The poetry of the resistance is often suspect; in regard to military operations it might appear anecdotal, trivial, even derisory, & to teach it might compromise the European construction. After all, the authors were accused of benefiting from the tragedy of a people, becoming propagandists, & betraying an ancient ideal of revolutionary purity. However, in exalting the values of liberty, honesty, & remembrance, this poetry has returned pride to a ruined nation. It has in this way participated, & may still participate, in a spirit of defense that is not just nationalistic. Adapted from the source document.
The practice of copy-paste among students is assimilated to plagiarism and the institution's response is limited to 'monitor and punish'. However, this practice deserves to be questioned in the context of academic literacies in relation to the need to take account of digital literacies. The fact that it is conceived as 'misconduct' from an ethical point of view is to be understood in relation to a legislative framework which calls for academic honesty and establishes the author and sources as essential components of knowledge writing, with little explanation of the issues at stake. How can I think of copy-paste and how to do it? How can we move from unacceptable to didactic, and what should be taken into account? With a view to a critical reflex in the field of academic literacies, we propose contextualisation elements that make it possible to challenge copy-paste, as a writing gesture, as a subject of debate, and in order to better equip students in the face of academic expectations and in terms of literacic skills in general. We are interested in receiving the copy-paste, copy-paste and confusing the expectations of students' writing. The context is understood as an interpretative framework used to build a teaching object as such. ; International audience The practice of copy and paste among students is equated with plagiarism and the institutional response is devoted to "discipline and punish". However this practice is an important issue within the framework of academic literacies, in relation to the necessary consideration of the digital literacy. The fact that it is conceived as a "misconduct" from an ethical point of view is to be understood with regard to a normative frame that calls for academic honesty and establishes the author and the sources as essential components of research writings, without much explaining the issues (why? how? etc.). How to think copy and paste and what to do? How to go from the state of unacceptable to a didactic view, and what to take into account? With the prospect of ...
International audience ; The transparency of algorithms is a concern for users and authorities. Among the various aspects of this notion of transparency, is it possible to study the extent to which search engines on the web are honest with respect to their declared personalization policy, and to what extent is it possible to explain their behavior, if only succinctly? We describe here an experimental framework and the results obtained on the study of the transparency of the leading web search engine. The idea is to track the changes of results, in a way to evaluate their honesty and explicability. We formalize the protocol and the measures used. We find that, for several users and carefully choosen queries, they are large variations in the results. We quantify them and rank the importance of the parameters studied. We show that this information may be used to enhance the transparency of search engines. MOTS-CLÉS : Transparence, Honnêteté, mesure d'évaluation ; La transparence des algorithmes est un sujet de préoccupation pour les utilisateurs et les autorités. Parmi les différents aspects de cette notion de transparence, est-il possible d'étu-dier dans quelle mesure les moteurs de recherche sur le web sont honnêtes par rapport à leur politique de personnalisation déclarée, et dans quelle mesure est-il possible d'expliquer leur comportement, ne serait-ce que succinctement ? Cet article décrit un cadre expérimental pour étudier ces aspects, et des résultats obtenus sur l'étude du principal moteur de recherche sur le Web. L'idée suivie est d'étudier les différences dans les résultats du moteur, afin de mesu-rer leur honnêteté et leur explicabilité. Nous avons formalisé le protocole expérimental et les mesures d'évaluations. Nous trouvons, pour plusieurs utilisateurs et plusieurs requêtes choisies avec soin, qu'il y a de larges variations dans les résultats. Nous les quantifions et nous les ordonnons l'importance relative des paramètres étudiés. Nous montrons que ces informations seraient utiles pour améliorer la ...
International audience ; The transparency of algorithms is a concern for users and authorities. Among the various aspects of this notion of transparency, is it possible to study the extent to which search engines on the web are honest with respect to their declared personalization policy, and to what extent is it possible to explain their behavior, if only succinctly? We describe here an experimental framework and the results obtained on the study of the transparency of the leading web search engine. The idea is to track the changes of results, in a way to evaluate their honesty and explicability. We formalize the protocol and the measures used. We find that, for several users and carefully choosen queries, they are large variations in the results. We quantify them and rank the importance of the parameters studied. We show that this information may be used to enhance the transparency of search engines. MOTS-CLÉS : Transparence, Honnêteté, mesure d'évaluation ; La transparence des algorithmes est un sujet de préoccupation pour les utilisateurs et les autorités. Parmi les différents aspects de cette notion de transparence, est-il possible d'étu-dier dans quelle mesure les moteurs de recherche sur le web sont honnêtes par rapport à leur politique de personnalisation déclarée, et dans quelle mesure est-il possible d'expliquer leur comportement, ne serait-ce que succinctement ? Cet article décrit un cadre expérimental pour étudier ces aspects, et des résultats obtenus sur l'étude du principal moteur de recherche sur le Web. L'idée suivie est d'étudier les différences dans les résultats du moteur, afin de mesu-rer leur honnêteté et leur explicabilité. Nous avons formalisé le protocole expérimental et les mesures d'évaluations. Nous trouvons, pour plusieurs utilisateurs et plusieurs requêtes choisies avec soin, qu'il y a de larges variations dans les résultats. Nous les quantifions et nous les ordonnons l'importance relative des paramètres étudiés. Nous montrons que ces informations seraient utiles pour améliorer la ...
International audience ; The transparency of algorithms is a concern for users and authorities. Among the various aspects of this notion of transparency, is it possible to study the extent to which search engines on the web are honest with respect to their declared personalization policy, and to what extent is it possible to explain their behavior, if only succinctly? We describe here an experimental framework and the results obtained on the study of the transparency of the leading web search engine. The idea is to track the changes of results, in a way to evaluate their honesty and explicability. We formalize the protocol and the measures used. We find that, for several users and carefully choosen queries, they are large variations in the results. We quantify them and rank the importance of the parameters studied. We show that this information may be used to enhance the transparency of search engines. MOTS-CLÉS : Transparence, Honnêteté, mesure d'évaluation ; La transparence des algorithmes est un sujet de préoccupation pour les utilisateurs et les autorités. Parmi les différents aspects de cette notion de transparence, est-il possible d'étu-dier dans quelle mesure les moteurs de recherche sur le web sont honnêtes par rapport à leur politique de personnalisation déclarée, et dans quelle mesure est-il possible d'expliquer leur comportement, ne serait-ce que succinctement ? Cet article décrit un cadre expérimental pour étudier ces aspects, et des résultats obtenus sur l'étude du principal moteur de recherche sur le Web. L'idée suivie est d'étudier les différences dans les résultats du moteur, afin de mesu-rer leur honnêteté et leur explicabilité. Nous avons formalisé le protocole expérimental et les mesures d'évaluations. Nous trouvons, pour plusieurs utilisateurs et plusieurs requêtes choisies avec soin, qu'il y a de larges variations dans les résultats. Nous les quantifions et nous les ordonnons l'importance relative des paramètres étudiés. Nous montrons que ces informations seraient utiles pour améliorer la ...
If there is one man who symbolizes the grandeur of the Armenian people & their fight for survival, that man is Charles Aznavour. For decades, he has placed his immense talent at the service of this great cause. In this short text, he looks back on the circumstances of his birth. The young Charles came very close to never existing at all. His parents could easily have suffered the same fate as the million & a half Armenians savagely murdered in the name of race & religion in the 1915 genocide. Refugees from that journey into hell, chased from country to country, Aznavour's parents finally found a home in Paris, where the future singer was born in 1924. Despite this terrible family history, Charles Aznavour feels no hate towards the Turks. Instead of taking pleasure in brooding over the past, he prefers to believe in people's essential goodness, intelligence & honesty. Adapted from the source document.
Even today, before its effective European integration, Romania still witnesses strong diversity refusal at the general public level. This research paper deals with the Romanian majority representations of two of the most visible ethnic minorities in Romania -Hungarians and Gypsies- and pays attention to significant attitudes of discrimination and intolerance. Moreover, it examines some of the most important factors for ethnic tolerance. The social capital theory sets that participation in secondary organizations is a certain source for civic values, social trust and positive norms of reciprocity, commitment, honesty, tolerance and mutual respect. But in Romania the effects of participation are weaker than expected in this respect. The most important factors for tolerance are ethnic contact and -especially for the Gypsies- the spread of ethnic prejudices. Even education appears less important, a possible solution for the future development of ethnic tolerance is multicultural education, which offers the chance of a contact between still separated ethnic cultures in Romania.
The history of printing banknotes leads to think about the conditions of the development of fiat money, of its industrialization and to the social question, in other words, to the question of the working culture born from this unparalleled product. This PhD examines the central question: how did the banknote win the trust of the French. The material aspect of money is an important factor of trust, not really studied until then by historiography. In times of currency convertibility, the Bank of France responds with caution in the conditions of circulation of the banknote. This finally appears because of the needs resulting from events pushing the population to hoarding (revolution, wars). The forced court is then decreed, dispensing the issuing institute to exchange its notes against metallic coins. The learning of the banknote is facilitated, its use is democratized. Industrialization thus appears as a response to the monetary questions facing the Bank of France. The industrial production makes it possible to fill the needs but also to limit the cost price of the banknote and to secure the means of payment. Technology watch and adaptation are necessary because the banknote is a printed product that must be constantly improved to protect it from counterfeiters and maintain its credibility. The employment of a large number of qualified workers, whose honesty must be ensured by watching them, finally leads to a specialization of the workforce of the Bank of France Printing Works and to the conduct of a protective social policy. ; L'histoire de la fabrication des billets de banque amène à s'intéresser aux conditions du développement de la monnaie fiduciaire, à son industrialisation et à la question sociale, autrement dit, à la question de la culture ouvrière née de ce produit sans pareil. Cette thèse de doctorat se penche sur une question centrale : comment le billet a-t-il gagné la confiance des Français. L'aspect matériel de la monnaie est un facteur de confiance important, peu étudié jusque-là par ...
The history of printing banknotes leads to think about the conditions of the development of fiat money, of its industrialization and to the social question, in other words, to the question of the working culture born from this unparalleled product. This PhD examines the central question: how did the banknote win the trust of the French. The material aspect of money is an important factor of trust, not really studied until then by historiography. In times of currency convertibility, the Bank of France responds with caution in the conditions of circulation of the banknote. This finally appears because of the needs resulting from events pushing the population to hoarding (revolution, wars). The forced court is then decreed, dispensing the issuing institute to exchange its notes against metallic coins. The learning of the banknote is facilitated, its use is democratized. Industrialization thus appears as a response to the monetary questions facing the Bank of France. The industrial production makes it possible to fill the needs but also to limit the cost price of the banknote and to secure the means of payment. Technology watch and adaptation are necessary because the banknote is a printed product that must be constantly improved to protect it from counterfeiters and maintain its credibility. The employment of a large number of qualified workers, whose honesty must be ensured by watching them, finally leads to a specialization of the workforce of the Bank of France Printing Works and to the conduct of a protective social policy. ; L'histoire de la fabrication des billets de banque amène à s'intéresser aux conditions du développement de la monnaie fiduciaire, à son industrialisation et à la question sociale, autrement dit, à la question de la culture ouvrière née de ce produit sans pareil. Cette thèse de doctorat se penche sur une question centrale : comment le billet a-t-il gagné la confiance des Français. L'aspect matériel de la monnaie est un facteur de confiance important, peu étudié jusque-là par ...
The history of printing banknotes leads to think about the conditions of the development of fiat money, of its industrialization and to the social question, in other words, to the question of the working culture born from this unparalleled product. This PhD examines the central question: how did the banknote win the trust of the French. The material aspect of money is an important factor of trust, not really studied until then by historiography. In times of currency convertibility, the Bank of France responds with caution in the conditions of circulation of the banknote. This finally appears because of the needs resulting from events pushing the population to hoarding (revolution, wars). The forced court is then decreed, dispensing the issuing institute to exchange its notes against metallic coins. The learning of the banknote is facilitated, its use is democratized. Industrialization thus appears as a response to the monetary questions facing the Bank of France. The industrial production makes it possible to fill the needs but also to limit the cost price of the banknote and to secure the means of payment. Technology watch and adaptation are necessary because the banknote is a printed product that must be constantly improved to protect it from counterfeiters and maintain its credibility. The employment of a large number of qualified workers, whose honesty must be ensured by watching them, finally leads to a specialization of the workforce of the Bank of France Printing Works and to the conduct of a protective social policy. ; L'histoire de la fabrication des billets de banque amène à s'intéresser aux conditions du développement de la monnaie fiduciaire, à son industrialisation et à la question sociale, autrement dit, à la question de la culture ouvrière née de ce produit sans pareil. Cette thèse de doctorat se penche sur une question centrale : comment le billet a-t-il gagné la confiance des Français. L'aspect matériel de la monnaie est un facteur de confiance important, peu étudié jusque-là par ...
Roederer, when he was appointed by Napoléon to present the Legion of Honour Law, had already discussed at length how to govern men through their passion of honesty. This reflection, some of which has remained unprecedented (of various honours and honours in the Republic and Monarchy, found in the NAs), makes it possible to configure the Napoleonic institution in its broad historical and philosophical context as an institution at the heart of the political issues of its time. The philosophy of rewards policy, which aims to stimulate good action and promote merit, is addressed through it; a person who stands upstream of the great man to produce it, rather than downstream to recognise, designate and make it visible. ". Although the ambition is a defect, it is possible to draw good from it and make it useful": this is at the heart of political morality, the legion of honour being one of the most completed applications. ; Roederer, lorsqu'il fut désigné par Napoléon pour présenter la loi sur la légion d'honneur, avait déjà longuement réfléchi sur les moyens de gouverner les hommes par leur passion des honneurs. Cette réflexion, dont une partie est restée inédite (des divers usages de l'honneur et des honneurs en République et en Monarchie, retrouvée aux AN), permet de resituer l'institution napoléonienne dans son contexte historique et philosophique large, comme une institution au cœur des problématiques politiques de son temps. On aborde, par son entremise, à la philosophie de la politique des récompenses, celle qui vise à impulser la bonne action, encourager le mérite ; celle qui se tient en amont du grand homme pour le produire, plutôt qu'en aval pour le reconnaître, le désigner, le rendre visible. « .et quoique l'ambition soit un vice, on peut en tirer du bien et la rendre utile » : voilà le cœur de la morale politique dont la légion d'honneur s'offre comme une des applications les plus achevées.
Une première version de ce rapport a été déposée en novembre 2020. La présente version la remplace. ; This is mainly a review of the 30 available research works on the Ethiopian utopian community of Awra Amba, complemented by the analysis of information provided by the community itself. It allows us to present the seeds and then the troubled historic evolution of this community founded in 1972 by a small group of illiterate peasants around one of them. Then, we present the main elements of its culture, its values, the mechanisms implemented in order to respect them and the degree to which these values are respected: its well known gender equality, solidarity, golden rule (honesty, refusal of addictions, mutual respect, children's rights), democracy, and eventually the value of work. Then we debate the highly controversial issue of religion in Awra Amba. Finally, we present other characteristics of its social organization: training and education, marriage, funeral, management of conflicts, economy, before dealing with the external relations with neighbouring communities, authorities and media, as well as foreigners. In conclusion, we assess the myth and reality of this utopian experience. ; Cette étude est essentiellement une synthèse des 30 travaux de recherche disponibles sur la communauté utopique d'Awra Amba en Éthiopie, complétée par l'analyse de données issues de la communauté elle-même. Cela permet de présenter les racines puis l'évolution historique tourmentée de cette communauté créée en 1972 par un petit groupe de paysans analphabètes autour de l'un des leurs. Nous présentons ensuite les principaux traits de sa culture, ses valeurs, les mécanismes mis en œuvre pour les respecter et le degré de respect de ces valeurs : l'égalité des sexes qui a fait sa renommée, la solidarité, la règle d'or (honnêteté, refus des addictions, respect mutuel, droits des enfants), la démocratie, et enfin la valeur travail. Nous traitons par la suite du thème très controversé du rapport d'Awra Amba à la religion. Dans un ...
Une première version de ce rapport a été déposée en novembre 2020. La présente version la remplace. ; This is mainly a review of the 30 available research works on the Ethiopian utopian community of Awra Amba, complemented by the analysis of information provided by the community itself. It allows us to present the seeds and then the troubled historic evolution of this community founded in 1972 by a small group of illiterate peasants around one of them. Then, we present the main elements of its culture, its values, the mechanisms implemented in order to respect them and the degree to which these values are respected: its well known gender equality, solidarity, golden rule (honesty, refusal of addictions, mutual respect, children's rights), democracy, and eventually the value of work. Then we debate the highly controversial issue of religion in Awra Amba. Finally, we present other characteristics of its social organization: training and education, marriage, funeral, management of conflicts, economy, before dealing with the external relations with neighbouring communities, authorities and media, as well as foreigners. In conclusion, we assess the myth and reality of this utopian experience. ; Cette étude est essentiellement une synthèse des 30 travaux de recherche disponibles sur la communauté utopique d'Awra Amba en Éthiopie, complétée par l'analyse de données issues de la communauté elle-même. Cela permet de présenter les racines puis l'évolution historique tourmentée de cette communauté créée en 1972 par un petit groupe de paysans analphabètes autour de l'un des leurs. Nous présentons ensuite les principaux traits de sa culture, ses valeurs, les mécanismes mis en œuvre pour les respecter et le degré de respect de ces valeurs : l'égalité des sexes qui a fait sa renommée, la solidarité, la règle d'or (honnêteté, refus des addictions, respect mutuel, droits des enfants), la démocratie, et enfin la valeur travail. Nous traitons par la suite du thème très controversé du rapport d'Awra Amba à la religion. Dans un ...
Une première version de ce rapport a été déposée en novembre 2020. La présente version la remplace. ; This is mainly a review of the 30 available research works on the Ethiopian utopian community of Awra Amba, complemented by the analysis of information provided by the community itself. It allows us to present the seeds and then the troubled historic evolution of this community founded in 1972 by a small group of illiterate peasants around one of them. Then, we present the main elements of its culture, its values, the mechanisms implemented in order to respect them and the degree to which these values are respected: its well known gender equality, solidarity, golden rule (honesty, refusal of addictions, mutual respect, children's rights), democracy, and eventually the value of work. Then we debate the highly controversial issue of religion in Awra Amba. Finally, we present other characteristics of its social organization: training and education, marriage, funeral, management of conflicts, economy, before dealing with the external relations with neighbouring communities, authorities and media, as well as foreigners. In conclusion, we assess the myth and reality of this utopian experience. ; Cette étude est essentiellement une synthèse des 30 travaux de recherche disponibles sur la communauté utopique d'Awra Amba en Éthiopie, complétée par l'analyse de données issues de la communauté elle-même. Cela permet de présenter les racines puis l'évolution historique tourmentée de cette communauté créée en 1972 par un petit groupe de paysans analphabètes autour de l'un des leurs. Nous présentons ensuite les principaux traits de sa culture, ses valeurs, les mécanismes mis en œuvre pour les respecter et le degré de respect de ces valeurs : l'égalité des sexes qui a fait sa renommée, la solidarité, la règle d'or (honnêteté, refus des addictions, respect mutuel, droits des enfants), la démocratie, et enfin la valeur travail. Nous traitons par la suite du thème très controversé du rapport d'Awra Amba à la religion. Dans un ...
International audience ; This article explores the relationships between storytelling and contemporary capitalism. It claims that we have to put in perspective the rights of ownership that literature is considered to have over narrative fiction: The oral tradition and the cultural industries started competing with literature in this field long before the players of the economic and political world, inspired by the principles of storytelling management, began using their codes. Knowing how to tell stories and how to talk about oneself is a key skill, especially when you want to move and take new positions in our career-driven societies. Based on the analysis of novels by Tom Wolfe and Éric Reinhardt, this article tries to understand the types of self-narratives that narrative capitalism invites us to produce, for ourselves or for others, and in what ways literature stages the production and circulation of these stories. There are, on the one hand, those who do not manage to talk about themselves anymore, who have lost this storytelling skill, and experience failure; and, on the other hand, the capable narrators, but whose uses of narrative vary from opportunism to radical opposition, from a pragmatic honesty to the choice of a form of piracy. ; Il faut relativiser les droits de propriété de la littérature sur la fiction narrative : la tradition orale, les industries culturelles l'ont concurrencée dans ce domaine bien avant que les acteurs du monde économique et politique inspirés par les principes du storytelling management ne s'y attellent à leur tour. Savoir raconter et se raconter est une compétence primordiale, en particulier quand on aspire à changer de place au sein de nos sociétés de carrières. En s'appuyant entre autres sur les romans de Tom Wolfe et d'Éric Reinhardt, il s'agit de voir quels types de récits de soi le capitalisme narratif nous incite à produire, pour nous-mêmes ou pour les autres, et de quelles manières la littérature met en scène la fabrication et la circulation de ces récits. À ceux qui ...