Informationssystemen unerlässlich ist und auch die Visitenkarte einer organisierten und kosteneffizienten Gesundheitseinrichtung darstellt, die Wohlbefinden und Sicherheit vermittelt. Eine gute Verständlichkeit der enthaltenen Informationen kann die Gesundheitskompetenz der Nutzerinnen und Nutzer nachhaltig beeinflussen. Die Rolle der Pflege wird von den Expertinnen und Experten dabei deutlich betont und lässt den Einsatz von professionellen Pflegeberaterinnen und Pflegeberatern sinnvoll erscheinen. ; Strengthening health literacy within the population became an important goal in health policy worldwide over the last thirty years. Searching, understanding and applying of health-related information to maintain ones health defines the skills of health literate behavior. Wayfinding systems in health facilities deliver information, which must be understood by everyone. This requirement is often not fulfilled. Many studies have been conducted in terms of health literacy or general wayfinding in health facilities. A connection between these issues has not been established so far. The findings of the present work are based on the performed interviews with experts in planning of wayfinding systems and international research results with regards to health literacy, health literate and health literate supportive organization. A connection between these two contents becomes visible. Thereby the role of Advanced Nursing Counselling will be considered. The results show, that early, professional planning of wayfinding systems is important for the image of an organized health facility, also in terms of well-being and cost efficiency. A good comprehensibility of the contained information influences the users health literacy. The experts emphasize the role of the nurses within this process and the engagement of Advanced Nursing Counsellors seems to be a useful addition. ; Wien, FH Campus Wien, Masterarb., 2017 ; (VLID)2293189

Between 1986 and 2006 Northern Uganda was affected by one of the longest running and most brutal armed conflicts in the African history of the 20th century. Despite Ugandan government and NGO efforts the Acholi youth remain a marginalised group in society. The overall youth situation according to the literature is drastic: acute poverty, high unemployment, low literacy rates, socio-economic and political exclusion. Youth play a pivotal role, either they can threaten peace, or can be catalyst for peace and peacebuilding. This qualitative study explored opportunities and challenges for Acholi youth participation in peacebuilding activities. To gain insight into the findings a power analysis with regard to spaces for participation and levels of decision-making was applied. Through four interviews and four Focus Group Discussions with youth actively engaged in peacebuilding, young people described economic marginalisation and lack of awareness as the main challenges to their participation. The youth explicated their opportunities for participation as local and accessible, for example awareness raising on peace issues through drama and dialogues about main conflict drivers. Four interviews with NGO staff contrasted the youth's experiences, and provided a fuller picture of existing power relations. Both, opportunities and challenges for youth participation are framed by negative youth perceptions and stereotypes from the Acholi community, and the youth's internalisation of this. Despite of the collective stigmatisation of youth, a gradual change towards appreciation and dialogue has taken place where youth's impact through their peacebuilding activities was felt. Finally, the study recommends to consider economic empowerment as a mechanism for greater youth participation. If youth are given or create space they positively use it to contribute to, or even to promote greater participation in peacebuilding.

Die Lissabonner Platzanlage Alameda Dom Afonso Henriques könnte als Paradebeispiel salazaristischer Herrschaftsarchitektur begriffen werden. In der Tat weist der Platz – oder auch "Garten", wie die Lissabonner ihn gerne nennen – alle Charakteristika einer gemeinhin als monumental und streng beschriebenen, proto-faschistischen Architektur auf. Jedoch kann dieser Platz nicht allein aufgrund seiner stilistisch-formalen Merkmale oder aufgrund der prominenten Benennung nach dem ersten König Portugals unter dem Blickwinkel der aktiven Bild-Politik des Salazar-Regimes betrachtet werden. Auch und besonders seine Einbindung in ein ehrgeiziges urbanistisches Programm der Stadterneuerung und -erweiterung im Estado Novo der 1930er und 1940er Jahre lässt einen solchen Fokus naheliegend erscheinen. Ging es doch bei dieser landesweiten Kampagne u.a. darum, die noch junge, instabile Diktatur als modernen, aufstrebenden, starken und eben 'neuen' Staat zu inszenieren, der gleichwohl die Werte der Tradition, des Katholizismus und einer korporativ gefassten Volksgemeinschaft achte. Insgesamt lässt sich sagen, dass die Alameda mit ihrer langen Bauzeit von 1927 bis 1948 an allen entscheidenden Phasen dieser unruhigen ersten zwei Jahrzehnte der sich formierenden Diktatur Anteil hatte. Es mag also verlocken, die Alameda beispielsweise als Veranschaulichung einer Tendenz zur 'Faschisierung' innerhalb der Architektur- und Kunstpolitik des Estado Novo zu verstehen. Über einen solchen primär am unmittelbaren Bedeutungsausdruck von Kunst und Architektur orientierten Ansatz hinaus soll hier jedoch ein alternativer Zugang verfolgt werden, der, konzentriert auf die Gegenwart, nach der sozialen und diskursiven Produktion des Platzes innerhalb der verschiedenen Felder und Kontexte fragt. Wie nehmen gegenwärtige Stadtnutzer die vielschichtigen Bild-Politiken des öffentlichen Platzes auf, adaptieren oder transformieren diese und tragen somit zu der diskursiven Produktion von Raum bei? Inwiefern wandern und verschieben sich Raumbilder und Bild-Politiken in den Köpfen und Körpern der Rezipienten? Hierzu können einige im Frühjahr 2011 geführte qualitative Befragungen von Platznutzern und von Gemeindepolitikern vor Ort aufschlussreiche Hinweise liefern.

The contribution deals with the complicated history of the sciences of history and sociology (predominantly in Germany). It shows, firstly, how Ranke formulated one of his essential world-historical insights as definitely closing off from contemporary discourses of the social and the »social movement«. Almost one hundred years later Max Weber integrated this insight of Ranke in his early days into his sociology. Secondly, Tyrell highlights the importance of Dilthey's »studies of society and history« for a joining of history and sociology. Essential for this was his understanding of »social differentiation«. Thirdly: Before and after 1900, that line of history which was then predominant in Germany and which dealt primarily with the history of political events rejected every programme and idea of social or cultural history. Also for this reason, since the 1890s sociology – being a new scientific discipline – has developed by a clear distance to history. This is illustrated by the example of the sociologists Simmel and Durkheim. The final remark glances briefly at Max Weber's sociology which rightly so may be called historic sociology.

Education is generally perceived as a public good which should be provided by the state. In Egypt, free and equal access to education has been guaranteed to all citizens since President Nasser's socialist reforms in the 1950s. However, due to high population growth rates and a lack of financial resources, the public education system has been struggling to accommodate rapidly increasing numbers of students. While enrolment rates have risen steadily, the quality of state-provided services has deteriorated. Teachers and students have to cope with high class densities, insufficient facilities, a rigid syllabus and a centralized examination system. Today, teaching is among the lowest-paying occupations in the public sector. One strategy to cope with this situation is the widespread practice of private tutoring, which usually takes place at students' homes or in commercial tutoring centers. Based on research carried out in Cairo in 2004/05 and 2006, I use an actor-centered approach to analyze the motivations of Egyptian teachers and students for participating in private tutoring and the impact that this practice has on the relationship between teachers and students. Students of all socio-economic backgrounds resort to tutoring in order to succeed in a highly competitive and exam-oriented education system. However, the form and quality of tutoring that can be accessed depends on the financial means of the family. For teachers, tutoring provides a good opportunity not only to supplement their income, but also, in the case of renowned "star teachers", to improve their professional status and autonomy. On the informal "market of education" that has developed in Egypt during the last decades, the educational responsibilities of the state are increasingly being taken over by private actors, i.e. the process of teaching and learning is dissociated from the direct control of the state and from school as an institution. At the same time, education is turned into a marketable commodity. Despite the government's efforts to provide free education to all citizens, the quality of social services that can be accessed in Egypt, thus, depends mainly on the financial means of the individual or the family. ; 107 S.

In the 1960s 'African Socialism' emerged as the most popular political philosophy of the newly independent African countries. Though interpreted in diverse and contradictory ways, it was adoØted by the governments of countries as far apart as Senegal, the Ivory Coast, Kenya, Guinea, the Congo and Tanzania. As Ahmed Mohidden aptly states: To be an African Socialist or to espouse 'African Socialism' during that period was one of the most respectable things for any African leader to do. Nyerere's Ujamaa -the Basis of African Socialism, written in 1962, can be seen as part of this early post-independence euphoria. It was not tfntil 1967, when Nyerere proclaimed the policy of Socialism and Self-Reliance in the form of the Arusha Declaration, that Tanzania's socialist policies began to be taken seriously by the outside world. The policies of the Arusha Declaration (AD) excitedboth the interest and the imagination of Western radicals. Various reasons account for this Tanzaniophilia. First, the Arusha Declaration was followed by the immediate nationalisation of the major sectors of foreign capital in the country. Secondly, its egalitarian ideals were implemented in the Leadership Code which aimed to reduce the gap between the leaders and the led. This showed that the Tanzanian leadership was serious about socialism. Thirdly, Tanzania's expressions of self-reliance and its elaboration in the policy of Ujamaa Vijijini (rural socialism) stressed the need for a type of development that was rural-based and derived its dynamism from internalsources and communal production by peasants.

von J. von Hartmann, General der Cavallerie z.D. ; Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- Mil.g. 95 hd-1/3

"Why do you ask questions of roots and branches instead of the necessary questions of chö (Tib. chos)?" asks a character in Tibetan author Dondrup Gyel's (don rgrub rgyal) controversial 1980 short story, "Tulku" (sprul sku). The Tibetan term chö can be translated in many ways, including to mean 'the Buddhist teachings,' 'religion' more generally, or even 'the nature of reality.' In "Tulku," however, what chö means is not at all clear, and the various characters claim authority to determine what is legitimate chö. In the story, a Tibetan village is visited by a mysterious stranger claiming to be a tulku—a reincarnated religious leader— but who is actually a fraud. Most scholars have interpreted "Tulku" as a critique of traditional Tibetan religious devotion, and as a call by Gyel for Tibetans to modernize. This paper, however, proposes a new reading of "Tulku." It suggests that Gyel pairs overt criticism of the corrupt tulku with a subtler critique of the Chinese government's policy towards Tibetan Buddhism. It argues for such a reading by tracking how the word chö is used in "Tulku." It shows that Gyel places the word not in the mouths of the Tibetan villagers, but rather in the mouths of the fraudulent tulku and the representatives of the Communist Party. Both thus use chö in order to appeal to the Tibetan villagers, claim power for themselves, and exclude the opposing party. "Tulku" thereby creates parallels between the ways in which the Tulku and the Party use chö to appeal to and manipulate the Tibetan villagers. On this reading, "Tulku" highlights the way chö can be weaponized by both traditional religious authorities and Communist party ideology, and suggests that in this modern period, any claimant to chö must be treated with caution and skepticism.