This article examines the concept of environmental security and assesses its role in international, regional and national security studies. Environmental security explores relationships between different environmental issues, their effects and various security problems. Five main academic schools of environmental security are identified and examined in the article, focusing on their features and findings, methodology and critical assessment: 1. Resource scarcity school; 2. Resource abundance school; 3. Climate change school; 4. Human security school; 5. Natural disasters school. Adapted from the source document.
Christian social security is a wide theme based on human morality which has got lots of evaluations and interpretations. The initial source for analysing this issue is the Holy Scripture, the rest of it is solely the interpretations and comments of different researchers. The latter are also of great importance as they testify the practical application of both Christ's teaching and Christian morality in human life. Many philosophers, theologians, social workers and politicians at all times have based their Christian positions and comments on Holy Scripture, that is why the Christian social approach is so complicated to reveal. The present article refers to the thesis "Christian Social Teaching" by Joseph Hoffner and the attitude of Antanas Maceina to the social problems of mankind and their solution in the Christian manner. The article goes through the basic principles of social teaching, the evaluation of work for society and the enhancement of individual human relations with society. The reasoning of Antanas Maceina states the view of solving the problems of the mankind due to the evolutions and reforms starting inside the human sole and afterwards implementing into the state political system.
Christian social security is a wide theme based on human morality which has got lots of evaluations and interpretations. The initial source for analysing this issue is the Holy Scripture, the rest of it is solely the interpretations and comments of different researchers. The latter are also of great importance as they testify the practical application of both Christ's teaching and Christian morality in human life. Many philosophers, theologians, social workers and politicians at all times have based their Christian positions and comments on Holy Scripture, that is why the Christian social approach is so complicated to reveal. The present article refers to the thesis "Christian Social Teaching" by Joseph Hoffner and the attitude of Antanas Maceina to the social problems of mankind and their solution in the Christian manner. The article goes through the basic principles of social teaching, the evaluation of work for society and the enhancement of individual human relations with society. The reasoning of Antanas Maceina states the view of solving the problems of the mankind due to the evolutions and reforms starting inside the human sole and afterwards implementing into the state political system.
This article analyses subjective security and deals with the subjective perception of geopolitical and military threats, mainly social attitudes towards national security and the willingness to defend the country. Article is based on theories of securitisation and human security and holds that individuals are the primary referents of security. Empirically, the article relies on the original data of the research project "Subjective Security in a Volatile Geopolitical Context: Traits, Factors and Individual Strategies", funded by the Research Council of Lithuania. Article shows the dynamics of social attitudes towards security. Over the last 15 years, a clear shift towards the understanding of potential military threats has occurred. Nevertheless, the predominant concern about individual security, overshadowing security of the state and security of the global order, found in previous studies, has persisted. An individual, as a rule, feels most secure in his/her "closest" environment, e.g. family and friends, and least secure in the "farthest" environment, e.g. other continents.
This article analyses subjective security and deals with the subjective perception of geopolitical and military threats, mainly social attitudes towards national security and the willingness to defend the country. Article is based on theories of securitisation and human security and holds that individuals are the primary referents of security. Empirically, the article relies on the original data of the research project "Subjective Security in a Volatile Geopolitical Context: Traits, Factors and Individual Strategies", funded by the Research Council of Lithuania. Article shows the dynamics of social attitudes towards security. Over the last 15 years, a clear shift towards the understanding of potential military threats has occurred. Nevertheless, the predominant concern about individual security, overshadowing security of the state and security of the global order, found in previous studies, has persisted. An individual, as a rule, feels most secure in his/her "closest" environment, e.g. family and friends, and least secure in the "farthest" environment, e.g. other continents.
This article analyses subjective security and deals with the subjective perception of geopolitical and military threats, mainly social attitudes towards national security and the willingness to defend the country. Article is based on theories of securitisation and human security and holds that individuals are the primary referents of security. Empirically, the article relies on the original data of the research project "Subjective Security in a Volatile Geopolitical Context: Traits, Factors and Individual Strategies", funded by the Research Council of Lithuania. Article shows the dynamics of social attitudes towards security. Over the last 15 years, a clear shift towards the understanding of potential military threats has occurred. Nevertheless, the predominant concern about individual security, overshadowing security of the state and security of the global order, found in previous studies, has persisted. An individual, as a rule, feels most secure in his/her "closest" environment, e.g. family and friends, and least secure in the "farthest" environment, e.g. other continents.
This article analyses subjective security and deals with the subjective perception of geopolitical and military threats, mainly social attitudes towards national security and the willingness to defend the country. Article is based on theories of securitisation and human security and holds that individuals are the primary referents of security. Empirically, the article relies on the original data of the research project "Subjective Security in a Volatile Geopolitical Context: Traits, Factors and Individual Strategies", funded by the Research Council of Lithuania. Article shows the dynamics of social attitudes towards security. Over the last 15 years, a clear shift towards the understanding of potential military threats has occurred. Nevertheless, the predominant concern about individual security, overshadowing security of the state and security of the global order, found in previous studies, has persisted. An individual, as a rule, feels most secure in his/her "closest" environment, e.g. family and friends, and least secure in the "farthest" environment, e.g. other continents.
This article analyses subjective security and deals with the subjective perception of geopolitical and military threats, mainly social attitudes towards national security and the willingness to defend the country. Article is based on theories of securitisation and human security and holds that individuals are the primary referents of security. Empirically, the article relies on the original data of the research project "Subjective Security in a Volatile Geopolitical Context: Traits, Factors and Individual Strategies", funded by the Research Council of Lithuania. Article shows the dynamics of social attitudes towards security. Over the last 15 years, a clear shift towards the understanding of potential military threats has occurred. Nevertheless, the predominant concern about individual security, overshadowing security of the state and security of the global order, found in previous studies, has persisted. An individual, as a rule, feels most secure in his/her "closest" environment, e.g. family and friends, and least secure in the "farthest" environment, e.g. other continents.
This article analyses subjective security and deals with the subjective perception of geopolitical and military threats, mainly social attitudes towards national security and the willingness to defend the country. Article is based on theories of securitisation and human security and holds that individuals are the primary referents of security. Empirically, the article relies on the original data of the research project "Subjective Security in a Volatile Geopolitical Context: Traits, Factors and Individual Strategies", funded by the Research Council of Lithuania. Article shows the dynamics of social attitudes towards security. Over the last 15 years, a clear shift towards the understanding of potential military threats has occurred. Nevertheless, the predominant concern about individual security, overshadowing security of the state and security of the global order, found in previous studies, has persisted. An individual, as a rule, feels most secure in his/her "closest" environment, e.g. family and friends, and least secure in the "farthest" environment, e.g. other continents.
As a result, various climate change effects (3 school) often amplify mechanisms, which lead to insecurity and violence, such as political instability, weak governance structures, poor economic performance, etc. This is especially relevant for those regions where several "conflict constellations" (water and food shortage, regular natural disasters, rapid demographic change, etc.) are overlapping. Environmental change also has a certain impact to international security in terms of possible increase in the number of weak and fragile states, risks for global economic development, intensification of migration, territorial disputes, etc. Generally, environmental security research (apart from the 1 and 2 schools) is based on a broad approach to security, which is not limited to military conflicts and include various elements of sustainable development and economic welfare. On the one hand, it is understandable, as interdisciplinary character of environmental security requires complex approach to security. On the other hand, research based on the concept of human security (4 school) often equates security with economic and social well-being, thus blurring the line between security and development studies. It also undermines the assessment of the impact environmental issues can have to traditional security problems (conflicts, regime change, political instability, etc.). Finally, securization of various social problems (AIDS, migration, poverty, gender inequality, etc.) might be used for political purposes by legitimizing the use of military force or restricting human rights. Various natural disasters (5 school) have a substantial destructive power, which not only causes substantial damage (humanitarian crises, destroyed infrastructure, etc.), but also has complex socioeconomic and political effects, which affect political regimes, critical economic sectors, social stability, etc. .
As a result, various climate change effects (3 school) often amplify mechanisms, which lead to insecurity and violence, such as political instability, weak governance structures, poor economic performance, etc. This is especially relevant for those regions where several "conflict constellations" (water and food shortage, regular natural disasters, rapid demographic change, etc.) are overlapping. Environmental change also has a certain impact to international security in terms of possible increase in the number of weak and fragile states, risks for global economic development, intensification of migration, territorial disputes, etc. Generally, environmental security research (apart from the 1 and 2 schools) is based on a broad approach to security, which is not limited to military conflicts and include various elements of sustainable development and economic welfare. On the one hand, it is understandable, as interdisciplinary character of environmental security requires complex approach to security. On the other hand, research based on the concept of human security (4 school) often equates security with economic and social well-being, thus blurring the line between security and development studies. It also undermines the assessment of the impact environmental issues can have to traditional security problems (conflicts, regime change, political instability, etc.). Finally, securization of various social problems (AIDS, migration, poverty, gender inequality, etc.) might be used for political purposes by legitimizing the use of military force or restricting human rights. Various natural disasters (5 school) have a substantial destructive power, which not only causes substantial damage (humanitarian crises, destroyed infrastructure, etc.), but also has complex socioeconomic and political effects, which affect political regimes, critical economic sectors, social stability, etc. .
As a result, various climate change effects (3 school) often amplify mechanisms, which lead to insecurity and violence, such as political instability, weak governance structures, poor economic performance, etc. This is especially relevant for those regions where several "conflict constellations" (water and food shortage, regular natural disasters, rapid demographic change, etc.) are overlapping. Environmental change also has a certain impact to international security in terms of possible increase in the number of weak and fragile states, risks for global economic development, intensification of migration, territorial disputes, etc. Generally, environmental security research (apart from the 1 and 2 schools) is based on a broad approach to security, which is not limited to military conflicts and include various elements of sustainable development and economic welfare. On the one hand, it is understandable, as interdisciplinary character of environmental security requires complex approach to security. On the other hand, research based on the concept of human security (4 school) often equates security with economic and social well-being, thus blurring the line between security and development studies. It also undermines the assessment of the impact environmental issues can have to traditional security problems (conflicts, regime change, political instability, etc.). Finally, securization of various social problems (AIDS, migration, poverty, gender inequality, etc.) might be used for political purposes by legitimizing the use of military force or restricting human rights. Various natural disasters (5 school) have a substantial destructive power, which not only causes substantial damage (humanitarian crises, destroyed infrastructure, etc.), but also has complex socioeconomic and political effects, which affect political regimes, critical economic sectors, social stability, etc. .
As a result, various climate change effects (3 school) often amplify mechanisms, which lead to insecurity and violence, such as political instability, weak governance structures, poor economic performance, etc. This is especially relevant for those regions where several "conflict constellations" (water and food shortage, regular natural disasters, rapid demographic change, etc.) are overlapping. Environmental change also has a certain impact to international security in terms of possible increase in the number of weak and fragile states, risks for global economic development, intensification of migration, territorial disputes, etc. Generally, environmental security research (apart from the 1 and 2 schools) is based on a broad approach to security, which is not limited to military conflicts and include various elements of sustainable development and economic welfare. On the one hand, it is understandable, as interdisciplinary character of environmental security requires complex approach to security. On the other hand, research based on the concept of human security (4 school) often equates security with economic and social well-being, thus blurring the line between security and development studies. It also undermines the assessment of the impact environmental issues can have to traditional security problems (conflicts, regime change, political instability, etc.). Finally, securization of various social problems (AIDS, migration, poverty, gender inequality, etc.) might be used for political purposes by legitimizing the use of military force or restricting human rights. Various natural disasters (5 school) have a substantial destructive power, which not only causes substantial damage (humanitarian crises, destroyed infrastructure, etc.), but also has complex socioeconomic and political effects, which affect political regimes, critical economic sectors, social stability, etc. .
SUMMARY The aim of this work is to exam international social security standards and their implementation in Lithuania social security system. The work is divided into two parts. The first part "International social security standards" is defined. The place of international treaties in Lithuanian legal system is analyzed as international social security standards are basically established in these documents. Further based on the geographical criterion social right and social security standards established in the universal, European and European Union levels are analyzed. The chapter "Social rights and social standards established in the universal human rights documents" the provisions of Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights are examined together with the conventions of the International Labour Organization. In the chapter "Social rights and social protection standards established in the European human rights documents" there are examined the provisions of European Social Charter (revised) and the European Social Code. Taking into consideration the impact of European Union law on the Lithuanian legal system in the chapter "Social rights and social standards established in the European Union law" the provisions of European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights and Charter of Fundamental Social Rights of the Workers are analyzed. In the following part of the work social security standards established for the protection of such social risks as maternity, family circumstances and aging are consistently examined based on the analysis of the provisions on the Lithuanian social security is defined. In the chapter of the work analyzes the entitlement of elderly people to pension, social services and other social support also their right to housing and medical care. In the chapter based on the provisions of above mentioned international conventions and Convention of the Rights of the Child the system of support for the household incomes and non-cash benefits for children is analyzed. In the last part the issues of pregnancy, childbirth leave and parental guarantees are defined.
SUMMARY The aim of this work is to exam international social security standards and their implementation in Lithuania social security system. The work is divided into two parts. The first part "International social security standards" is defined. The place of international treaties in Lithuanian legal system is analyzed as international social security standards are basically established in these documents. Further based on the geographical criterion social right and social security standards established in the universal, European and European Union levels are analyzed. The chapter "Social rights and social standards established in the universal human rights documents" the provisions of Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights are examined together with the conventions of the International Labour Organization. In the chapter "Social rights and social protection standards established in the European human rights documents" there are examined the provisions of European Social Charter (revised) and the European Social Code. Taking into consideration the impact of European Union law on the Lithuanian legal system in the chapter "Social rights and social standards established in the European Union law" the provisions of European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights and Charter of Fundamental Social Rights of the Workers are analyzed. In the following part of the work social security standards established for the protection of such social risks as maternity, family circumstances and aging are consistently examined based on the analysis of the provisions on the Lithuanian social security is defined. In the chapter of the work analyzes the entitlement of elderly people to pension, social services and other social support also their right to housing and medical care. In the chapter based on the provisions of above mentioned international conventions and Convention of the Rights of the Child the system of support for the household incomes and non-cash benefits for children is analyzed. In the last part the issues of pregnancy, childbirth leave and parental guarantees are defined.
