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Effective spiritual care must truly interact with its recipients in order to discern need and to engage in a mutual process of exploration. Spiritual carers should be a resource in the individual's search for meaning and purpose, and a support through the sometimes painful re-examination of beliefs in the face of some life crisis. To be effective the carer must have personally engaged with the existential issues which arise. Support for spiritual caregivers is essential in order to increase self knowledge, address sources of anxiety, and work through the difficult feelings which engagement with another person at this level will arouse.

Describes advances in providing universal health care in the socialist economy; predicts reduced resources due to the US embargo and other international conditions.

According to U.S. government projections, employment in the health services industry is projected to increase 27 percent through 2014, adding about 3.6 million new jobs over the 2004-2014 period. While many of those opportunities will be for medical practitioners such as doctors and nurses, demand is also expected to increase for those who manage health care, such as hospital administrators. The expanding and increasingly complex health care system in the United States requires skilled, capable workers to develop and maintain the administrative framework within which doctors work

Healthcare Systems -- Universal Healthcare Worldwide -- Universal Healthcare in the U.S. : History and Perspectives -- The Current U.S. Health Care System -- What are the Socioeconomic Consequences of Lack of Universal Healthcare in America? -- Does Universal Healthcare Lead to Worse Quality of Care? -- Does Not Having Universal Healthcare in the U.S. Cost More? -- Is Healthcare a Human Right? -- What are the Political and Societal Barriers to Universal Healthcare in the United States? -- Case Studies -- Timeline.

Arguably, no other field of law in Virginia matches the complexity, magnitude, and universality of health care. It therefore comes as little surprise that Virginia's legislative and judicial branches of government devoted substantial attention to health care law issues in 2006 and 2007. Between April 2006 and April 2007 the time period covered by this article the Supreme Court of Virginia decided a large number of cases directly affecting health care law in the Commonwealth. The 2007 legislative session also addressed a host of health care issues and those with the most impact are summarized herein. These judicial and legislative developments have altered Virginia's health care law landscape in notable ways, and this article summarizes and analyzes those changes.

Section I / Health Care Teams and the Physician-Patient Relationship -- An Historical View of Health Care Teams -- Once On Top, Now On Tap: American Physicians View Their Relationships With Patients, 1920–1970 -- Section II / Authority and Responsibility in the Practice of Medicine -- The Concept of Responsibility in Medicine -- Comments on "The Concept of Responsibility in Medicine" -- Authority and the Profession of Medicine -- Power, Authority, and Rights in the Practice of Medicine -- Medical Authority and Professional Medical Authority: The Nature of Authority in Medicine for Decisions by Lay Persons and Professionals -- Section III / Ethics of Consultation and Interprofessional Relationships -- Medical Consultations in the Context of the Physician-Patient Relationship -- Integrity in Interprofessional Relationships -- Consulting With Integrity: Some Reflections on Team Health Care and Professional Responsibility -- Logical Confusions and Moral Dilemmas in Health Care Teams and Team Talk -- Responsibility and Health Care Teams: A Health Professional's Perspective -- Section IV / Legal and Political Responsibility in Health Care Matters -- Legal Responsibility in Health Care: Whose Fault is It Anyway? -- Reaching Closure on Health-Related Controversies -- Responsibility and Public Policy in Health Care: Commentary on Essays by Williams and Rich -- Notes on Contributors.

Brazil has great geopolitical importance because of its size, environmental resources, and potential economic power. The organisation of its health care system reflects the schisms within Brazilian society. High technology private care is available to the rich and inadequate public care to the poor. Limited financial resources have been overconcentrated on health care in the hospital sector and health professionals are generally inappropriately trained to meet the needs of the community. However, recent changes in the organisation of health care are taking power away from federal government to state and local authorities. This should help the process of reform, but many vested interests remain to be overcome. A link programme between Britain and Brazil focusing on primary care has resulted in exchange of ideas and staff between the two countries. If primary care in Brazil can be improved it could help to narrow the health divide between rich and poor.

The 20th volume of Advances in Health Care Management showcases how health care management research helps to further understand grand challenges in health care: what they are, why they exist, the consequences that they have, and what can be done to address them. Grand challenges are large, unresolved problems. "Grand health care challenges" include current events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and ongoing challenges related to the quadruple aim of health care: improving the health of populations, reducing the cost of healthcare, improving patient care experiences, and improving the experience of working in health care. The book demonstrates that these challenges are amenable to organizational and managerial solutions, and therefore health care management research has many important lessons to contribute. For this volume, The Contributions of Health Care Management to Grand Health Care Challenges, we define health care management as the planning, direction, and coordination of health services and the management of health care professionals. Included chapters consider five grand challenges facing the health care sector: (1) caring for vulnerable populations; (2) maintaining the health care workforce; (3) translating innovation into practice; (4) sustaining organizations; and (5) navigating pandemics. Each challenge is discussed in its own section and addressed by two chapters that offer different perspectives and approaches to the challenge. Across chapters a variety of methodologies are used including ethnographic case studies, survey data analysis, interviews, literature review, and informed commentary. Together, the chapters in this volume synthesize current information in the field, direct future research efforts, and generate actionable insights for managers and policymakers.

"Under universal health care, all residents of a country would be guaranteed care without incurring financial hardship, regardless of income. Out of the thirty-three countries that are considered developed-meaning they have a strong post-industrial economy-thirty-two have universal health care, with the United States being the exception. However, despite the widespread nature of universal health care, its implementation varies between countries. Additionally, despite its positive health impacts, the financial burden it places on governments is a major source of concern. This volume examines this issue through exploring economic, political, and health considerations, taking all sides of the debate into account"--

Ręba Patrycja. Economics in health care. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2021;11(02):30-35. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2021.11.02.003 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2021.11.02.003 https://zenodo.org/record/4528955 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2021; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 28.01.2021. Revised: 05.02.2021. Accepted: 10.02.2021. Economics in health care Patrycja Ręba Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce Abstract Introduction The development of medicine in the last three decades has brought not only new diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities, but also new thinking about health in its interdisciplinary understanding. It is also a period in which wide-ranging actions for public health were undertaken through decisions made by politicians, economists and health care representatives. Measures expressed mathematically are used in health measurements, especially those concerning the entire population. There are three groups of measures of the health condition of the population: positive, negative and the so-called synthetic measures of ...