Suchergebnisse

Mediation is proving to be an effective way to manage conflicts in aconstructive way. But mediation not only helps to solve specific problems, because its potential encompasses aspects of greater complexity. Thus, mediation helps us to know ourselves better, to better understand others, and to use what we have learned to better manage future conflict situations. In asociety where there is no culture of agreement and where there is no education in the field of emotions, mediation becomes an adequate and effective tool to resolve conflicts in apeaceful and constructive manner. On the other hand, mediation allows the parties to take responsibility for the resolution of their own conflict, to be active agents in the process. The greater the citizens' participation in the different decision making processes, the more democratic asociety will be. That is why, in the restoration of social peace, citizenship should play arole as an active agent, and mediation is asuitable instrument for this purpose because the individuals in conflict find the way to solve it without third party impositions. ; Mediation is proving to be an effective way to manage conflicts in aconstructive way. But mediation not only helps to solve specific problems, because its potential encompasses aspects of greater complexity. Thus, mediation helps us to know ourselves better, to better understand others, and to use what we have learned to better manage future conflict situations. In asociety where there is no culture of agreement and where there is no education in the field of emotions, mediation becomes an adequate and effective tool to resolve conflicts in apeaceful and constructive manner. On the other hand, mediation allows the parties to take responsibility for the resolution of their own conflict, to be active agents in the process. The greater the citizens' participation in the different decision making processes, the more democratic asociety will be. That is why, in the restoration of social peace, citizenship should play arole as an active agent, and mediation is asuitable instrument for this purpose because the individuals in conflict find the way to solve it without third party impositions.

The article poses a question about the current meaning of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The starting point is the analysis of the legitimacy of the Declaration, which leads to the conclusion that the support for it has not been eroded by the passage of time, but has indeed gained strength. The Declaration's message on the universality of human rights is taken from the perspective of the controversy surrounding this principle during the drafting process and in the light of the subsequent debates related to the Second World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna in 1993. The Declaration and Programme of Action not only stressed that the universal nature of human rights is beyond question, but also pointed to the importance of national and regional specificities, and various historical, cultural and religious conditions that, however, do not relieve states, regardless of their political, economic and cultural systems, of the obligation to promote and protect all human rights. The InterAction Council's initiative to develop a Universal Declaration of Human Responsibility is presented as an attempt to reconcile different doctrinal and political positions with regard to the universality of human rights. The conclusion of these considerations is the expectation that the already visible tendency to absorb various philosophical, doctrinal and cultural traditions in order to enrich human rights justifications will prevail over attempts to question the universality of rights in the name of regional or other distinctions. The Universal Declaration was also a testimony to the holistic approach to human rights, encompassing economic, social, cultural, as well as personal and political rights. The subsequent winding road in attitudes to the two main categories of rights at the international arena ultimately led to the return of the spirit and letter of the Declaration and the recognition of equality of all rights in the legal and institutional-procedural dimensions. Various aspects of the Declaration's binding force ...

War and peace have perpetually alternated in history. Consequently, peace has always been seen as an endless project, even a dream, to be in brotherhood realized by all members of international community. Since the XVII century the elimination of war and armed conflict has been a political and humanitarian objective of all nations in the world. Both the League of Nations and the United Nations were conceived with the spirit of eliminating the risk of war through the promotion of peace, cooperation and solidarity among Nations. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the subsequent human rights instruments were drafted with a sincere aspiration of promoting the value of peace and human rights worldwide. International practice shows the close linkage between the disregard of human rights and the existence of war and armed conflict. It follows that the role of human rights in the prevention of war and armed conflict is very important. Since 2008 the Human Rights Council has been working on the "Promotion of the right of peoples to peace." Pursuant resolutions 20/15 and 23/16 and 27/17 the Council decided firstly to establish, and secondly and thirdly to extend the mandate of the open-ended working group (OEWG) aimed at progressively negotiating a draft United Nations declaration on the right to peace. The OEGW welcomed in its second session (July 2014) the approach of the Chairperson- Rapporteur, which is basically based on the relationship between the right to life and human rights, peace and development. Consequently, this approach could be developed during the third session of the Working Group (April 2015). At its 8th meeting, on 24 April 2015, the Group adopted the draft report on its third session ad referendum and decided to entrust the Chairperson- Rapporteur with its finalization. ; Wojna i pokój stale zmieniały bieg historii. W konsekwencji, pokój postrzegany był jako marzenie, niedokończony projekt, możliwy do osiągnięcia jedynie dzięki braterstwu wszystkich członków społecznoœci międzynarodowej. Od XVII wieku eliminacja wojny i konfliktów zbrojnych była politycznym i humanitarnym celem wszystkich narodów. Zarówno Liga Narodów, jaki Organizacja Narodów Zjednoczonych powołane zostały w dążeniu do wyeliminowania ryzyka konfliktów przez promocję pokoju, współpracy i solidarnoœci między narodami. Powszechna Deklaracja Praw Człowieka i kolejne międzynarodowe akty prawne gwarantujące ochronę praw człowieka, przyjęte zostały jako wyraz dążenia do promowania wartoœci podstawowych, za jakie uznano pokój i prawa człowieka. Praktyka międzynarodowa pokazuje zależność między naruszaniem praw człowieka a pojawianiem się wojen i konfliktów zbrojnych. Jasnym jest więc, że w zapobieganiu konfliktom zbrojnym istotne znaczenie ma ciągłe podkreślanie wagi praw człowieka. Od 2008 r. Rada Praw Człowieka ONZ podejmuje prace nad promocją prawa człowieka do pokoju. W myœl rezolucji 20/15, 23/16 i 27/17 Rada zdecydowała o ustanowieniu, a następnie o rozszerzeniu mandatu grupy roboczej (tzw. OEWG), której aktywność skierowana jest na opracowanie projektu deklaracji w prawie prawa do pokoju. Podczas drugiej sesji w lipcu 2014 r. eksperci zaakceptowali propozycję Przewodniczącego, wskazującą na związek między prawem do życia, prawami człowieka, pokojem i rozwojem. To podejœcie zostało rozwinięte podczas trzeciej sesji grupy roboczej w kwietniu 2015 r.

Civil-law non-employment contracts are abused when employing Polish citizens and foreigners. Contrary to Poles, non-Polish citizens are exposed to linguistic difficulties (the law does not specify a standard of a translation of their contracts), and an application for Polish short-term simplified immigration employment system (a declaration on entrusting work to a foreigner in the territory of the Republic of Poland) does not contain information about differences between civil law and employment contracts. Based on a synthetic theoretical-conceptual analysis the author claims that Polish law exposes foreigners to a higher risk of discrimination. The article aims to prove that mismatch between excessively long court proceedings and short validity of residence permits, as well as linking validity of a visa with employment in a specific employer deprive foreigners from a possibility to effectively personally participate in court proceeding in their employment case. Previous analysis related to seasonal works performed by foreigners had not focused on the nature of the contracts. This article is, therefore, innovative research. It verifies if Polish law discourages employers from abusing civil contracts with such foreigners, if it is in line with the ILO Recommendation No. 198, and if it meets Polish constitutional standard regarding legal clarity. The innovativeness of the research theme can also be derived from the fact that although declarations are the most popular foreigner's employment scheme in Poland and in the European Union, previous research have not focused on human rights of beneficiaries of the declaration scheme. ; Niepracownicze stosunki zatrudnienia cywilnoprawnego są nadużywane podczas zatrudniania obywateli polskich i cudzoziemców. W przeciwieństwie do Polaków obywatele państw pozaunijnych eksponowani są na trudności językowe (prawo nie określa standardu tłumaczenia ich umów), a wniosek o zezwolenie na pobyt w ramach polskiego krótkoterminowego uproszczonego systemu zatrudnienia cudzoziemców ...

The terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001 by the terrorist organization Al-Qaeda on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, initiated a series of changes in U.S. security policy. The amount of power the executive government, special services and police had was greatly extended in the name of the war on terror. A country that used to be characterized by openness, commitment to freedom and civil liberties, has become a country that spies on its own citizens. It has turned out that "the police of the world" do not comply with international law themselves and use torture against people suspected of terrorist activities. ; The terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001 by the terrorist organization Al-Qaeda on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, initiated a series of changes in U.S. security policy. The amount of power the executive government, special services and police had was greatly extended in the name of the war on terror. A country that used to be characterized by openness, commitment to freedom and civil liberties, has become a country that spies on its own citizens. It has turned out that "the police of the world" do not comply with international law themselves and use torture against people suspected of terrorist activities.

Zamachy terrorystyczne przeprowadzone 11 września 2001 r. przez organizację Al-Kaida na World Trade Center i Pentagon, zapoczątkowały szereg zmian w polityce bezpieczeństwa USA. Poszerzono uprawnienia władzy wykonawczej, służb specjalnych i policji w zakresie wojny z terroryzmem. Z państwa charakteryzującego się otwartością, przywiązaniem do wolności i swobód obywatelskich, Stany Zjednoczone Ameryki przekształciły się w kraj inwigilujący własnych obywateli. Jak się okazało "policjant świata" sam nie przestrzegał prawa międzynarodowego i stosował tortury wobec osób podejrzanych o prowadzenie działalności terrorystycznej. ; The terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001 by the terrorist organization Al-Qaeda on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, initiated a series of changes in U.S. security policy. The amount of power the executive government, special services and police had was greatly extended in the name of the war on terror. A country that used to be characterized by openness, commitment to freedom and civil liberties, has become a country that spies on its own citizens. It has turned out that "the police of the world" do not comply with international law themselves and use torture against people suspected of terrorist activities.

Zsfassung in dt. Sprache

Globally, it is worth stressing that international law, European law and national laws must fulfill the same standards, considering the human rights laws. Since the end of the Second World War, the sphere of international human rights law, including the set of rights of human beings, increased tremendously. In the sphere of human rights, the set of refugees' rights is one of the most important. On the other hand, the sphere of human rights since September 11 had to face the problems of security on a global scale. Today, security impacts the governments, international organizations, NGOs as well as human beings. Let us say that security influences both local and global policy. From this point of view, the article analyzes an important question: Is the human rights system able to function properly with the growing lack of security both in international and regional relations? Can the European Union and its Member States afford total acceptance of international refugee rights regulations referring to African natives? The article refers to the facts from the last few years which totally changed the attitude to human rights laws. It seems that today international organizations such as the United Nations and its specialized agencies should again work on the system of human rights referring to refugees, including legal aspects of counterterrorism. The author also takes into account the necessity of cooperation between the governments in a wider scale, including mutual cooperation and legal activity. ; W opracowaniu analizie został poddany status obywatela Unii Europejskiej z punktu widzenia jego praw podmiotowych w kontekście praw uchodźców wynikających z regulacji międzynarodowych. Zasadniczym celem było określenie granicy pomiędzy prawami obywatela UE a prawami uchodźców. Opisano także wpływ Arabskiej Wiosny Ludów na problem migracji oraz związane z tym zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego państw członkowskich UE. Zasygnalizowano problemy, które pojawiają się w związku z destabilizacją sytuacji na arenie międzynarodowej w rejonie Afryki Północnej i Środkowego Wschodu, rozwojem skrajnych ruchów islamistycznych oraz efektywnym zetknięciem się warstwy jurydycznej norm ochrony praw człowieka i bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego.