Suchergebnisse

Gegenstand der Arbeit ist die politische Beeinflussung des Faches Physik an der Universität Göttingen in den 1930er und 40er Jahren. Untersucht werden alle Physikinstitute in den Bereichen wissenschaftliches Personal, Studenten, Forschung und Lehre. Das Kapitel über das Personal zeigt, in welcher Weise die akademische Gemeinschaft bei Stellenbesetzungen wissenschaftliche Qualität, politische Einstellung und Charaktereigenschaften der betreffenden Personen geprüft hat. Zusätzlich zu deren individuellen Eigenschaften waren ihre kollegialen Verbindungen von großer Bedeutung. Die Arbeit rekonstruiert das kollegiale Netz der Physiker, dessen Struktur die teils eigenartigen Personalvorgänge verständlich macht. Dies zeigt auch deutlich die Analyse des gescheiterten Wiedergutmachungsfalles Kurt Hohenemser. Auch die Größe und Zusammensetzung der Studentenschaft unterlag politischer Beeinflussung. Zum Beispiel gab es die meisten weiblichen Physikstudentinnen zu Ende der NS-Zeit, in der Entnazifizierungszeit wurden sie radikal verdrängt. Die Forschungskontrolle der Nachkriegszeit hat zu einer Transformation der vorher von allen Physikinstituten durchgeführten Rüstungsforschung geführt. Manche militärisch relevante Forschung wurde semantisch in einen friedlichen Kontext gestellt und fortgeführt teils sogar unter alliierter Regie. Auch das Lehrangebot passte sich an die jeweiligen politischen Verhältnisse an. Lehrveranstaltungen zu Quantenmechanik und Relativitätstheorie waren in der NS-Zeit selten, die Nachkriegszeit brachte Neuerungen, die das Programm des studium generale um physikhistorische und -philosophische Veranstaltungen ergänzten. Darin fand vereinzelt auch eine Auseinandersetzung mit den Ereignissen der NS-Zeit statt. ; The dissertation examines the political influence on physics at the University of Göttingen in the 1930s and 40s. The examination of all physics institutes is divided into the realms of scientific personnel, students, research, and teaching. The chapter on the personnel shows how in the case of staffing the scientific community considered the scientific quality, the political attitude, and the character traits of the respective candidates. In addition to their individual characteristics the scientists collegial ties were of great importance. Thus the chapter reconstructs the physicists" collegial network whose structure could explain the to some extent strange changes in personnel. This is shown by the analysis of the unsuccessful rehabilitation case of Kurt Hohenemser. Also the quantity and composition of the student body was politically influenced. For instance at the end of the Third Reich the number of female physics students reached its maximum; during denazification the female students were pushed away radically. In the postwar period research control caused a transformation of armament research which had been conducted in all physic institutes before. Some of the military relevant research was continued by semantically putting it into a peaceful context partly even under allied control. Also the curricula were adjusted to the respective political circumstances. Lectures on quantum mechanics and relativity theory were seldom during the Third Reich. In the postwar period lectures on the history and philosophy of physics complemented the studium generale program. In single cases they also dealt with the Nazi past.

Introduction. Today there is no doubt that mergers have permeated all sectors of society, including health care. Starting in the US, extensive waves of hospital mergers occurred at a record pace in the 1980's typically justified by promising dramatic financial and operational improvements. In the 1990's, the merger trend reached Europe and by the turn of the century "merger mania" had taken a strong hold within the UK. By the end of the 1990s, there had been a number of hospital mergers in Sweden. In 2004, Karolinska University Hospital was formed through the flagship merger between the Karolinska Hospital and the Huddinge University Hospital. In 2010, yet another prestigious merger of two university hospitals was announced with the formation of Skåne University Hospital. However, there has been almost no research on hospital mergers in Sweden. The aim of this thesis is to increase our understanding of the pitfalls and possibilities in merger processes by exploring the Karolinska University Hospital merger. The merger in brief. On 1 January 2004, the Karolinska Hospital and the Huddinge University Hospital merged to form the Karolinska University Hospital. Although the merger was controversial and far from obvious, the merger decision passed by a single vote in the Stockholm County Council on 9 December 2003. To achieve a balanced budget by the next political election in 2006, the new director of the merged hospital was told to reduce expenditures by €70 million over the next three years. The top management delegated identical assignments to all clinical managers: to reduce costs and to consolidate 125 clinical departments into 74 new departments each with a common management. Over the three-year period (2004 to 2006), the predicted cost savings for the merger were not achieved. Eventually the original implementation plan was withdrawn and the hospital director left the organization. Methodology and research questions. An embedded case study design was used to explore pre- and post-merger processes, in which data was collected by interviews, non-participant observation and extensive documents (allowing triangulation). Three studies addressing different organisational levels examined the following issues: how and why a merger decision that was considered "impossible" became possible (Study I); how and why top management's radical ambitions resulted in an unintended convergent process and dysfunctional outcomes (Study II); how and why considerably different outcomes in terms of clinical integration occurred at the clinical department level (Study III). Results. Spanning from the years 1995 to 2007, the three studies show that the merger processes evolved through a non-linear, undirected and complex interplay between external and internal actors. The process was mainly driven by the competing institutional logics of managerialism in a political and administrative arena, and professionalism in a scientific and professional arena. Means convergence and a politico-economic crisis led to the merger decision. The top management was overwhelmed by the "vertical clash" between managerialism and professionalism. On the clinical department level, managerial factors that hindered integration were a sole attention on the formal mandate from the top management, leadership based on one formal actor, and the use of a planned top-down approach to change. Managerial factors that facilitated integration were a dual attention to two majors stakeholders (top management and clinical staff), shared leadership between multiple actors, including an informal leader, and the use of an emergent, bottom-up management approach to change within the planned assignment. Discussion. The key finding is that the competing institutional logics between managerialism and professionalism seems to be the main driver of merger processes. This vertical conflict is probably the main explanation why intended outcomes were not achieved. While top management followed the merger literature's classic recommendation to focus on the horizontal tension and to take a planned linear top-down approach to change, the unanticipated challenge stemming from the competing institutional logics made it difficult for the management to handle the post-merger process. A true understanding of the intra- and inter dynamics inherent in a context with multiple layers of competing institutional logics, such as public sector health care, seems essential to produce functional organizational outcomes.

[Abstract] The modern hospital is at once the site of healing, the locus of medical learning and a cornerstone of the welfare state. Its technological and infrastructural costs have transformed health services into one of today's fastest growing sectors, absorbing substantial proportions of national income in both developed and emerging economies. The aim of this book is to examine this growth in different countries, with a main focus on the twentieth century, and also with a backward glance to earlier shaping forces. It will explore the hospital's economic history, the relationship between public and private forms of provision, and the political context in which health systems were constructed. The collection advances the historical world map of different hospital models, ranging across Spain, Brazil, Germany, East and Central Europe, Britain, the United States and China. Collectively, these comparative cases illuminate the complexities involved in each country and bring new historical evidence to current debates on health care organisation, financing and reform.

The modern hospital is at once the site of healing, the locus of medical learning and a cornerstone of the welfare state. Its technological and infrastructural costs have transformed health services into one of today's fastest growing sectors, absorbing substantial proportions of national income in both developed and emerging economies. The aim of this book is to examine this growth in different countries, with a main focus on the twentieth century, and also with a backward glance to earlier shaping forces. It will explore the hospital's economic history, the relationship between public and private forms of provision, and the political context in which health systems were constructed. The collection advances the historical world map of different hospital models, ranging across Spain, Brazil, Germany, East and Central Europe, Britain, the United States and China. Collectively, these comparative cases illuminate the complexities involved in each country and bring new historical evidence to current debates on health care organisation, financing and reform.

The purpose of the article is to structure and reflect the history of such medical institution as the Chernihiv Military Hospital on the basis of the studied materials (archive resources of SACR (State Archive of Chernihiv Region), Chernihiv Military Hospital, mass media, information provided by the respondents). Methodologically, the publication is based on analytical and statistical methods. The scientific novelty of this article is an attempt to cover the process of creation and operation of the Chernihiv Military Hospital from its inception to the present day. Also, the periods of change of localization of the medical institution on the territory of Chernihiv were traced, the key events were examined. Conclusions. The establishment of the Chernihiv Military Hospital in Chernihiv was happening in difficult conditions. The institution did not have its own premises, in key times for the history of Ukraine, it changed its location. Most of the buildings did not meet the proper conditions and were not equipped for medical needs, which to some extent affected the quality of service. However, this did not prevent from providing assistance to the military who took part in World War II in the post-war period. Overtime, the hospital received a renovated new building, deployed comprehensive assistance to the military with specialists, where it is located now. The authority stimulated the improvement of the quality of work by hold in socialist competitions, celebrating Soviet anniversaries, organizing annual military exercises etc. The change of managers of the institution helped to improve the professionalism of doctors by holding seminars on different topics, conferences, researches, equipment upgrades, etc. on the basis of the hospital and other institutions. Guarding the health of their defenders due to the beginning of military events in eastern Ukraine, thus confirming its necessity and significance.

During its early history, the Japanese hospital in Steveston, British Columbia transformed from a small Methodist Mission Hospital to a modern medical facility. Unlike many other hospitals targeting non-White groups in British Columbia, it was the Japanese community itself that was responsible for this transition. The Japanese fishermen organized a subscription system and leadership board to establish and operate a modern hospital. The development of this unique institution was driven by broader cultural and political factors that reflected recent changes that occurred in Japan during the Meiji Restoration. During this period, Japan revolutionized and began a campaign of modernization and militarization, with the goal of becoming an imperial power equal to that of Western nations. These ideas were also utilized abroad as Japanese populations faced racism and exclusion from communities that supported the dominance of White-European culture. The Japanese hospital became a symbol of resistance for the Japanese community, an example of the success of Japanese populations in Canada. The history of the Japanese hospital in Steveston demonstrates that hospital development in Canada was not only shaped by medical advancement, professionalization of health care occupations or by state-driven initiatives, but also by the communities that established and maintained health care services during Canada's early colonial history. Presented at Consortium for Nursing History Inquiry 2013 Symposium ; Applied Science, Faculty of ; Nursing, School of ; Unreviewed ; Graduate

In XIX century the modern hospital develops because of and by means of the scientific revolution in medicine, and, in particular, in clinics. In the new hospital the new hospital the hippocratic praxis and the models of experimental medicine combine, together with mechanistic epistemology and the new general theory of illness, health and disease. The new medicine, founding on an anthropological view of life and death, links with a renewed political attention towards social events; the new idea of health proposes a new model for hospitalization in which doctores and manuales ( specialists in surgery) meet. In Italy, the evolution of the hospital tipology develops throught the century. Key words: Ospedali - Assistenza - XIX secolo

Desde el siglo XVIII se produjo un avance significativo en la función docente del hospital en Europa y en América del norte. La unificación entre la medicina y la cirugía y la integración de prácticas clínicas en los planes de estudio médicos generaron la necesidad de vincular las facultades de medicina a uno o varios hospitales. España se incorporó a este proceso progresiva y tardíamente con sus propias particularidades. El objetivo del artículo es presentar una primera aproximación a la historia de los hospitales clínicos universitarios, haciendo especial hincapié en la etapa en la que fueron gestionados por el Ministerio de Educación. Desde un punto de vista político se podrá observar cómo se establecen y desarrollan las relaciones entre las instituciones locales y el Estado central a la hora de gestionar la estructura hospitalaria en el país, y, en concreto, los hospitales docentes. ; From the 18th century onwards, there were major developments in the teaching function of hospitals in Europe and North America. The unification of medicine and surgery and the integration of clinical practice into the curricula of medical studies created the need to link schools of medicine to hospitals. Spain only joined this process gradually and belatedly and with its own peculiarities. The aim of this article was to outline the history of teaching hospitals in Spain, particularly the university clinical hospitals managed by the Ministry of Education. The study also focuses on political aspects of the issue, especially the establishment and development of the relationship between local institutions and the central state in managing the country's hospital system in general and teaching hospitals in particular.

During resuscitation, the patient is the primary focus with the documentation of actions and outcomes being secondary. In most cases, a cardiac event leads to further treatment or hospitalization, in which complex patient pathways, independent documentation systems and information loss represent the key challenges for successful quality management. Hence, the need for a system that takes all these aspects into account. Market research, system analysis and requirements engineering for such a solution were performed and a prototype was created. A complete reference architecture for a web-based electronic data capture system was developed and implemented that enables healthcare professionals to enter resuscitation-relevant data uniformly and store it centrally in compliance with human research legislation. A qualitative evaluation concerning the process flows of the as-is and the to-be situation suggests that there is potential to achieve benefits in the form of improved data quality and quantity.

The University of Hawai'i (UH) has been collaborating with Okinawa Prefectural Chubu Hospital for over 46 years. This collaboration started as a post-World War II effort to increase the physician workforce. At the initiation of the US Army and State Department, the University of Hawai'i was recruited, in cooperation with the government of the Ryukyus and USCAR, to initiate a US style postgraduate clinical training program. The Postgraduate Medical Training Program of University of Hawai'i at Okinawa Chubu Hospital introduced a style of training similar to that in the US by offering a rotating internship. The initial contract had UH establish and run the Postgraduate Medical Training Program of University of Hawaii at Okinawa Central Hospital. After Okinawa's reversion to Japan, under a new contract, UH physicians participated as consultants by providing lectures at "grand rounds" and guidance to faculty, staff, and students. To date, 895 physicians have completed the University of Hawai'i Postgraduate Medical Training Program with 74 currently training. Approximately 662 (74%) of the trainees have remained in Okinawa Prefecture to practice medicine. As a result, the program has enhanced the physician workforce for the islands of Okinawa and neighbor archipelagos of Miyako and Yaeyama Islands.

Für beruflichen Erfolg in Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft und Politik sowie für ein Leben in unserer durch Migration nachhaltig geprägten Gesellschaft sind internationale und interkulturelle Kompetenzen von zentraler Bedeutung. Da nur ca. 30 % der deutschen Studierenden ein Auslandssemester absolvieren und so diese Kompetenzen erwerben bzw. vertiefen, stehen deutsche Hochschulen vor der Herausforderung, auch vor Ort ein entsprechendes Angebot sicherzustellen. Bestrebungen zur universitätsweiten und strategisch ausgerichteten Internationalisierung der Curricula, d.h. zur Integration einer internationalen und interkulturellen Dimension sowie einer globalen Perspektive in die Inhalte aller Curricula, die Lernziele, Lehr- und Lernprozesse und die Betreuungsstrukturen (Leask 2015:149) sind im deutschen Hochschulraum bisher allerdings kaum erkennbar.In einem bundesweit einzigartigen Projekt, das durch das Niedersächsische Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kultur gefördert wird, betreibt die Georg-August-Universität Göttingen eine strategisch ausgerichtete, systematische Internationalisierung der Curricula aller Studienprogramme in ihren Fakultäten. Dabei wird eine enge inhaltliche Verzahnung der Themenfelder Digitalisierung und Diversifizierung mit der Internationalisierung angestrebt.Ausgehend von Überlegungen zur Notwendigkeit der Internationalisierung der Curricula skizziert der Artikel grundsätzliche theoretische und methodische Überlegungen in Bezug auf die Konzeption des Projekts sowie die Gestaltung des Internationalisierungsprozesses. ; International and intercultural competencies are of great significance for professional success in academia, business, and politics as well as for a life in a society like ours, where migration has had a lasting impact. Only approx. 30 % of the German students spend a semester abroad to acquire and deepen their competencies in this area; German higher education institutions thus face the challenge of ensuring that students may also deepen their international knowledge and expand on their intercultural competencies "at home". However, university-wide and strategic efforts to internationalize the curricula – i.e. introduce an inter-national and intercultural dimension as well as a global perspective into the content of the curricula, the learning outcomes, the learning and teaching processes, and the support ser-vices (Leask 2015:149) – are thus far hardly visible in German higher education.The pilot scheme "Internationalization of the Curricula" at the University of Goettingen, funded by the Lower Saxony Ministry for Science and Culture, is unique in Germany and aims at facilitating the strategic and systematic internationalization of the curricula of all the University's study programs. It links internationalization measures to digitalization and diversity.On the basis of reflections on the necessity for the internationalization of the curricula, this article sketches fundamental theoretical and methodological considerations with regard to the conception of the project and the design of the internationalization process.

Тази публикация представя възникването и развитието на модерните болници и болнични аптеки към тях по българските земи в епохата на Възраждането, в които пациентите се обслужват от лица със специално медицинско образование и са организирани по западен образец. Според начина на финансирането им са обособени в няколко групи: държавни, дарителски и частни. ; Summary. This publication presents the beginning and development of modern hospitals and hospital pharmacies in the Bulgarian lands in the Renaissance, in which patients are served by individuals with special medical education and they are organized on the western model. According to their financing sources hospitals are divided into several groups: government, charitable and private.

Abstract Background International clinical trials are now rapidly expanding into Asia. However, the proportion of global trials is higher in South Korea compared to Japan despite implementation of similar governmental support in both countries. The difference in clinical trial environment might influence the respective physicians' attitudes and experience towards clinical trials. Therefore, we designed a questionnaire to explore how physicians conceive the issues surrounding clinical trials in both countries. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted at Kyoto University Hospital (KUHP) and Seoul National University Hospital (SNUH) in 2008. The questionnaire consisted of 15 questions and 2 open-ended questions on broad key issues relating to clinical trials. Results The number of responders was 301 at KUHP and 398 at SNUH. Doctors with trial experience were 196 at KUHP and 150 at SNUH. Among them, 12% (24/196) at KUHP and 41% (61/150) at SUNH had global trial experience. Most respondents at both institutions viewed clinical trials favorably and thought that conducting clinical trials contributed to medical advances, which would ultimately lead to new and better treatments. The main reason raised as a hindrance to conducting clinical trials was the lack of personnel support and time. Doctors at both university hospitals thought that more clinical research coordinators were required to conduct clinical trials more efficiently. KUHP doctors were driven mainly by pure academic interest or for their desire to find new treatments, while obtaining credits for board certification and co-authorship on manuscripts also served as motivation factors for doctors at SNUH. Conclusions Our results revealed that there might be two different approaches to increase clinical trial activity. One is a social level approach to establish clinical trial infrastructure providing sufficient clinical research professionals. The other is an individual level approach that would provide incentives to encourage doctors to participate in and conduct clinical trials.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ; Abstract Background International clinical trials are now rapidly expanding into Asia. However, the proportion of global trials is higher in South Korea compared to Japan despite implementation of similar governmental support in both countries. The difference in clinical trial environment might influence the respective physicians' attitudes and experience towards clinical trials. Therefore, we designed a questionnaire to explore how physicians conceive the issues surrounding clinical trials in both countries. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted at Kyoto University Hospital (KUHP) and Seoul National University Hospital (SNUH) in 2008. The questionnaire consisted of 15 questions and 2 open-ended questions on broad key issues relating to clinical trials. Results The number of responders was 301 at KUHP and 398 at SNUH. Doctors with trial experience were 196 at KUHP and 150 at SNUH. Among them, 12% (24/196) at KUHP and 41% (61/150) at SUNH had global trial experience. Most respondents at both institutions viewed clinical trials favorably and thought that conducting clinical trials contributed to medical advances, which would ultimately lead to new and better treatments. The main reason raised as a hindrance to conducting clinical trials was the lack of personnel support and time. Doctors at both university hospitals thought that more clinical research coordinators were required to conduct clinical trials more efficiently. KUHP doctors were driven mainly by pure academic interest or for their desire to find new treatments, while obtaining credits for board certification and co-authorship on manuscripts also served as motivation factors for doctors at SNUH. Conclusions Our results revealed that there might be two different approaches to increase clinical trial activity. One is a social level approach to establish clinical trial infrastructure providing sufficient clinical research professionals. The other is an individual level approach that would provide incentives to encourage doctors to participate in and conduct clinical trials.

The History of the Confederate General Hospital Located at Farmville, VA 1862-65 was published by the Farmville Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) on April 7, 1916 by the Martin Printing Company in Farmville. The information found within the fifteen-page book was provided from an 1897 letter addressed to the UDC from James L. White, M. D., who was a surgeon stationed at the hospital during the American Civil War and a citizen of Farmville until his death in 1909. White gives an overview regarding his personal history during the war, others involved with the hospital and its structure, the days leading up to the surrender at Appomattox, Union occupation, the Confederate Cemetery, and the intentions by the UDC to commemorate Confederate soldiers.