I examine the effects democratization, institution building, and colonization have on the political and economic stability and inequality in the Caribbean; specifically, I argue that each of these variables contributes to the political and economic inequality experienced between the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic, the two states that comprise the island of Hispaniola. While Haiti and the Dominican Republic's colonization narratives differ, each state's response to democratization, and its efforts to rebuild and maintain institutions, is integral in understanding why political inequality currently exists on the island and differs between both states. Additionally, this paper finds that the legacy of colonization should be considered a major component of economic inequality between the two states. Ultimately, the success of democratization, the strength of institutions, and the ability to create and maintain a strong economic system explains why the Dominican Republic experiences less inequality than Haiti. These findings shed light on greater political and economic inequality trends and challenges found in the Caribbean region.
This article focuses on M�d�ric Louis �lie Moreau de Saint-M�ry's Description Topographique et Politique de la partie espagnole de l'Isle Saint-Domingue (1796) and his Description Topographique, Physique, Civile, Politique et Historique de la partie fran�aise de l'Isle Saint-Domingue (1797). The Descriptions were both written before the beginning of the French Revolution and the 1791 slave revolt in Saint Domingue but were published when the colonial frontier had been abolished (at least de jure if not de facto) by the 1795 Peace of Basle. Overall, the article argues that the two Descriptions are ultimately committed to the (re)inscription of the colonial frontier but intriguingly oscillate between its erasure and its reinforcement. It begins by focusing on Saint-M�ry's territorial projections and appropriative landscaping of the Spanish colony; it highlights the important role played by the border in the racial politics of Hispaniola and then revisits Saint-Mery's border politics on the island in the light of the author's conviction that France should reannex Louisiana, given to Spain in 1762.
Seventeen new species of Lepanthes from the Dominican Republic and Haiti are described from collections by Donald D. Dod. Lepanthes Sw. is the largest in numbers of species of all genera of orchids known from the island of Hispaniola. The 17 collections by Dod, published in preparation for the Flora of the Greater Antilles, are Lepanthes anisoloba, L. apiculata, L. austinae, L. boomerang, L. braccata, L. decussata, L. dondodii, L. excavata, L. incurva, L. longiloba, L. magnipetala, L. microdonta, L. miniflora, L. politilabia, L. pteroglossa, L. semperflorens, and L. truncatipetala.
Juan Pablo Duarte, revered as a founding father of the Dominican Republic,2 recently found his nationalist message featured in a video on YouTube titled "ex Dominican@ os que juraron por la bandera de Haiti," or "ex-Dominicans who swore on Haiti's flag." The short clip, about seven minutes in total, features a slideshow containing photos and names of Dominicans who, according to the nationalist, anti-Haitian producers of the video, have "betrayed their Dominican citizenship," as the title slide suggests, and sworn allegiance to Haiti.3 What sparked the production of this video? The answer is muddled by centuries of negrophobia and anti-Haitianism in the Dominican Republic; beginning with colonization; early border disputes; occupation in the nineteenth century; and Rafael Trujillo's thirty-one-year reign (1930–1961). The Dominican Republic's notorious dictator is responsible for the institutionalization of anti-Haitian ideology and it is during this time that the ideology entered the Dominican school curriculum, serving as only one example of the policy's firm grip on Dominican society. Trujillo's plan for the nation, based on Eurocentric and Catholic values, did not end with his assassination, but found a new place within Dominican intellectual thought of the late twentieth century. The dictator's right-hand man, Joaquín Balaguer, in his 1947 publication, retitled in 1983 La isla al revés, equated Haitians to backwardness and labeled them as savages, deeming the Haitian nationals threats to the "non-black" Dominican nation. Although the conjunctures of the political, economic, social, and cultural destinies of the two sister-countries, Haiti and the Dominican Republic, are marked by a long list of misunderstandings, disputes and crises, for the purpose of this paper I will primarily consider two influential events involving Dominican-Haitian relations: the Haitian Massacre of 1937 and the Tribunal Court Ruling (0168–13) of September 2013.
An evaluation of the seismic hazard in La Hispaniola Island has been carried out, as part of the cooperative project SISMO-HAITI, supported by the Technical University of Madrid (UPM) and developed by several Spanish Universities, the National Observatory of Environment and Vulnerability) ONEV of Haiti, and with contributions from the Puerto Rico Seismic Network (PRSN) and University Seismological Institute of Dominican Republic (ISU). The study was aimed at obtaining results suitable for seismic design purposes. It started with the elaboration of a seismic catalogue for the Hispaniola Island, requiring an exhaustive revision of data reported by more than 20 seismic agencies, apart from these from the PRSN and ISU. The final catalogue contains 96 historical earthquakes and 1690 instrumental events, and it was homogenized to moment magnitude, Mw. Seismotectonic models proposed for the region were revised and a new regional zonation was proposed, taking into account geological andtectonic data, seismicity, focal mechanisms, and GPS observations. In parallel, attenuation models for subduction and crustal zones were revised in previous projects and the most suitable for the Caribbean plate were selected. Then, a seismic hazard analysis was developed in terms of peak ground acceleration, PGA, and spectral accelerations, SA (T), for periods of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1 and 2s, using the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA) methodology. As a result, different hazard maps were obtained for the quoted parameters, together with Uniform Hazard Spectra for Port au Prince and the main cities in the country. Hazard deaggregation was also carried out in these towns, for the target motion given by the PGA and SA (1s) obtained for return periods of 475, 975 and 2475 years. Therefore, the controlling earthquakes for short- and long-period target motions were derived. This study was started a few months after the 2010 earthquake, as a response to an aid request from the Haitian government to the UPM, and the results are available ...
The Devastations of Osorio is the name of an ordinance by Felipe III that not only changed the administrative and economic situation of the Hispaniola, but also influenced the geopolitics of the Caribbean and changed the Spanish Crown's defensive strategy in the West Indies. This paper presents various events that led to the abandoning of the Northwestern Band of Hispaniola and the economic and military consequences caused by this depopulation. ; Se conoce como las Devastaciones de Osorio a una ordenanza de Felipe III que no sólo cambió el entorno administrativo y económico de la isla La Española, sino que también influyó en la geopolítica del Caribe, al exigir la Corona hispana el cambio de la estrategia defensiva en las Indias. En este trabajo se presentan algunos acontecimientos que llevaron al abandono de la franja noroccidental de La Española y las consecuencias económicas y militares que dicho despoblamiento provocó.
Se conoce como las Devastaciones de Osorio a una ordenanza de Felipe III que no sólo cambió el entorno administrativo y económico de la isla La Española, sino que también influyó en la geopolítica del Caribe, al exigir la Corona hispana el cambio de la estrategia defensiva en las Indias. En este trabajo se presentan algunos acontecimientos que llevaron al abandono de la franja noroccidental de La Española y las consecuencias económicas y militares que dicho despoblamiento provocó. ; The Devastations of Osorio is the name of an ordinance by Felipe III that not only changed the administrative and economic situation of the Hispaniola, but also influenced the geopolitics of the Caribbean and changed the Spanish Crown's defensive strategy in the West Indies. This paper presents various events that led to the abandoning of the Northwestern Band of Hispaniola and the economic and military consequences caused by this depopulation.
The central purpose of this article is to analyze the military events in the Hispaniola island in the course of the main conflicts of the reign of Carlos II, between 1673 and 1697. Unlike other borders of the Spanish monarchy, both in Europe and the Indies, where the monarchy showed its military weakness, in Hispaniola, especially between 1690 and 1695, the victory over the French forces present in the island was clear, but not definitive. So much so, that in the peace of Ryswick of 1697 was finished by officially cede sovereignty to France of the western portion of the island. ; El propósito central de este artículo es analizar los acontecimientos, sobre todo de tipo militar, vividos en La Española en el transcurso de los principales conflictos del reinado de Carlos II, entre 1673 y 1697. A diferencia de otras fronteras de la Monarquía Hispánica, tanto en Europa como en las Indias, donde esta mostró una clara debilidad militar, en La Española, sobre todo entre 1690 y 1695, se produjo una cierta reacción bélica positiva, aunque de reducido alcance. Tanto es así, que en la paz de Ryswick de 1697 se terminó por ceder oficialmente la soberanía a Francia de la porción occidental de la isla.
El propósito central de este artículo es analizar los acontecimientos, sobre todo de tipo militar, vividos en La Española en el transcurso de los principales conflictos del reinado de Carlos II, entre 1673 y 1697. A diferencia de otras fronteras de la Monarquía Hispánica, tanto en Europa como en las Indias, donde esta mostró una clara debilidad militar, en La Española, sobre todo entre 1690 y 1695, se produjo una cierta reacción bélica positiva, aunque de reducido alcance. Tanto es así, que en la paz de Ryswick de 1697 se terminó por ceder oficialmente la soberanía a Francia de la porción occidental de la isla. ; The central purpose of this article is to analyze the military events in the Hispaniola island in the course of the main conflicts of the reign of Carlos II, between 1673 and 1697. Unlike other borders of the Spanish monarchy, both in Europe and the Indies, where the monarchy showed its military weakness, in Hispaniola, especially between 1690 and 1695, the victory over the French forces present in the island was clear, but not definitive. So much so, that in the peace of Ryswick of 1697 was finished by officially cede sovereignty to France of the western portion of the island.
Biography of Juan Ponce de León, including a description of the events in Spain and the Caribbean which may have shaped the his early life. Discusses relations between the Spaniards and the Indians of the West Indies, chiefly those found in Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. Chapter XIV (p. 182-[198]) gives an account of Ponce de León's discovery of Florida in 1513. His return and death there in 1521 is given in Ch. XX (p. 269-[282]). ; The valiant exemplar -- Fighting the Moors -- Ponce de Leon in America -- A soldier in Hispaniola -- The rebellion in Higuey -- Capture of Cotubanama -- Juan Ponce, provincial governor -- Invasion of Porto Rico -- Subjugation of Boriquen -- War with Agueybana -- The island's aborigines -- The governor builds a castle -- The fount of perennial youth -- Florida and Bimini -- Becerrico the blood-hound -- Adelantado of Florida -- Seeking the man-eaters -- Encounters with cannibals -- Defeated by Caribs -- Juan Ponce's last campaign. ; Includes bibliographical references and index. ; Electronic reproduction. [Florida] : State University System of Florida, PALMM Project, 2004. (Florida heritage collection) Mode of access: World Wide Web. System requirements: Internet connectivity; Web browser software; Adobe Acrobat Reader to view and print PDF files. Electronically digitized by the University of Central Florida from a book held in the Main Library at the University of Central Florida, Orlando.
The Dominican Republic is one of the two countries on the Hispaniola island, which is part of the Antilles. Hispaniola was affected by the European colonization and massive deportation of African slaves since the XVI century and these events heavily shaped the genetic composition of the present-day population. To shed light about the effect of the European rules, we analyzed 92 single nucleotide polymorphisms on the Y chromosome in 182 Dominican individuals from three different locations. The Dominican Y haplogroup composition was characterized by an excess of northern African/European lineages (59%), followed by the African clades (38%), whereas the Native-American lineages were rare (3%). The comparison with the mitochondrial DNA variability, dominated by African clades, revealed a sex-biased admixture pattern, in line with the colonial society dominated by European men. When other Caribbean and non-Caribbean former colonies were also considered, we noted a difference between territories under a Spanish rule (like the Dominican Republic) and British/French rule, with the former characterized by an excess of European Y lineages reflecting the more permissive Iberian legislation about mixed people and slavery. Finally, we analyzed the distribution in Africa of the Dominican lineages with a putative African origin, mainly focusing on central and western Africa, which were the main sources of African slaves. We found that most (83%) of the African lineages observed in Santo Domingo have a central African ancestry, suggesting that most of the slaves were deported from regions.
Die antillanische Flora ist eine der artenreichsten der Erde. Trotz jahrhundertelanger floristischer Forschung zeigen jüngere Studien, daß der Archipel noch immer weiße Flecken beherbergt. Das trifft besonders auf die Familie der Orchideen zu, deren letzte Bearbeitung für Cuba mehr als ein halbes Jahrhundert zurückliegt. Die vorliegende Arbeit basiert auf der lang ausstehenden Revision der Orchideengattung Pleurothallis R. Br. für die Flora de Cuba. Mittels weiterer morphologischer, palynologischer, molekulargenetischer, phytogeographischer und ökologischer Untersuchungen auch eines Florenteils der anderen Großen Antillen wird die Genese der großantillanischen Pleurothallis-Flora rekonstruiert. Der Archipel umfaßt mehr als 70 Arten dieser Gattung, wobei die Zahlen auf den einzelnen Inseln sehr verschieden sind: Cuba besitzt 39, Jamaica 23, Hispaniola 40 und Puerto Rico 11 Spezies. Das Zentrum der Diversität liegt im montanen Dreieck Ost-Cuba - Jamaica - Hispaniola, einer Region, die 95 % der groß-antillanischen Arten beherbergt, wovon 75% endemisch auf einer der Inseln sind. Da die meisten Arten entweder endemisch oder pankaribisch verbreitet sind, bleiben die floristischen Bezüge zwischen den Inseln und zu den kontinentalen Nachbargebieten nur schwach ausgeprägt. Immerhin lassen sich einige Verbindungen unter den Inseln der Großen Antillen und besonders zu Mittelamerika erkennen. Diese Affinitäten steigen von Ost nach West. Molekulargenetische und (mikro-)morphologische Daten zeigen ein deutliches Muster der historischen Biogeographie. Danach lassen sich die antillanischen Arten hinsichtlich ihrer Genese in drei Gruppen einteilen. 25% der Arten sind pankaribisch verbreitet, wobei der Großteil der Inselpopulationen vom mittelamerikanischen Festland stammt. Ebenfalls aus dieser Region stammen weitere 25%, die jedoch auf den Inseln neue Arten gebildet haben. Die verbleibenden 50% der groß-antillanischen Sippen sind autochthon und das Ergebnis adaptiver Radiation auf den Inseln. Diese intensive Kladogenese beschränkt sich auf drei Verwandtschaftskreise innerhalb der Gattung Pleurothallis in den Untergattungen Antilla Luer und Specklinia Lindl. (2 Linien). Es stellte sich heraus, daß der überwiegende Anteil der Artbildungsprozesse allopatrischer Natur ist. Sympatrie konnte nur in einem einzigen Fall direkt belegt werden. Das Ergebnis der allopatrischen Speziation sind zwei Typen von Vikarianz, räumlich geographischer und geologischer. In Cuba sind überraschenderweise fast 80% der endemischen Arten an einen Gesteinstyp gebunden, überwiegend an Serpentin. West-Hispaniola, wo viele Schwesternarten cubanischer Sippen beheimatet sind, besteht fast ausschließlich aus Kalkstein. Geographische Vikarianz ist daher oft geologisch unterlegt, eine Bindung die für Epiphyten kaum vermutet wurde. Hinter der Geologie verbergen sich jedoch eher Bestäuberareale und weniger physiologische Anpassung als limitierender Faktor. Eine Verfrachtung in Vegetation auf anderem petrologischen Untergrund scheint damit der Hauptauslöser für Artbildungen gewesen zu sein. Ausgangspunkt waren höchstwahrscheinlich individuenarme Gründerpopulationen die den Bedingungen eines founder events ausgesetzt waren. Neben den reichen geologischen Verhältnissen im Dreieck Ost-Cuba - Jamaica - Hispaniola wird die intensive Artbildung durch weitere spezifisch lokale Bedingungen unterstützt. Karibische Wirbelstürme dürften entlang der Hauptrouten für eine häufige Verfrachtung von Samen oder Pflanzen von Mittelamerika auf die Großen Antillen sowie zwischen den Inseln selber verantwortlich sein. Ein zweiter günstiger Umstand für erfolgreiche Migration innerhalb des Dreiecks besteht in der räumlichen Nähe der Inselgebirge und deren optimalen klimatischen Bedingungen für die Besiedlung durch mikrophytische Epiphyten. Molekulargenetische Daten lieferten weiterhin wertvolle Informationen in Bezug auf die beiden aktuell diskutierten Systeme der Pleurothallidinae, einer streng morphologischen (Luer) und einer fast ausschließlich auf DNA-Sequenzen (Pridgeon & Chase) basierenden Klassifikation. DNA-Sequenzen der cubanischen Arten stützen das neue System von Pridgeon & Chase weitestgehend, zeigen aber Widersprüche bezüglich der Monophylie in einigen der neuen oder wieder errichteten Taxa. Angesicht dessen, daß die karibische Florenregion leider nicht nur durch ihre Biodiversität zu den zehn globalen hot spots zählt, sondern auch durch die großflächige Zerstörung von Primärvegetation, war es auch ein Anliegen der vorliegenden Arbeit, ein erstes detailliertes Bild von Genese und Verbreitung antillanischer Orchideen zu vermitteln. Diese Daten können direkt für die Gestaltung und das Management von karibischen Schutzgebieten eingesetzt werden, da Orchideen in der Naturschutzpolitik einen hohen Argumentationswert besitzen. ; The Antillean Flora is one of the most diverse on our globe. However, despite floristic work for centuries recent studies show that there are still blank areas. This is especially the case in the family Orchidaceae, which, in the case of the Cuban Flora, has been reviewed more than half a century ago for the last time. The work presented here is based on the long pending revision of the genus Pleurothallis R. Br. for the Flora de Cuba. Adding further morphological, palynological, molecular, and ecological data this study is aimed at the reconstruction of the Greater Antillean Pleurothallis flora. The archipelago comprises more than 70 species of this genus, with a differing diversity on the particular islands; Cuba accommodates 39 taxa, Jamaica 23, Hispaniola 40 and Puerto Rico 11. The centre of diversity lies within the triangle E Cuba - Jamaica - W Hispaniola, a region that accommodates about 95% of the Greater Antillean species. 75% of the taxa are confined to just one island. Since most of the plants are either endemic or are of pan-Caribbean distribution floristic relationships among the islands and with regard to neighbouring continental areas remain rather indistinct. The strongest affinities are with Central America. Floristic relationships with that area increase from E towards W. Molecular and (micro-)morphological data show a clear pattern of historical phytogeography. Concerning their origin there are 3 groups of species. 25% of the Greater Antillean taxa are widespread in the Pan-Caribbean area, with the majority of the island populations having their origin presumably on the Central American continent. Another 25% are derived from Central American ancestors too, however, they have evolved into new species on the islands in the course of migration. The remaining 50% of the Greater Antillean taxa are autochthonous. They are the result of adaptive radiation on the archipelago. Intense cladogenesis is confined to 3 lineages within Pleurothallis. They belong to the subgenera Antilla Luer and Specklinia Lindl. (2 lineages). The majority of speciation events shows an allopatric pattern. Sympatry during speciation could be detected in a single case only. Allopatric speciation has resulted into 2 types of vicariance, spatial geographic and geological. Indeed, 80% of the Cuban endemics are associated with a single type of rock, serpentine in most cases. In contrast, W Hispanola where many sister taxa of Cuban pleurothallids live, is formed almost exclusively by limestone. In many cases, geographic vicariance is therefore geologically defined, a surprising association in epiphytic orchids. Geological vicariance, in turn, may have been brought about by pollinator distribution rather than by physiological adaptation to the geological environment. Migration to petrologically different localities seems to be the main trigger for speciation in Cuban Pleurothallis. This process was most probably started with a small number of individuals that met conditions of a founder event. Apart from the geologically rich background in the triangle E Cuba - Jamaica - Hispaniola there are other specific local conditions that are responsible for the rich diversity. Caribbean hurricanes provide a powerful means of transport along their main routes. They should be responsible for frequent migrations from the Central American mainland to the archipelago and between the islands. Moreover, the mountains within the triangle are in close spatial neighbourhood and meet favourable climatic conditions for the colonisation of small epiphytes. Molecular data from the Cuban species of Pleurothallis yielded valuable information for the current discussion concerning the morphological (Luer) and molecular classifications (Pridgeon & Chase) of the subtribe. These data support the new molecular based system to a great extent, however, they show new inconsistencies with respect to monophyly in some of the new or resurrected taxa. Considering that the Caribbean Flora belongs to the ten global hot spots, due to its diversity on the one and the loss of primal vegetation on the other side, it was a goal of the present thesis to impart a detailed picture of the genesis and distribution of Antillean orchids. Bearing in mind the political value of orchids in conservation these data can be used directly for the organisation and management of Caribbean nature reserves.
This thesis examines the variance in human development paths and policies pursed on the island of Hispaniola by the governments of the Dominican Republic and Haiti. The different paths have resulted in significant dissimilarities in contemporary levels of economic and social development across the island. Starting from the theoretical perspective of Acemplgu and Robinson (2012), I find that institutional explanations can only explain part of this divergence. I argue that a more complete explanation needs to take into consideration the role played by class, color, and race. I also find that foreign intervention, particularly the occupation of both countries by the US Marines in the 20th century, helped direct the development strategies of each country in different directions. ; 2013-08-01 ; B.A. ; Sciences, Dept. of Political Science ; Bachelors ; This record was generated from author submitted information.
The paper offers a cross-cultural literary analysis of Chicana Cherríe Moraga's Heroes and Saints (1992) and Haitian American Edwidge Danticat's The Farming of Bones (1998) and compares the play and the novel on the basis of their shared thematic link of interwoven environmental and racial violence directed against marginalized people of color. Despite the works' geographically distant contexts—set in the US Southwest and the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, respectively—and the differing collective traumas of genocide the texts dramatize, I highlight that both narratives foreground the motif of violated nature as a primary critical lens to unveil and critique the ongoing practices of colonialism permeating twentieth-century US and Caribbean politics. The interlocking images of women-of-colors' disfigured bodies and the environmental devastation caused by (post)colonial violence underline the pervasiveness of harm done to both earth and the somatic body. ; (to be translated by editors)
AbstrakHaiti terletak di Pulau Hispaniola, yang merupakan perbatasan antara lempeng tektonik Amerika dan Karibia. Lempeng ini bergerak sekitar 2 sentimeter per tahun, sehingga termasuk seismik aktif dan memiliki sejarah gempa yang panjang. Namun, dengan sejarahnya yang sering terkena gempa, tidak membuat negara ini menjadi siap terhadap gempa. Pada tahun 2010, gempa yang cukup besar, dengan skala sekitar 7 SR menerpa Haiti. Korban jiwa yang diakibatkan oleh gempa tersebut mencapai 100.000 hingga 300.000 jiwa. Menurut UN General Assembly, kerugian total akibat gempa bumi diperkirakan mencapai USD 7.8 milyar, yang berarti setara dengan lebih dari 120 persen GDP Haiti di tahun 2009. Melalui tulisan ini, peneliti ingin mengetahui bagaimana analisis kerentanan masyarakat Haiti terhadap bencana alam, terutama gempa, karena dengan skala yang sebenarnya tidak terlalu besar (7 SR), gempa tahun 2010 tersebut menelan begitu banyak korban jiwa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data documentary analysis. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa bencana alam mempunyai beberapa dimensi, dan membutuhkan penanganan komprehensif agar jumlah korban jiwa akibat gempa bisa ditekan dan diminimalisir oleh pemerintah.Kata Kunci: bencana alam, gempa, kerentanan masyarakat.AbstractHaiti is located on the island of Hispaniola, which is the border between America and Caribbean tectonic plates. These plates move about 2 centimeters per year, thus including seismically active, has a long history of earthquakes. However, as a land which often affected by the earthquake, this state is not ready against earthquakes. In 2010, an earthquake, about 7 SR scale hit Haiti. The loss of life caused by the earthquake reached 100,000 to 300,000. According to the UN General Assembly, a total loss due to the earthquake is estimated at USD 7.8 billion, which would be equivalent to more than 120 percent of Haiti's GDP in 2009. By this article, the researchers probe the Haiti's community vulnerability analysis towards natural disasters, particularly earthquakes, because the actual scale of the earthquake itself is not enormous, only 7 SR of 10 SR, however the earthquake in 2010 swallowed so many losses. This study uses qualitative research methods with data collection techniques documentary analysis. The result shows that a natural disaster has several dimensions, and requires a comprehensive action so that the number of casualties caused by the earthquake can be suppressed and minimized by the government.Keywords: natural disasters, earthquakes, community vulnerability
