Suchergebnisse

This thesis has investigated the role of the British decolonization policy in Somaliland. The major aim was to identify the process and analyse the formation of the Somali political institutions from 1950 to 1960. The research was carried on a twofold perspective: on the one side, a microscopic-local level explored the relations between the British Administration in Somaliland, its clerks and officials, the Somali people and its representatives, mainly traditional/religious authorities and political leaders. On the other side, a macroscopic perspective was detect while considering the external forces which have influenced this process. The dissertation examined also the British attitude towards the Italian administration of Somalia, the awkward Ethiopian neighborhood, as well as the diplomatic and international interests of geopolitics in the Horn of Africa.

This article rebuts conventional claims that AIDS in Africa is a microbial problem to be controlled through sexual abstinence, behavior modification, condoms, and drugs. The orthodox view mistakenly attributes to sexual activities the common symptoms that define an AIDS case in Africa - diarrhea, high fever, weight loss and dry cough. What has really made Africans increasingly sick over the past 25 years are deteriorating political economies, not people's sexual behavior. The establishment view on AIDS turned poverty into a medical issue and made everyday life an obsession about safe sex. While the vast, selfperpetuating AIDS industry invented such aggressive phrases as "the war on AIDS" and "fighting stigma," it viciously denounced any physician, scientist, journalist or citizen who exposed the inconsistencies, contradictions and errors in their campaigns. Thus, fighting AIDS in Africa degenerated into an intolerant religious crusade. Poverty and social inequality are the most potent co-factors for an AIDS diagnosis. In South Africa, racial inequalities rooted in apartheid mandated rigid segregation of health facilities and disproportionate spending on the health of whites, compared to blacks. Apartheid policies ignored the diseases that primarily afflicted Africans - malaria, tuberculosis, respiratory infections and protein anemia. Even after the end of apartheid, the absence of basic sanitation and clean water supplies still affects many Africans in the former homelands and townships. The article argues that the billions of dollars squandered on fighting AIDS should be diverted to poverty relief, job creation, the provision of better sanitation, better drinking water, and financial help for drought-stricken farmers. The cure for AIDS in Africa is as near at hand as an alternative explanation for what is making Africans sick in the first place.

Secondo il Report IFAD sulla povertà rurale, nel 2008, circa due terzi della popolazione africana viveva nelle aree rurali ed era in qualche modo coinvolta in attività agricole commerciali o di sussistenza (IFAD, 2011). L'agricoltura rappresenta il più importante settore economico per la popolazione africana e le donne risultano cruciali per la produzione agricola: rappresentano infatti il 62,8 per cento della forza lavoro (FAO, 2014). Dopo la crisi alimentare del 2007-2008 si è andato intensificando il fenomeno delle acquisizione di terre su larga scala in paesi del Sud del mondo, in particolare nel continente africano, da parte di multinazionali, governi, aziende nazionali e singoli soggetti privati. Questo processo è stato denominato anche land grabbing dalle principali organizzazioni internazionali e della società civile e ha avuto grande impatto mediatico a livello internazionale. L'intensificarsi del fenomeno ha portato a una progressiva perdita di controllo e accesso ad ampie porzioni di territorio da parte delle comunità locali, che non possono più disporre delle risorse naturali collegate alla terra. La cessione di ampi terreni avviene in molti casi senza trasparenza informativa, con violazione dei diritti umani e senza il consenso delle comunità che vi abitano e che coltivano tali aree, e a cui viene imposto un cambio radicale di vita. La terra è una risorsa centrale per l'identità, il sostentamento e la sicurezza alimentare di una comunità, dunque le conseguenze sono molteplici a livello sociale, culturale, economico e politico. Gli impatti sulle relazioni di genere e in particolare sulle donne delle comunità rurali risultano essere cruciali nel discorso sullo sviluppo. L'obiettivo di questo lavoro è indagare come le relazioni di genere, a seguito delle trasformazioni nella gestione della terra, si modificano amplificando squilibri già esistenti e creando conseguenze sulle logiche di potere delle comunità rurali e sulle vite delle persone che ne fanno parte. ; According to the IFAD Rural Poverty Report, in 2008 about two thirds of the African population lived in rural areas and were involved in agricultural activities in some form, either for commercial purposes or subsistence (IFAD, 2011). Agriculture is the most important economic sector for the African population and women are crucial within its production, representing 62,8 % of the workforce (FAO, 2014). After the food crisis of 2007-2008, the phenomenon of large-scale land acquisitions in developing countries by national and transnational companies, governments and individuals has been intensifying, particularly seen in Africa. This process, also referred to as land grabbing by the main international organisations and civil society has had a strong media impact at an international level. The intensification of the phenomenon has led to local communities progressively losing control and access to large pieces of land, no longer able to use the natural resources derived from it. As land is fundamental for the identity, the sustenance and the alimentary safety of a community, land grabbing therefore has had a variety of consequences at a social, cultural, economic and political level. The transfer of control often takes place without informative transparency or agreement from the local communities living and working in these areas, who are forced into a radical change of life, often accompanied by human rights violations. The impacts on gender relations are crucial to this narrative, in particular how women from rural communities are affected. The aim of this work is to investigate how these gender relations are changed as a consequence of the shifts in the management of land, where existing imbalances are amplified, with a strong impact on the distribution of power in rural communities and the lives of the people who belong to them.

Sanctuaries and the Power of Consumption: a Preface -- Initializing the Debate: the Call for Papers -- Assembling the Responses: an Overview of the Contributions -- List of Editors and Contributors -- THINGS IN MOTION AND WESTERN MEDITERRANEANIZATION -- Martin Mauersberg: Obsolete Perceptions? Frameworks of Intercultural Exchange in Ancient Narrative -- Veronika Sossau: The Cultic Fingerprint of the Phoenicians in the Early Iron Age West? -- Eleftheria Pappa: Oriental Gods but Domestic Elites? Religious Symbolism and Economic Functions of Phoenician-Period Cult Loci in South Iberia -- Petra Amann: Gaben unter Eliten. Zu den etruskischen mulu/muluvanice-Inschriften -- Marion Steger: La Tomba dei Guerrieri a Montagna di Marzo alla luce della diffusione delle 'iscrizioni parlanti' in Sicilia dall'età arcaica alla prima metà del V sec. a.C. -- Christian Russenberger: Bildproduktion und gesellschaftliche Entwicklung der indigenen Kulturen West- und Zentralsiziliens in archaischer Zeit -- Holger Baitinger: In weiter Ferne, so nah! Einheimisches und Fremdes im Spiegel der Metallfunde von Selinunt -- Stefano Vassallo: Oggetti in movimento in età arcaica e classica ad Himera, porto sicuro per uomini, merci, idee -- Yvonne Gönster: The Silphion Plant in Cyrenaica: An Indicator for Intercultural Relationships? -- COASTAL AND INLAND SANCTUARIES AS CENTERS OF A WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN ELITE NETWORK -- Marco Fabbri: A Seat of Power in Latium Vetus: The Archaic Building Complex on the Arx of Gabii -- Lucio Fiorini: The Sacred Area of Gravisca: Ethnic and Religious Interactions in Comparison -- Maria Paola Baglione -- Barbara Belelli Marchesini -- Claudia Carlucci -- Maria Donatella Gentili -- Laura Maria Michetti: Pyrgi: A Sanctuary in the Middle of the Mediterranean SeaSilvia Martina Bertesago -- Valentina Garaffa: Manifestazioni del sacro di età arcaica nella mesogaia della costa ionica. I depositi votivi di "Grotte delle Fontanelle" a Garaguso; Alessandro Corretti -- Franco Cambi -- Laura Pagliantini: 'The Finest Harbour': The Argonauts (and the Others) on the Island of Elba; Maria Cecilia Parra: Il santuario del Capo Cocinto: "nuovo" osservatorio occidentale di presenze multiculturali -- Francesca Spatafora: Santuari e luoghi sacri in un'area di frontiera: la valle del Belice tra elimi, sicani, punici e greciMonica de Cesare: Aspetti del sacro a Segesta tra l'età arcaica e la prima età classica; Clemente Marconi -- Valeria Tardo -- Caterina Trombi: The Archaic Pottery from the Institute of Fine Arts Excavations in the Main Urban Sanctuary on the Akropolis of Selinunte; Johannes Bergemann: Drehscheiben der Kulturen? Ländliche Heiligtümer in Sizilien: Gela und Agrigent im Vergleich ; SANCTUARIES AND THE FORMATION OF ELITES: POWER OF CONSUMPTION -- CONSUMPTION OF POWER ...

Historically the Mediterranean has been crossed by civilizations, peoples and goods which interacted, not always peacefully, respecting pluralism and mutual acknowledgment. The colonial expansion was a rupture which introduced the European hegemony all over the basin denying the "other". France and Italy were the most relevant beneficiaries. Italian colonialism started in the Red Sea and founded the Empire in the Horn but landed in the Northern Africa with Libya's conquest in 1911-12. Not even decolonization, with the access to independence of the colonial possessions after the Second World War, entirely filled the gap between North and South opened by colonialism as such because of the asymmetry at the level of power and the economic and commercial dependence. Italy pursued its international alliances in a perspective focussed on the Atlantic Ocean. Despite the Cold War strains Rome tried to save a good neighbouring with the Arab states. Europe has its border -- as a place where the diverse actors meet -- in the Mediterranean. However, the united Europe failed in all the attempts to bring about a real cooperation with the South shore. The Euro-Mediterranean partnership setup in 1995 did not survive the evaluation Conference ten years later. Is the cooperation season over? Italy too has been involved in the coalition that waged a war to accelerate the collapse of Qadhafi's regime under attack from an internal upsurge covering the will of France to reaffirm a post-colonial influence after the liberty wave (Arab Spring) that is going to change the profile of North Africa. Adapted from the source document.