Suchergebnisse

We report the results of a field experiment on honesty conducted on 427 Israeli soldiers fulfilling their mandatory military service. Each soldier rolled a six-sided die in private and reported the outcome to the unit's cadet coordinator. For every point reported, the soldier received an additional half hour early release from the army base on Thursday afternoon. We find that the higher a soldier's military entrance score, the more honest he is on average. Moreover, to the extent that honesty is a valued trait, regression discontinuity analysis reveals that the Israeli military has optimally set the threshold score to qualify to be an officer. Our results bear important implications for the design of screening tests that evaluate employee honesty.

In the beyond thirty years, honesty employment, which is one of significant approach measures expected to battle with past common liberties infringement in temporary and post-struggle social orders, has drawn in wide interest among social researchers and moral, lawful, and political logicians. Regardless of the gigantic nevertheless developing writing regarding the matter, there has been no concurred meaning of honesty employment. To cure this issue, the current paper attempts to give another definition. I start with the assessment of a much of the time referred to definition given by Priscilla Hayner and recognize its temperance's and impediments. Then, I go to the examination of Mark Freeman's definition and contend that it is too prohibitive to even think about covering a portion of the investigatory bodies numerous analysts consider as honesty employments. In view of these contemplations, I propose the third definition that covers the cases which are broadly taken as honesty employments and rejects those which are not. I additionally partition the historical backdrop of honesty-chasing bodies into three periods and sketch them sequentially.

Plato's account can be understood in two sections, his critical method, which prioritizes true nature over false praise, and his account of Love. This paper is divided into three sections. The first section discusses the importance of the critical spirit and explains his praise of honesty and truth. The second section describes the nature of Love as virtues of passion. In the third section, I criticize Plato for going against his virtues of passion because of his bad passions, disinterest and malice.

Theories of dishonest behavior implicitly assume language independence. Here, we investigated this assumption by comparing lying by people using a foreign language versus their native tongue. Participants rolled a die and were paid according to the outcome they reported. Because the outcome was private, they could lie to inflate their profit without risk of repercussions. Participants performed the task either in their native language or in a foreign language. With native speakers of Hebrew, Korean, Spanish, and English, we discovered that, on average, people inflate their earnings less when they use a foreign language. The outcome is explained by a dual system account that suggests that self‐serving dishonesty is an automatic tendency, which is supported by a fast and intuitive system. Because using a foreign language is less intuitive and automatic, it might engage more deliberation and reduce the temptation to lie. These findings challenge theories of ethical behavior to account for the role of the language in shaping ethical behavior. ; This project was supported by the Israel Science Foundation grant number 1337/11, by a grant from the University of Chicago's Wisdom Research Project and the John Templeton Foundation, a grant by the National Science Foundation #1520074 to the University of Chicago, a grant from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreements: ERC‐StG‐637915), two grants by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (PSI2014‐52181‐P; PSI2017‐84539‐P), a grant from the Catalan Government (SGR 2017‐268), and a grant from the European Research Council under the European Community's Seventh Framework (FP7/2007–2013 Cooperation Grant Agreement 613465‐AThEME). Joanna D. Corey was supported by a grant from the Catalan Government (FI‐DGR).

Deterrence institutions are widely used in modern societies to discourage rule violations but whether they have an impact beyond their immediate scope of application is usually ignored. Using a quasiexperiment with naturally occurring variation in inspections we found evidence of spillover effects across contexts. We identified fraudsters and non-fraudsters on public transport who were or not exposed to ticket inspections by the transport company. We then measured the intrinsic honesty of the same persons in a new, unrelated context where they could misappropriate money. Instead of having an expected educative effect across contexts, the exposure to deterrence practices increased unethical behaviour of fraudsters but also, strikingly, of non-fraudsters, especially when inspection teams were larger. Learning about the prevailing norm is the most likely channel of this spillover effect.

The Tweed Family Papers consists primarily of correspondence between Mrs. Richard Tweed and her children, relatives, and friends. Diaries, essays and poetry written by family members, newspaper clippings (photocopies), and financial and legal material are also included, as are a handful of photographs. All related primarily to the life of Mrs. Richard Tweed and her descendants. ; Mrs. Richard Tweed, upon whom the majority of the materials focus, was the sister-in-law of William Marcy ("Boss") Tweed, who controlled the Democratic political machine at New York City's Tammany Hall during the mid-19th century. He and his associates misappropriated public funds on a large scale, leading to his arrest and imprisonment in 1871. ; The Tweed Family Papers are organized by the following categories: Correspondence, Newspapers, Literary Production, Photographs, Financial Material, Printed Material, Scrapbook Material, Legal Material, and Artifacts. ; Tweed Family Papers, 1836-1932 and undated, Southwest Collection/Special Collections Library, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas ; Box 1, File 14

In many situations, people can lie strategically, for their own benefit. Since individuals differ with respect to their willingness to lie, the credibility of statements will crucially depend on who self-selects into such cheap-talk situations. We study this process in a two-stage political competition setting. At the entry stage, potential candidates compete in a contest to become their party's candidate in an election. At the election stage, the nominated candidates campaign by making promises to voters. Confirming the model's key prediction, we find in our experiment that dishonest people over-proportionally self-select into the political race and thereby lower voters' welfare.

We set up an experiment to measure voter preferences trade-offs between competence and honesty. We measure the competence and honesty of candidates by asking them to work on a real effort task and decide whether to report truthfully or not the value of their work. In the first stage, the earnings are the result of the competence and honesty of one randomly selected participant. In the second stage, subjects can select who will determine their earnings based on the fi rst stage's competence and honesty of the alternative candidates. We find that most voters tend to have a bias towards caring about honesty even when this results in lower payoffs.

We set up an experiment to measure voter preferences trade-offs between competence and honesty. We measure the competence and honesty of candidates by asking them to work on a real effort task and decide whether to report truthfully or not the value of their work. In the first stage, the earnings are the result of the competence and honesty of one randomly selected participant. In the second stage, subjects can select who will determine their earnings based on the fi rst stage's competence and honesty of the alternative candidates. We find that most voters tend to have a bias towards caring about honesty even when this results in lower payoffs.

We set up an experiment to measure voter preferences trade-offs between competence and honesty. We measure the competence and honesty of candidates by asking them to work on a real effort task and decide whether to report truthfully or not the value of their work. In the first stage, the earnings are the result of the competence and honesty of one randomly selected participant. In the second stage, subjects can select who will determine their earnings based on the fi rst stage's competence and honesty of the alternative candidates. We find that most voters tend to have a bias towards caring about honesty even when this results in lower payoffs.

We set up an experiment to measure voter preferences trade-offs between competence and honesty. We measure the competence and honesty of candidates by asking them to work on a real effort task and decide whether to report truthfully or not the value of their work. In the first stage, the earnings are the result of the competence and honesty of one randomly selected participant. In the second stage, subjects can select who will determine their earnings based on the fi rst stage's competence and honesty of the alternative candidates. We find that most voters tend to have a bias towards caring about honesty even when this results in lower payoffs.

The Tweed Family Papers consists primarily of correspondence between Mrs. Richard Tweed and her children, relatives, and friends. Diaries, essays and poetry written by family members, newspaper clippings (photocopies), and financial and legal material are also included, as are a handful of photographs. All related primarily to the life of Mrs. Richard Tweed and her descendants. ; Mrs. Richard Tweed, upon whom the majority of the materials focus, was the sister-in-law of William Marcy ("Boss") Tweed, who controlled the Democratic political machine at New York City's Tammany Hall during the mid-19th century. He and his associates misappropriated public funds on a large scale, leading to his arrest and imprisonment in 1871. ; The Tweed Family Papers are organized by the following categories: Correspondence, Newspapers, Literary Production, Photographs, Financial Material, Printed Material, Scrapbook Material, Legal Material, and Artifacts. ; Tweed Family Papers, 1836-1932 and undated, Southwest Collection/Special Collections Library, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas ; Box 1, File 14

This paper explores the determinants of governmental corruption exploiting a unique dataset generated by "Operation Pretense", an FBI investigation of county purchasing activities that ultimately led to the conviction of 55 of Mississippi's 410 county supervisors, one county road foreman, two state highway commissioners and 13 vendors on bribery, extortion and other felony charges. Evidence is reported that corruption occurs more frequently in rural counties where voter-taxpayers have fewer years of schooling. Corruption is also more likely in counties where supervisors are paid more, ceteris paribus, casting doubt on the proposition that efficiency wages purchase honest public officials.

In this chapter, we examine the Protestant roots of four Finnish values: egalitarianism, work-related (or Protestant ethic) values, education-related values (Bildung in German, sivistys in Finnish), and honesty. We distinguish three levels: cultural, individual, and behavioural. In terms of these three levels, equality seems to be part of the cultural (behavioural) programming of the Finns as a nation, even though it does not figure prominently in the social representation of national identity or rank high in individual value hierarchies. Work-related values seem to be quite central to Finnish national identity, as well as empirically linked to honesty, also a central Finnish value. Education as a value seems to be more on a cultural level, and thus unites a more general Protestant approach, rather than being more specifically Finnish. Honesty is a value for which all three levels – national, individual, and behavioural – are in an agreement in Finland. This chapter advances evidence of a social psychological mechanism through which egalitarianism, Protestant work ethic, and education values jointly produce honesty and other ingredients of a functioning democracy. However, it should be noted that those associations are statistical and not deterministic or straightforward. The Finnish (and Nordic) honesty norm could be seen as a result of a joint influence of several values, not just attributable to the impact of one or two values. ; Peer reviewed

The first of its kind Global Experiment on Honesty conducted by Researchers from US and Switzerland at a global scale across 355 cities in 40 countries revealed that altruism and desire not to be perceived as a Thief are more powerful than the lure of easy money. This is just opposite to conventional thinking about human response to Temptation and Financial Incentives on its head. This is corroborated by the findings of this experiment.Prof. Alain Cohn from the University of Michigan and his counterparts from Switzerland dropped off 17000 wallets at various public locations like banks, post offices, museums, movie theatre, grocery stores, and offices. Each wallet had in it a shopping list, a key, three business cards, and an e-mail address. While some wallets were empty, others had equivalent of US $13.45. Results showed that while 40 per cent tried to return empty wallets, 51 per cent contacted the owners of wallets containing cash.After conducting the experiment, researchers asked nearly 300 professional Economists to predict the outcome of their study. What baffled them was that only 29 per cent of them were accurate. This only indicates that even Experts tend to have cynical intuition about other people's motivations, often exaggerating the role of financial incentives and underestimating the role of psychological forces. In addition, there are several other factors like educational levels, political systems, and cultural values that also play key role in Altruistic Honesty. People in countries that are more democratic tend to be more honest. More interesting findings are shown in the Graphic table.