Suchergebnisse

My PhD aims to set a method of analysis evaluating the manner in which national courts enforce international humanitarian law in light of the core principles of the international rule of law (which require courts to be independent, impartial, accessible and effective). This methodology offers a useful tool for understanding the function of national courts and provides a mapping of courts' rulings, within which each category can then be legally (and politically) justified or delegitimized in light of the principles of the rule of law. The scale according to which the court's function is assessed varies from apology to judicial activism, and it identifies four functional roles: (1) the apologist role of courts, in which they serve as a legitimating agency of the state's actions; (2) the avoiding role of courts, in which they, for policy considerations, avoid exercising jurisdiction over a case; (3) the normative application role of courts, in which they apply international humanitarian law as required by the rule of law. In that category, a deferral technique is identified – courts may defer back to the other branches of the government the find an appropriate remedy; and (4) the judicial activism role of courts, in which they introduce moral judgments in favour of the protection of the individual, beyond the requirements of the law. Revealing the court's function in order to situate a decision on the utopian-judicial activism scale is carried out by a critical analysis of the court ruling, in which both the legal argument and the political context are examined. This is done through a technique of deconstruction, which aims to reveal the political character of what appears a priori, to be a neutral application of objective rules. As the research shows, the functional role of the courts is a combination of contradictions and mixed attitudes – sometimes they play an apologist role, in other cases a normative, activist, or an avoiding one. It would appear that national courts are in the process of defining their own role as enforcing organs of IHL.

D. Fassin shows how the changes in immigration legislation reflect a reversal of perspective in relation to sick foreigners: pathology, which was previously a source of suspicion, is, he says, a source of social recognition; more specifically, where it was a ground for exclusion, it is now recognised as a means of access to residence. Thus, the 'humanitarian reason' became part of the administration of immigrant populations. However, the new rules, which are difficult to apply and cause unease for doctors involved in the procedure, lead to a widely varying rate of acceptance of applications for residence permits in different departments. What reflections can be drawn from this set of findings to the lawyer, who is familiar with the law of foreigners and immigration policy? First of all, I would like to return to the concept of 'humanitarian reason', which D. Fassin places at the heart of his arguments, to point out that humanitarian and legal matters are not a good household, so that, when they are claimed to be marry, we must face a number of difficulties and be liable to undermine the principles governing the rule of law. The inclusion in the law of humanitarian considerations leads to a complex, albeit nuanced rule, the application of which is subject to differences of assessment, contrary to the principles of legal certainty and equality before the law: the arbitrariness, which was intended to be forbidden, felt. As the control of migration flows remains the primary concern of the decision-making authorities, the rule, which appears liberal, does not produce the announced results. Finally, the contradictions faced by doctors are one example of the impact on society of an immigration policy focused primarily on repression. ; International audience ; D. Fassin shows how the changes in immigration legislation reflect a reversal of perspective in relation to sick foreigners: pathology, which was previously a source of suspicion, is, he says, a source of social recognition; more specifically, where it was a ...

The uncontrolled spread of the phenomenon of child soldiers culminated in such a point during the 1990s that the international community was forced to strengthen the protection of children by introducing additional safeguards for children affected by armed conflict. Some of the main explanations for the rise of the phenomenon of child soldiers have been: areas of political instability, conflicts and almost universal impunity in cases of serious human rights violations. The objective of putting an end to the illegal involvement of children in armed conflict required close cooperation between all states concerned. Yet, legal complications did not take long to appear. Moreover, the diversity of legal systems and the variety of doctrinal approaches to the definition of the term "child" made a consensual approach difficult. The international criminalization of recruiting children, defined as a war crime, was just the beginning. The issue of justice in countries emerging from conflict is still relevant today and the adoption of other forms of justice is essential in the process of reconciliation and reintegration of former child soldiers. The criminal accountability of child soldiers is examined in its dual aspect of victim/executioner, addressing some emblematic cases. ; Le paroxysme atteint par la diffusion incontrôlée durant les années 1990 du phénomène des enfants soldats a obligé la communauté internationale à renforcer la protection des enfants et à instituer des garanties supplémentaires à l'égard des enfants touchés par les conflits armés. Les zones d'instabilité politique, les conflits, ainsi que l'impunité quasi généralisée en matière de violations graves des droits de l'homme ont été les principales sources de la montée en puissance du phénomène des enfants soldats. L'objectif qui consistait à mettre fin à l'implication illégale d'enfants dans les conflits armés a nécessité une coopération étroite entre tous les États concernés cependant que divers problèmes d'ordre juridique n'ont pas tardé à faire leur ...

The private actors have always participated in the development of international humanitarian law, even though their participation has reached an unprecedented dimension in recent decades. The legal status of the participating actors, as well as the mechanisms provided for the participation are however heterogeneous. In addition to the ICRC and the NGOs, the international law scholars and the judges, in the case of expressing their own individual or dissenting opinion, seem to contribute to the sources of international law. The influence and the interpretation should be regarded as two forms of the participation of private actors which could take place through the informal means of action as well as the tools provided by accreditation. Nevertheless, the participation remains quite limited, given that the UN consultative provisions and the accreditation process in the international conferences are subject to numerous restrictions. The constraints resulting from the interstate nature of the international legal order as well as those related to the diversity and the legitimacy of private actors also raise the questions about the efficiency of the participation. ; Depuis la création du droit international humanitaire, les personnes privées ont toujours participé à son développement, même si leur participation a atteint une dimension inédite ces dernières décennies. La nature juridique des personnes participantes ainsi que leurs mécanismes de participation sont hétérogènes. Ainsi, outre le CICR et les ONG qui sont les principaux acteurs concernés, les contributeurs de la doctrine et les juges, lorsqu'ils expriment une opinion séparée, apportent une contribution normative aux sources du droit international. La participation prend la forme tantôt de l'influence tantôt de l'interprétation et se réalise par le recours tant aux outils fournis par l'accréditation qu'aux moyens d'action informels. Néanmoins, l'effectivité de cette participation demeure assez limitée dans la mesure où les mécanismes prévus à l'ONU et aux ...

While crime victim assistance policy became part of the law of many countries at the end of the last century, it has permeated the international order as well. To finance this policy, the United Nations (UN) has set up several funds for victims of varied human rights violations. The International Criminal Court (ICC) itself created a financing – and implementing – tool for administering reparations it orders : its Trust Fund for Victims (TVF), that aims at guaranteeing the effectiveness of restorative justice, is a pioneering initiative in the field of international criminal justice. The purpose of this thesis is to assess the effectiveness of these mechanisms as victim aid instruments by investigating the causes of their efficiency or ineffectiveness in their operational rules, financing strategies, modes of action and nature of their legal personality. Our exploration of the little known legal category of international funds for victims of violations of human rights and international humanitarian law is revealing a mixed picture that enables to consider transposing procedures, strategies and interpretations implemented by some funds or other national or international finance institutions, into schemes where assistance to victims is not adequate. However, the political will of states often continues to be a key driver. The potential of those mechanisms remains underused at the expense of victims. ; Alors que des politiques publiques d'aide aux victimes d'infractions sont apparues dans la législation de nombreux États à la fin du siècle dernier, ce phénomène s'est également instillé dans l'ordre international. Instruments de financement de ces politiques, plusieurs Fonds ont été institués aux Nations Unies en faveur de victimes de diverses violations des droits de l'homme. La Cour pénale internationale s'est elle aussi dotée d'un outil de financement – et de mise en œuvre – des réparations qu'elle ordonne. Le Fonds au profit des victimes vise à garantir l'effectivité de la justice réparatrice et constitue une ...

While crime victim assistance policy became part of the law of many countries at the end of the last century, it has permeated the international order as well. To finance this policy, the United Nations (UN) has set up several funds for victims of varied human rights violations. The International Criminal Court (ICC) itself created a financing – and implementing – tool for administering reparations it orders : its Trust Fund for Victims (TVF), that aims at guaranteeing the effectiveness of restorative justice, is a pioneering initiative in the field of international criminal justice. The purpose of this thesis is to assess the effectiveness of these mechanisms as victim aid instruments by investigating the causes of their efficiency or ineffectiveness in their operational rules, financing strategies, modes of action and nature of their legal personality. Our exploration of the little known legal category of international funds for victims of violations of human rights and international humanitarian law is revealing a mixed picture that enables to consider transposing procedures, strategies and interpretations implemented by some funds or other national or international finance institutions, into schemes where assistance to victims is not adequate. However, the political will of states often continues to be a key driver. The potential of those mechanisms remains underused at the expense of victims. ; Alors que des politiques publiques d'aide aux victimes d'infractions sont apparues dans la législation de nombreux États à la fin du siècle dernier, ce phénomène s'est également instillé dans l'ordre international. Instruments de financement de ces politiques, plusieurs Fonds ont été institués aux Nations Unies en faveur de victimes de diverses violations des droits de l'homme. La Cour pénale internationale s'est elle aussi dotée d'un outil de financement – et de mise en œuvre – des réparations qu'elle ordonne. Le Fonds au profit des victimes vise à garantir l'effectivité de la justice réparatrice et constitue une initiative pionnière dans le domaine de la justice pénale internationale. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'apprécier l'efficacité de ces mécanismes en tant qu'instruments d'aide aux victimes en recherchant dans leurs règles de fonctionnement, leurs stratégies de financement, leurs modes d'action et la nature de leur personnalité juridique, les causes de leur efficience ou de leur inefficacité. À mesure que nous explorons la catégorie juridique mal connue des Fonds internationaux pour les victimes de violations des droits de l'homme et du droit international humanitaire, nous dressons un constat contrasté, qui permet d'imaginer la transposition des procédures,stratégies et interprétations appliquées par certains Fonds ou autres institutions financières nationales et internationales, là où l'aide aux victimes n'est pas adéquate. La volonté politique des États demeure toutefois un facteur souvent incontournable. Le potentiel de ces mécanismes reste sous exploité, au détriment des victimes.

Matière préliminaire /Int. Criminal Tribunal For The Former Yu -- Le Procureur c. Duško Tadić /Int. Criminal Tribunal For The Former Yu -- Le Procureur c/ Dragan Kolundžija et Miroslav Kvoćka, Milojica Kos, Mlađo Radić, Zoran Žigić /Int. Criminal Tribunal For The Former Yu -- Le Procureur c/ Blagoje Simić, Milan Simić, Miroslav Tadić, Stevan Todorović, Simo Zarić /Int. Criminal Tribunal For The Former Yu -- Le Procureur c/ Goran Jelisić /Int. Criminal Tribunal For The Former Yu -- Le Procureur c/ Zlatko Aleksovski /Int. Criminal Tribunal For The Former Yu -- Le Procureur c/ Dario Kordić et Mario Čerkez /Int. Criminal Tribunal For The Former Yu -- Le Procureur c/ Zoran Kupreškić, Mirjan Kupreškić, Vlatko Kupreškić, Drago Josipović, Dragan Papić et Vladimir Santić /Int. Criminal Tribunal For The Former Yu -- Le Procureur c/ Zejnil Delalić, Zdravko Mucić, Hazim Delić and Esad Landžo /Int. Criminal Tribunal For The Former Yu -- Le Procureur c/ Dragoljub Kunarac et Radomir Kovać /Int. Criminal Tribunal For The Former Yu -- Le Procureur c/ Milorad Knorjelac /Int. Criminal Tribunal For The Former Yu -- Le Procureur c/ Miroslav Kvočka, Milojica Kos, Mlađo Radić, Zoran Žigić /Int. Criminal Tribunal For The Former Yu -- Le Procureur c/ Radislav Krstić /Int. Criminal Tribunal For The Former Yu -- Le Procureur c/ Brđanin /Int. Criminal Tribunal For The Former Yu.