Multinational operations are carried out to achieve military and diplomatic objectives in various regions. Such operations derive a great deal of benefits from sharing budgets, political legitimacy, sharing each national experience and technological resources, and so forth. However, a coalition, one structure of multinational operations, often involves serious challenges in such areas as command and control, logistic support, communication and language, training, and intelligence and information due to its ad hoc characteristics. This research reviews general problems in a coalition operation, and develops the Coalition Operation Planning Model to assist coalition commanders or staff in producing an efficient operational plan. In this model, goal programming is employed to formulate the coalition problems with multiple objectives. The proposed model is composed of three sub-models: the Coalition Mission-Unit Allocation Model, the Coalition Mission-Support Model, and the Coalition Mission-Unit Grouping Model. The first sub-model is designed to find an optimized resource allocation by applying the shortest path problem and effectiveness functions. The second sub-model is developed to obtain an optimized logistics support plan by using the multi-commodity network flow. Finally, the third sub-model is designed to combine small units into one workable independent unit by using the quadratic assignment problem. The models are demonstrated with a notional humanitarian assistance operation.
Humanitarian assistance, increasingly being used as a strategic tool, to fulfill the political objectives has been a widely discussed issue at national and international levels. Non-governmental Organizations including United Nations and its agencies are questioned on their neutrality while providing the humanitarian assistance in many places and more often during the complex humanitarian emergencies. This has not only raised questions on humanitarian principles but also created a very negative and counterproductive situation and thus limits an impartial, neutral and effective humanitarian action. The deontological approach might not be applicable in every scenario. One size does not fit all. So, consequentialist approach together with the morality of the action itself needs to be adopted for expanding the horizon of humanity without compromising the core humanitarian principles. All actors should respect the humanitarian principles. Humanitarian assistance is to be impartial and not driven by the politics of the conflict, aimed only at alleviating the people's suffering. The core humanitarian imperatives founded on neutrality and independence are the key tools to secure access to all communities in need; impartiality and humanity represent the essence of humanitarian philosophy and cannot be compromised.
In the past decades, while global industrial progress has generally improved people's life, poverty, plague, and scarcity of resources are still major challenges for residents in many areas. Even in a modern society, catastrophe caused by a war or weather also often impacts its security and stability. In nations faced with such humanitarian challenges, many voluntary groups have been formed to assist hard-pressed governments in mitigating various crises. The purpose of this session is to discuss my current research project on workplace learning for those people who provide humanitarian assistance internationally.
Humanitarian assistance has attracted the attention of the global community in recent years and the conceptual framework for participation in the humanitarian assistance operations is gaining increasing urgency among policy makers of the world. While the humanitarian gesture – the will to relieve the suffering of others- is centuries old and genuinely global, has been present in various forms throughout the human civilisation often in the form of food or material aid providing during famine, drought or natural disaster. With the end of Cold War, both the concept and the practice of the humanitarian assistance has significantly changed due to rising armed and ethnic conflicts, which offer much broader and long term objectives, such as development and peace. After the end of cold war Humanitarian assistance has emerged as an important mission for major militaries around the world and the mission that was largely left to the organisations such as the International Red Cross has now become an important part of the security agenda of nations with significant military capability. Since independence from Britain, which coincided with the partition of the subcontinent, India has come to the aid of people in need. Due to the significant expansion of the Indian economy from the last decades, the availability of greater financial resources in hand and a sense of growing regional and international responsibilities, India has revived and rejuvenated its tradition of giving humanitarian assistance. Although not formulated in policy, India's approach to Humanitarian assistance is derived from set of principles and priorities derived from the core values of its foreign policy. The purpose of the paper is to provide an introduction to the emergence of the international humanitarian assistance system with a review of the principles of humanitarian assistance. The paper also focuses on India's conception of humanitarian assistance and its underlying principles, motives and priorities for providing humanitarian assistance.
Die Diplomarbeit untersucht ob in den Menschenrechten ein Recht auf humanitäre Hilfe während bewaffneten Konflikten existiert, ob der UN Sicherheitsrat dies anerkennt, und die Konsequenzen für den betroffenen Staat. Da internationales Recht sie nicht definiert, bezeichnet humanitäre Hilfe hier kurzfristige Hilfe für das Überleben der Bevölkerung während eines Konflikts. Die Kommentare von UN Menschenrechtsorganen zeigen, dass ein von Konflikt betroffener Staat nationale humanitäre Hilfe leisten muss, wenn das Überleben der Bevölkerung davon abhängt; ansonsten muss er internationale Hilfe akzeptieren. Humanitäre Hilfe wird dabei nie als Menschenrecht bezeichnet, aber als Teil überlebensnotwendiger Menschenrechte gesehen; Zugang zur Hilfe ist durch die Verpflichtungen des Staates aufgrund der Menschenrechte gesichert.Weiters wurde aufgrund von Sicherheitsratsresolutionen zu vier bewaffneten Konflikten zwischen 1990 und 2000 festgestellt, dass der Zugang zu internationaler humanitärer Hilfe wichtiger geworden und regelmäßig in rechtlich bindenden Kapitel VII-Resolutionen zu finden ist. Ein Recht auf humanitäre Hilfe wird nicht erwähnt, aber der Sicherheitsrat verpflichtet die Staaten dazu den Zugang sicherzustellen. Als Letztes wurde die Literatur zur staatlichen Souveränität untersucht und festgestellt, dass Menschenrechte, humanitäres Völkerrecht und Sicherheitsratsresolutionen die Souveränität einschränken, weil der Staat internationale Hilfe akzeptieren muss, wenn die Situation ernst genug für die Bevölkerung ist. Weiters hat der Sicherheitsrat seine Kompetenzen ausgeweitet und verabschiedet heute rechtlich bindende Resolutionen wegen Menschenrechtsverletzungen und fehlender humanitärer Hilfe.Ein Recht auf humanitäre Hilfe ist daher bis heute nicht explizit in internationalem Recht anerkannt, aber Menschenrechte und Sicherheitsratsresolutionen verpflichten die Staaten den Zugang zu humanitärer Hilfe während bewaffneter Konflikte zu garantieren. ; The diploma thesis questions if a right to humanitarian assistance exists today in human rights during armed conflicts, if such a right has been recognized by the Security Council, and consequences for an affected state. There is no definition in international law, so humanitarian assistance refers here to short-term aid intended to ensure the survival of the population during armed conflict.The commentary of the UN human rights treaty bodies shows that the state affected by armed conflict has to provide national humanitarian assistance, if the survival of the population depends on it; otherwise it has to accept international assistance. Humanitarian assistance has thereby never been called a right, but it is considered part of human rights essential for survival and access to it is guaranteed due to the human rights obligations the states are under.Furthermore, this thesis examined the Security Council resolutions adopted because of four armed conflicts between 1990 ? 2000, and has established that the access to international humanitarian assistance is very important and is included in legally binding resolutions adopted under Chapter VII. While a right to humanitarian assistance is not mentioned, the Security Council obliges the states to ensure the access to assistance. Finally, this thesis examined the literature on state sovereignty and established that human rights law, humanitarian law and Security Council resolutions restrict it by forcing the state to accept international assistance, if the situation is dire enough for the population. Furthermore, the Security Council has expanded its competences and adopts legally binding resolutions due to human rights violations and lack of humanitarian assistance today.A right to humanitarian assistance has therefore not been explicitly recognized in international law today, but obligations are imposed on states to guarantee the access of the population to humanitarian assistance during times of armed conflict. ; von Andrea Sternad ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2013 ; (VLID)234542
With a focus on urban refugees in Athens, and using a mixed method approach to generate and triangulate the data, this research identifies key challenges in transitioning recognised refugees away from humanitarian assistance in Greece. It finds that the refugees are generally a long way from integrating, and with few opportunities to become self-reliant many will need to transition onto to social welfare, which for administrative reasons is difficult to access. Greek social welfare does not cover social housing so it will need to be augmented with other coping strategies, such as sharing accommodation and working in the informal sector, which may expose the refugees to exploitative conditions. Several of the challenges related to the attainment of refugee self-reliance stem from complex public policy and funding concerns, which are exacerbated by the economic crisis and austerity. They are also symptomatic of funding restrictions that have prevented civil society organisations from more adequately supporting refugee integration. Nevertheless, the lack of a plan from the central administration regarding the transition away from humanitarian assistance has led to confusion and uncertainty among the refugees, civil society and local government. Many would argue that much of the humanitarian funding that was provided for the refugee response in Greece was intended to encourage the refugees to remain there, rather than continuing into Northern-Europe. However, if the refugees are unable to attain self-reliance and social welfare does not cover their basic needs many may embark on secondary migration anyway, despite the risks that this might pose for them. This research argues that a wide range of stakeholders should be involved in the development of a transitional plan; civil society in particular can help to identify and articulate the challenges that refugees face in becoming self-reliant and in accessing social welfare. It also argues that until such time as the transition can take place without creating a protection gap for the refugees, UNHCR should continue to provide recognised refugees with cash assistance and accommodation.
The international humanitarian assistance community responds to a wide variety of crises and disasters that are challenging in their variability, scale, timelines, resources, and politics. The implementation of a geographic database model, or Geodatabase, of geographic information resources will provide emergency responders with a functional relational database to support disaster response missions. The Geodatabase will be compact and deployable, improve functionality and efficiency, reduce error, increase standardization, and record an institutional knowledge base. Distributing the Geodatabase model in the form of a WebGIS website can additionally facilitate organizational communication and decision-making during the phases of emergency management by providing a thematic attribute query search capability. This Project will serve as a proof-of-concept design for future potential implementation and enhancement of the recommended models. The December 26, 2004 tsunami disaster in Indonesia and the surrounding region is the primary study area for this project. The recommendations outlined in this Project will help to support the initial data delivery steps of future humanitarian assistance and disaster response missions.
ver the past decades the frequency of disasters, their devastating effects and the number of fatalities has increased throughout the world. This growth is apparent despite the increasing efforts of governmental organizations and NGOs to protect the population and the environment from the destruction of disasters. Governments and professional disaster management organizations face a growing challenge by the ever-increasing number of disasters, so there's a growing need for the involvement and support of international and local humanitarian organizations all over the world (Mackintosh, 2010). The question is how humanitarian organisations can contribute to reduce the impact of risk factors, and how can the efficiency of their activities be improved (Maurer, 2014). What are the attributes that make them appropriate for this function? ; This e-book is published within the framework of the project IRONORE 2019. The project is co-financed by the European Commission under the contract UCPM-2018-EX-AG-828918.
This contribution assesses how a set of health-related norms under international law and ethics apply to situations where humanitarian assistance is provided. It asserts that the right to health, as an international human rights norm, is reinforced by similar standards under international humanitarian law, medical ethics and the International Health Regulations (WHO). Based on this integrated norm, there is a legal obligation to ensure access to a set of essential health-related services during emergencies, and to offer health-related protection. With respect to the duty to deliver such services we suggest that there is a shared responsibility of a number of actors. For the State where the emergency is taking place there is a primary legal responsibility to deliver essential health services. Nonetheless, if the services are (partly) provided by third parties there is a legal duty on the part of this State to respect and to guarantee the safe delivery of the services, and a duty to consent to the delivery of such aid. These duties could potentially also fall upon non-state actors, for example armed opposition groups, if they exercise certain governmental functions and de facto authority over a population. Arguably the international community and donor States have correlated duties to provide a certain amount of assistance and cooperation. Lastly, humanitarian aid organizations and their staff are bound by their professional ethical standards, including the principle of medical neutrality, which requires that medical aid is to be provided to everyone, irrespective of nationality and civil status.
For decades, international humanitarian assistance has been a supply-driven enterprise of rich countries funding multilateral and international organizations to distribute aid in poor and fragile states. To be more demand-driven, we should develop modalities that enable crisis-affected people to access the help they need.
A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Women and children refugees, who comprise 80 percent of the estimated 12 million refugees worldwide, are among the world's most vulnerable populations. They are subject to gender-based violence, including physical harm, rape, and unequal access to humanitarian assistance. GAO was asked to (1) assess efforts by the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to protect refugees, especially with regard to women and girls; (2) determine what steps U.N. and international organizations have taken to prevent sexual exploitation of refugee women by humanitarian workers; and (3) describe U.S. government efforts to support adequate protection for vulnerable populations."
Governments in low and middle-income countries are increasingly investing in social protection, and also address many of their own people's 'humanitarian' needs themselves. For their international partners, who may have an important role in filling gaps when household needs exceed national capacity to meet them, support for the strengthening of national systems, combined with a shift from short-run to more durable approaches, is becoming a unifying framework for assistance. Some aspects of social protection and humanitarian assistance therefore seem to be on a converging trajectory. 'Human(itarian) Capital?' discusses findings from twelve country case studies exploring the linkages between humanitarian assistance, in its various interpretations, and national social protection systems. Specifically, the paper distills lessons on how humanitarian assistance and social protection systems might better coexist, the possible challenges and trade-offs emerging from practical experiences, and how to facilitate, inform, and accelerate future concerted action.
Currently, no capability exists to cost-effectively simulate and measure a Joint Task Force-Port Opening (JTF-PO) operation to predict cargo throughput based on the availability of resources. The purpose of this research is to create a decision model using Arena® simulation software to provide United States Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM) decision makers the ability to predict cargo throughput in a Humanitarian Assistance/Disaster Response (HA/DR) scenario. The data used in this simulation were taken from the JTF-PO involvement in Operation UNIFIED RESPONSE, Port-au-Prince, Haiti 2010. The research uses a design of experiments approach to statistically plan and measure the throughput of cargo based on the adjustment of working and distribution maximum on ground (MOG) resources. The resulting simulation model provides decision makers the ability to allocate multiple JTF-PO resource quantities to determine potential bottlenecks in cargo throughput.
Kegiatan PKM melalui kegiatan penyaluran bantuan kemanusiaan (humanitarian assistance) Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik untuk pengungsi Rohingya bertujuan untuk untuk: 1) memberikan bantuan dan pendampingan kepada pengungsi Rohingya yang berada di Balai Pelatiahan Kerja; 2) memberikan kontribusi nyata dari FISIP kepada masyarakat termasuk masyarakat Internasional; dan 3) dosen dan Mahasiswa HI Universitas Almuslim dapat mempelajari langsung cara kerja organisasi internasional di tempat penampungan Pengungsi, seperti organisasi Palang Merah Internasional, UNHCR, IOM dan ACT. Pelaksanaan kegiatan PKM melalui kegiatan penyaluran bantuan kemanusiaan (humanitarian assistance) Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik untuk pengungsi Rohingya, dilaksanakan melalui tahapan berikut: 1) analisa kondisi sosial, 2) identifikasi masalah, 3) rencana pemecahan masalah, 4) pendekatan sosial, 5) pelaksanaan; 6) hasil dan evaluasi kegiatan. Adapun prosedur pelaksanaan kegiatan PKM adalah: 1) mendalami permasalahan berupa kekurangan yang dihadapi saat membantu pengungsi Rohingya; 2) menghubungi panitia yang menangani pengungsi Rohingya; dan 3) menyalurkan bantuan kemanusiaan kepada pengungsi Rohingya di Kota Lhokseumawe. Berdasarkan hasil pelaksanaan kegiatan PKM melalui kegiatan penyaluran bantuan kemanusiaan (humanitarian assistance) Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik untuk pengungsi Rohingya, disimpulkan bahwa: 1) kegiatan PKM untuk bangsa Rohingya harus terus dilakukan, sekecil apapun kontribusi yang dapat diberikan merupakan suatu hal yang cukup berarti untuk semangat kemanusiaan; dan 2) penyaluran bantuan kemanusiaan mampu sedikit mengurangi beban bangsa Rohingya yang selama ini terus mengalami kekerasan.
