Suchergebnisse

Ключевые слова: безопасность человека; добрые услуги; насильственный экстремизм; разоружение и нераспространение оружия; частные военные и охранные компании; Инициатива Нансена; Совет ООН по правам человека; смертная казнь; миграционные партнерства. = Keywords: human security; good offices; violent extremism; disarmament and non-proliferation; private military and security companies; Nansen Initiative; UN Human Rights Council; death penalty; migration partnerships. ; Статья посвящена реализации концепции безопасности человека во внешней политике и политике безопасности Швейцарии. В ней дается краткий обзор исследований этой концепции и ее отдельных аспектов. Оценивается международная обстановка после окончания холодной войны и прослеживается история разработки концепции, начиная от первого упоминания в Докладе ООН о человеческом развитии (1994 г.) до итоговой формулировки (2012 г.), содержащей право всех людей на свободу от страха, свободу от нужды и свободу жить в достойных условиях. Делается акцент на том, что Конфедерация включила эту концепцию в свою политику в начале 2000-х гг., когда стратегия безопасности через сотрудничество (с 1999 г.) окончательно сменила ее предыдущую концепцию всеобщей обороны (с 1973 г.). Дается информация о соответствующей национальной правовой базе, работе координационного органа (отдела по вопросам безопасности человека) и механизмах финансирования. Описывая четыре основных направления деятельности Швейцарии в этой сфере – политику мира, гуманитарную политику, политику в области прав человека и внешнюю политику в области миграции, автор обращает внимание на то, что в каждом из них Конфедерация поддерживает различные инициативы и выступает с собственными, а также стремится расширять и укреплять международный диалог и сотрудничество. ; The article deals with the implementation of the concept of human security in Switzerland's foreign and security policy. It provides a brief overview of the studies on this concept and its individual aspects. It assesses the international situation after the end of the Cold War and traces the development of this concept from its first mention in the UN Human Development Report (1994) to the final formula (2012) entitling all individuals to freedom from fear, freedom from want and freedom to live in dignity. The article emphasizes the fact that the Confederation incorporated this concept into its policy in the early 2000s, when the strategy of security through cooperation (since 1999) had completely replaced its previous concept of total defence (since 1973). It describes the relevant national legal framework, coordinating authority (Human Security Division) and credit facilities. While describing the four main areas of Switzerland's activities in this area, i.e., peace policy, humanitarian policy, human rights policy and foreign policy on migration, the author notes that in each of them the Confederation supports various initiatives and submits its own as well as seeks to increase and strengthen the international dialogue and cooperation.

В ситуации серьезной экономической нестабильности и политических потрясений, дефицита жизненно необходимых ресурсов на первый план выходят вопросы обеспечения безопасности человека. В статье раскрывается понятие безопасности как базовой жизнеобеспечивающей потребности человека, в частности затронуты актуальные вопросы роли органов государственной власти в обеспечении данной жизненной ценности. ; In a situation of serious economic instability and political upheaval, the shortage of vital resources, the upmost issues are the problems of ensuring human security. This article reveals the concept of security as a basic life-supporting human need, in particular, it adresses the current issues of the role of public authorities in ensuring this vital value.

In the article, the author focuses on topical issues related to the anthropological crisis of the information society during the pandemic, when the existing ideas about the state and the traditional family in society are questioned, which affects the social, economic, political, and spiritual priorities of sustainable development and transforms the security sphere. In a pandemic in a special way actualizarea Infosphere (media communication, mediaproduction, information and telecommunication technologies, the Internet), mental-ontological format and spiritual equipment of modern personality, which leads to toxic criticism of traditional family values, the distortion of axiological orientations of the person, initiating multidirectional destructive social interactions and structural transformation of the security sector. ; В статье автор акцентирует внимание на актуальных вопросах, связанных с антропологическим кризисом информационного общества в период пандемии, когда ставятся под сомнение существующие в социуме представления о государстве и традиционной семье, что влияет на социальные, экономические, политические, духовные приоритеты устойчивого развития и трансформирует сферу безопасности. В условиях пандемии особым образом актуализируется инфосфера (медиакоммуникации, медиапродюсирование, информационно-телекоммуникационные технологии, интернет), а также ментально-онтологический формат и духовное оснащение современной личности, что приводит к токсичной критике традиционных ценностей, искажению аксиологических ориентаций человека, инициируя разновекторные деструктивные социальные взаимодействия и структурные трансформации сферы безопасности.

The aim of this paper is to show the possibility of crafting a new theoretical model of international migration that would enable researchers to take into account the political settings of the early 21st century. In order to do so, the author firstly critically examines the mainstream theories of migration that dominate today's academic literature. As a result of this analysis, it is concluded that, despite of the fact that many of the proposed theoretical approaches are quite useful for understanding certain aspects of the migration process, when it comes to the task of analyzing international migration as a whole, no conceptual model exists. The paper demonstrates that apart from the theories that are focusing on only one of migration's dimensions, albeit the most significant from a particular disciplinary perspective, the introduction of a general model is a necessary step to reach a better understanding of the nature of contemporary migration processes. The author argues that such a model can be constructed using the theory of structural violence proposed by Johan Galtung and the concepts of human development and human security.

Foreword by Audrey Azoulay, Director-General of UNESCO, and Ingibjörg Sólrún Gísladóttir, Director of the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ; Includes bibliography

Продовольствие представляет собой жизненно необходимый элемент функционирования общества. Без продовольствия, человек, как биологический вид, просто не сможет существовать. Обеспечение продовольственной безопасности страны – одно из приоритетных направлений государственной экономической политики, важнейший фактор экономической безопасности нации, одна из главных задач органов государственного управления. В статье проанализирована понятийная регламентация термина «продовольственная безопасность». Продовольственная безопасность является важным составным элементом системы безопасности нашего государства. Посредством обеспечения продовольственной безопасности России обеспечивается неприкосновенность государства, ее суверенитет, поддерживается демографическая ситуация, социально-экономическое обеспечение населения, формируются необходимые и достаточные условия для поддержания здоровья, качества жизни граждан РФ. В рамках статьи рассмотрены основные направления обеспечения продовольственной безопасности РФ и их реализация. ; Food is a vital element of the functioning of society. Without food, humans, as a species, simply cannot exist. Ensuring food security of the country is one of the priority directions of state economic policy, the most important factor in the economic security of the nation, one of the main tasks of governmental bodies. The article analyzes the conceptual regulation of the term "food security". Food security is an important component of the security system of Russia. By ensuring the food security, the inviolability of the state and its sovereignty are ensured, the demographic situation, the socio-economic provisions of the population are maintained, the necessary and sufficient conditions are formed to maintain the health and quality of life of citizens of the Russian Federation. Within the framework of the article, the main directions of ensuring the food security of the Russian Federation and their implementation are considered.

Quite often in many areas of human activity, there are tasks of studying the situation, having a large number of various qualities, any of which has the ability to be important for the properties of this system. Information about this system, as a rule, can be presented in the form of an array of descriptions of the qualities of selected research units, referred to as the term "object" autonomously from their nature. The qualities of objects are operationalized with the support of measurement procedures when an object is put in relation to some sense, degree, the gradation of the symptom that carries this property. Thus, we obtain data–marked results of the measurement of symptoms expressing the quality of the array of objects under consideration. When using formal methods of data restructuring, virtually no other information about objects and their properties is taken into account. But, of course, a meaningful test of the results of measurements is quite important, because not every time in advance it is clear what qualities, or their expressing symptoms can be integrated into the study.

The subject. The world faced a coronavirus pandemic in 2020. Many states, including Russia, adopted harsh measures that were largely based on restricting human rights and freedoms in an effort to counter pandemic spread. Inter-State borders were closed, restrictions were imposed on the operation of public catering organizations and the holding of sports and entertainment events was suspended, some of the fundamental rights were heavily con-strained. This resulted in the growth of public disaffection, falling of incomes and a worsening of the overall economic environment. As a result, the problem of the permissibility of restrictions of human rights and freedoms for the sake of public security, as well as the requirements for such restrictions, had once again become relevant.The purpose of the article is, firstly, to learn what is the concept of "freedom" nowadays, to define the conditions and principles of application the permissible restrictions on human rights and freedoms, their aims and purpose. The authors dare to analyze the laws and regulations establishing the possibility of restricting human rights and freedoms and to give a description of the procedure for imposing restrictions in situations of greater danger.The methodology of research includes formal legal interpretation of legal acts, systemic approach to cognition of social relations, analysis and synthesis.The main results, scope of application. The definition and concept of freedom, its limited character, the regulation of the possibility of its restriction for the purpose of protecting society have been studied and defined. Russian and international legislation on the restriction of human rights and freedoms has been analyzed. The principles on the basis of which it is permissible to restrict human rights and freedoms have been identified. The principle of the inadmissibility of restrictions on all rights and freedoms; the adequacy of the imposed restrictive measures to the existing threat; the principle of economic efficiency; the principle of detailed regulation of the imposed restrictions are among them. It has been found out that there is a threat of establishing tyranny with arbitrary restrictions on human rights and freedoms.Conclusions. In today's world, the restriction of human rights and freedoms should be considered as a necessary measure to ensure the security of the individuals and of society as a whole, especially in the situations of a great danger to public interests. At the same time, the imposing restrictions should be strictly regulated and, moreover, possible abuses should be avoided in order to minimize the negative consequences and avoid establishing totalitarian regime. ; Рассмотрено содержание понятия «свобода», определены условия, при которых ограничения прав и свобод человека можно считать допустимыми, их цели и задачи, принципы и пределы установления таких ограничений. Проведен анализ нормативных правовых актов, устанавливающих возможность ограничения прав и свобод человека, описан порядок введения ограничений в ситуациях повышенной опасности. Сделан вывод, что в современном мире ограничение прав и свобод человека допускается как необходимая мера, которая позволяет обеспечивать безопасность как отдельно взятого человека, так и общества в целом, что наглядно проявляется в критических ситуациях, при этом вводимые ограничения следует жестко регулировать и не допускать возможных злоупотреблений в этой сфере для минимизации негативных последствий и избежания угрозы установления тоталитаризма.

The article presents a brief overview of India-U.S. relations during the period of Narendra Modi's government and Barack Obama's administration. The author analyzes the dynamics of cooperation development after the victory of Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2014 Parliamentary elections in India and studies the key directions of bilateral agenda. The current condition of India-U.S. strategic dialogue and the influence of human rights issues on the countries' cooperation are characterized.

Since 2014 the states' cooperation has been growing rapidly. The bilateral investment, trade and economic interdependence have significantly increased. Some experts and mass media note that Barack Obama and Narendra Modi are having friendly relations. From a different angle, a number of agreements between countries still remain unaccomplished. For instance, the U.S. support for India's permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council, its accession to APEC and the implementation of nuclear deal have yet to be turned into achievement.

Together with strengthening the bilateral strategic dialogue, the U.S. has intensified the criticism of India's human rights record. The main part of it includes the cases of religious intolerance, which are observed in the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom reports and the remarks given by U.S. lawmakers and official representatives, including the Ambassador to India. Washington's careful attention to the human rights issues and religious violence in particular is one of the major irritants in the U.S.-India relations.

The engagement of Indian Americans in the local U.S. politics and their lobbying efforts in the context of U.S.-India relations are revealed. The author outlines the near-terms perspectives of bilateral cooperation.

Der Beitrag beschreibt zunächst den politischen Dialog zwischen Kanada und Rußland und geht dabei insbesondere auf Fragen von Stabilität und Sicherheit und die mit dem Problem der "human security" verbundenen Fragen ein. Im zweiten Teil wird der gegenwärtige Stand der bilateralen Wirtschaftsbeziehungen dargestellt. (BIOst-Mrk)

This article reviews the ideas and motives of modern terrorism, discloses the concept of destructive human behavior, the analysis of the socio-cultural situation at the beginning of the XXI century and revealed disturbing factors intensify nationalist and religious terrorism as the most dangerous form of terrorism.

This article argues that corruption in Russia is a systemic issue, which continues to broaden its boundaries, presenting a threat to national security. The problem requires careful attention from modern scientific circles. From a psychological point of view, corruption suppresses one's subjective wellbeing, twists young people's legal awareness, and breeds such a worldview that might negatively influence the behavior of youth in the future. All of the above is quite important to sociology, for in many ways it determines an entire range of social processes, including processes associated with the country's socio-economic development. The pilot section of the study examines young people's ideas on corruption and its social manifestations. The authors discovered that college students consider corruption to be a serious socio-economic issue, while being able to describe many forms in which it manifests, the reasons for why it's spreading, as well as counteraction methods (economic, administrative, criminal law-based), though their understanding of its social ramifications is somewhat lacking. Students also separate social (exterior) and personal (interior) factors of corrupt behavior. It was determined that their perception of corrupt behavior bears a range of contradictions, associated with the respondents' low level of legal expertise, which becomes evident while identifying crimes of corruption, with it in turn leading to mistaken assessments of the specifics of corrupt interactions between citizens. Also, students' ideas on corruption mostly reflect the everyday aspect, since young people don't usually have a comprehensive understanding of administrative, or "upper echelon" corruption. The results show that the evaluations of a corrupt individual's main personal qualities tend to bear a negative connotation. Meanwhile the most pronounced values are linked to a low evaluation of a corrupt person's moral qualities. The organizational and professional capabilities of corrupt officials are viewed by respondents as weakly or moderately pronounced, however a corrupt individual's intellectual capacity tends to receive the highest score possible. The scores attributed to their communicative competence also seem to be contradictory: students in equal measure highlight both positive-to-neutral and negative traits of corrupt persons. The study also revealed marked regional discrepancies in ideas on corruption when comparing the responses given by students from various Russian cities. According to the authors, the ideas on the human qualities of corrupt officials expressed by students from different regions require separate examination.

Проблема коррупции сопровождается развитием человеческой цивилизации на всех стадиях уже не одно столетие. Коррупция сегодня присуща любому современному государству без исключения. В современном мире, в том числе и России, коррупция приобрела не сравнимые с любым предшествующим периодом размеры. Масштабы коррупции, сферы ее распространения и характер последствий, с одной стороны, оказывают существенное влияние на состояние, развитие и безопасность той или иной экономической системы, с другой– служат объективным индикатором благополучия общественной системы и ее безопасности. Сегодня есть все основания утверждать о наличии взаимопроникновения коррупции и экономики, и в большей степени все виды экономических отношений стали учитывать фактор коррупции. Произошла экономизация коррупции, представляющая собой серьезную угрозу национальной безопасности государства, его социальным и экономическим институтам, хозяйственным субъектам, предпринимательству и бизнесу, являющимся основными элементами рыночного экономики. Рассмотрению обозначенных проблем и посвящена статья. ; The problem of corruption is connected with development of a human civilization at all stages more than one century. Today corruption is inherent for any modern Government without an exception. In the modern world including Russia, corruption has got sizes uncomparable with any previous period. Corruption, scales the sphere of its distribution and the character of its consequences on the one hand, make essential impact on a condition, development and safety of any economic system, on the another– serve as the objective indicator of wellbeing of public system and its safety. Today there are all reasons to prove about existence of overlapping of corruption and economy, and all types of the economic relations in its greatest extend to consider a corruption factor. There happened the ekonomizatsiya of corruption which have to be consider the serious threat to national security, to its social and economic institutes, economic subjects, entrepreneurship and the business, being basic elements of the market economy. Article also is devoted to consideration of designated articles.

Актуальность теоретического осмысления системы социальной безопасности РФ в контексте повышения значимости миграционной политики обоснована наличием в последние десятилетия лавинообразного нарастания миграционных потоков в подавляющем большинстве регионов России. Научная проблематика обусловлена недостаточной разработанностью проблемы реализации эффективной миграционной политики, которая способствовала бы оптимальной адаптации и социализации мигрантов. Цель разработки оптимальной и комплексной системы миграционной политики заключалась в выявлении ее базовых компонентов и факторов, способствующих социальной адаптации приезжего и местного населения в современном российском социуме. Представлено описание социально ориентированной модели миграционной политики, проведен анализ ее значимости и эффективности на основе синтеза современных макро- и микросоциологических теорий. Анализ системы миграционной политики, результаты которого представлены в статье, опирается на базовые основы структурно-функционального подхода, суть которого, в контексте проблемы миграции, заключается в трансформирующей роли социальной мобильности населения, обеспечении социально значимых функций миграции в современном обществе. Использованы основы постнеклассических социологических теорий, описывающих детерминацию миграций созависимым развитием благополучных и экономически отсталых регионов. Дизайн представленной системы включает качественный анализ синтеза институциональных, групповых и индивидуальных составляющих миграционных процессов в российском обществе. Сделаны выводы о том, что социально ориентированная миграционная политика должна базироваться на сопровождении эффективной этнической самоидентификации, снижении уровня мигрантофобии, формировании толерантности, акцентируя общенациональные ценности. Призвана стимулировать правозащитную деятельность и демократические институты гражданского общества. Научная новизна предложенной системы заключается в исследовании адаптационных стратегий мигрантов в контексте взаимообусловленности субъективных поведенческих диспозиций мигрантов и объективных глобализационных процессов. Практическая значимость заключается в возможности использования компонентов системы безопасности для эффективного социального управления в области миграционной политики. ; The relevance of the theoretical understanding of the social security system of the Russian Federation in the context of increasing the importance of migration policy is justified by the presence in recent decades of avalanche-like growth of migration flows in the vast majority of regions of Russia. Scientific problems are caused by insufficient development of the problem of implementation of effective migration policy, which would contribute to the optimal adaptation and socialization of migrants. The purpose of the development of an optimal and complex system of migration policy was to identify its basic components and factors contributing to the social adaptation of visitors and local population in the modern Russian society. The description of the socially oriented model of migration policy is presented, the analysis of its importance and efficiency on the basis of synthesis of modern macro-micro sociological theories is carried out. The analysis of the system of migration policy, the results of which are presented in the article, is based on the basic foundations of the structural and functional approach, the essence of which, in the context of the problem of migration, is the transforming role of social mobility of the population, providing socially important functions of migration in modern society. The fundamentals of post-non-classical sociological theories describing the determination of migration by co-dependent development of prosperous and economically backward regions are used The design of the presented system includes a qualitative analysis of the synthesis of institutional, group and individual components of migration processes in Russian society. It is concluded that socially oriented migration policy should be based on the support of effective ethnic self-identification, reducing the level of migrant phobia, the formation of tolerance, emphasizing national values. To stimulate human rights activities, democratic institutions of civil society. The scientific novelty of the proposed system lies in the study of migration adaptation strategies of migrants in the context of interdependence of subjective behavioral dispositions of migrants and objective globalization processes. The practical significance lies in the possibility of using the components of the security system for effective social management in the field of migration policy.

The investigation of threats negatively affecting the state and the development of human resources as well as the varieties of security threats is of particular importance in the theory and practice of personnel security measures. The purpose of the article is to identify and classify the ideas of the main threats to personnel security of the region (the research is carried out on the example of the Irkutsk region). On the basis of the content analysis of Russian regulatory legal acts and scientific publications, external and internal threats to personnel security of the region are highlighted. As a result, the list of threats to personnel security of the region consisting of 37 stands is composed. The political, economic, demographic, social, technical and technological, ecological, legal, ethnocultural forms of threats are demonstrated. The authors came to the conclusion that the internal threats to personnel security of the region (first of all socio-economic) are dominant. An assessment of the urgency and relevance of the threats to the personnel security of the region is given. With the use of the technology of the hierarchical factorial analysis, the types of threats (factors of the lowest level) were identified and their influence on the general level of the urgency of personnel security threats (a factor of the highest level) is estimated. It is revealed that legal threats, as well as threats caused by the low labour potential of the region, have the most significant impact on the estimation of the urgency of threats. The study applies the following analysis methods - a content analysis, the analysis of linear and cross-distribution, hierarchical factor and correlation analysis. The analysis is based on the data of the expert survey conducted in the Irkutsk region (2015. To determine the relationship (coherence) of the expert evaluations, the Kendall's coefficient of concordance is calculated. The received results can be used for studying and identification of the personnel security threats, which are specific for a certain region. They can also be a basis for the forecasting and analysis of the threats to regional personnel security and the development of the methods to respond to them. © Copyright 2005-2016 Institute of Economics, the Ural branch of the RAS. All rights reserved. ; Представлены угрозы, оказывающие негативное влияние на состояние и развитие человеческих ресурсов. Проанализированы внешние и внутренние угрозы кадровой безопасности Иркутской области. ; The article has been supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation within the body of the government order. 2014/52 for the performance of works in the area of scientific work (project No. 1841 « The increasing of the Baikal region's resource potential as a factor of its sustainable socio-economic development »).