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In the United States, black Americans are the typical targets of discrimination. In France, the victims are usually Arab immigrants. In both cases, prejudice against minorities has less to do with the color or national origin of the ostracized than with the need of whites and natives to preserve their own sense of moral self-worth.

A revised version of an article previously published in Current Anthropology, 1995, 36, 1, 1-24.

Die Arbeitsmigration wird in der historischen Forschung in der Regel als äußerst destruktiv für die Institution Familie interpretiert. Eine klassische These lautet, daß Migrationsströme von jungen, unverheirateten Männern dominiert wurden, was in den Zielgebieten der Migration ein großes numerisches Ungleichgewicht zwischen den Geschlechtern und damit eine nur sehr zögerliche Entwicklung von Familienstrukturen zur Folge hatte. Die Autorin untersucht den Familienstatus von indischen Immigranten in Mauritius zwischen 1834 und den 1870er Jahren. Sie revidiert ein Stück weit die gängigen Thesen und arbeitet heraus, daß die Immigration nach Mauritius zu wesentlichen Teilen aus Familien bestand. (DÜI-Ekt)

Argues that the danger sensed by the Tory government and 'liberal opinion' in Britain is a perceived threat to a particular ideological structure, a cultural hierarchy organised round an essential Englishness, which defines British identity. The Rushdie affair should be seen as a symptom of postimperial identity crisis, not as immigrants having problems adjusting. (JLN)

Book reviewed in this article:Ministere Des Affaires Sociales Et De La Solidarite Nationale. 1981–1986, Une nouvelle politique de l'immigration.Van Den Berg‐Eldering, L. (ed.). Van gastarbeider tot immigrant. Marokkanen en Turken in Nederland (1965–1985).Chhangani, R.C., Illegal Aliens Under Nigerian LawMünscher, A.,(Ed.) Beratungsansätze in der AusländerfrauenarbeitKastoryano R. Etre Turc en France: Réflexions sur familles et communautés.

The Xinjiang Mygur Autonomous Region celebrated its birthday in October 1985. During the past several years, Xinjiang has made good economic progress, and the social order has been stable. The economic, political and social changes are sketched out. The effect of the Cultural Revolution. Fear of the minorities in respect of Han immigrants. (DÜI-Sen)

In recent years I have been engaged in research in the social anthropology of religion. In the course of investigating the changing religious beliefs and practices of Jewish immigrants in Israel from rural Tunisia and Morocco I initially sought to conceptualize the phenomena encountered in terms of 'secularization'. This study is a consequence of the problems that arose.

This article describes a failed meeting arranged between government officials and leaders of the South Asian community in Vancouver regarding the proposed relocation of a number of landed immigrants to Honduras. ; Research project undertaken by the University of the Fraser Valley South Asian Studies Institute, formerly the Centre for Indo-Canadian Studies in 2015

This article describes a failed meeting arranged between government officials and leaders of the South Asian community in Vancouver regarding the proposed relocation of a number of landed immigrants to Honduras. ; Research project undertaken by the University of the Fraser Valley South Asian Studies Institute, formerly the Centre for Indo-Canadian Studies in 2015

En los últimos veinte años, las sociedades de España e Italia han experimentado un cambio demográfico muy notable debido a flujos migratorios de alta intensidad. Desde principios de la década de 1990, la población extranjera se multiplicó por cinco en ambos países y en 2010 alcanzó el 12 y el 6 por ciento, respectivamente, del conjunto poblacional (INE, 2015; ISTAT, 2015). En ambos casos, dicho fenómeno migratorio plantea nuevos desafíos de representación democrática, dado que, en un periodo muy corto de tiempo, ha generado un gran caudal de nuevos residentes con expectativas legítimas de hacer oír su voz en el proceso de toma de decisiones. Sin embargo, el aumento del número de inmigrantes residentes en España e Italia también coincidió con un período en el que la opinión pública empezó a mostrar mayor preocupación por la inmigración, lo que provocó actitudes negativas cada vez más visibles hacia los colectivos inmigrantes en ambos países. Este artículo analiza en qué medida la presión migratoria y el cambio actitudinal hacia los inmigrantes en España e Italia pueden ayudarnos a comprender mejor las estrategias de los partidos a la hora de facilitar el acceso de este colectivo a cargos electos en los parlamentos nacionales. Haciendo uso de una base de datos única que incluye información sobre el perfil sociodemográfico y político de todos los diputados y diputadas en ambos países desde 1990 hasta la actualidad, nuestro estudio contribuye a avanzar en el conocimiento sobre las dinámicas que favorecen y que dificultan la representación política de los inmigrantes en estos dos países del sur de Europa. ; In the 1990s and the 2000s, Spain and Italy experienced a considerable growth in immigration. In just two decades, the foreign population has multiplied more than fivefold in both countries and by 2010 accounted for 12 and 6 per cent of the total population, respectively (INE, 2015; ISTAT, 2015). This demographic change has put pressure on the democratic representative system of both countries, with large numbers of new residents wishing to have a voice in the direction of collective affairs. Yet, at the same time, public opinion has become increasingly concerned about immigration and immigrants' integration in both countries, with attitudes towards immigrants becoming increasingly negative in both. This article examines how these competing pressures can help us better understand the strategies of political parties in relation to the incorporation of citizens of immigrant origin into elected office in the national parliaments of both countries. Drawing on an original and unique dataset on the socio-demographic characteristics and political profiles of all national MPs elected in Spain and Italy since the beginning of the 1990s, this study aims at examining the dynamics which encourage or hinder the political representation of citizens of immigrant origin in these two Southern European countries. ; En els últims vint anys, les societats d'Espanya i Itàlia han experimentat un canvi demogràfic molt notable a causa de fluxos migratoris d'alta intensitat. Des de principis de la dècada de 1990, la població estrangera es va multiplicar per cinc en tots dos països i el 2010 va assolir el 12 i el 6 per cent, respectivament, del conjunt poblacional (INE, 2015; ISTAT, 2015). En tots dos casos, aquest fenomen migratori planteja nous desafiaments de representació democràtica, atès que, en un període molt curt de temps, ha generat un gran cabal de nous residents amb expectatives legítimes de fer sentir la seva veu en el procés de presa de decisions. No obstant això, l'augment del nombre d'immigrants residents a Espanya i Itàlia també va coincidir amb un període en el qual l'opinió pública va començar a mostrar major preocupació per la immigració, la qual cosa va provocar actituds negatives cada vegada més visibles cap als col·lectius immigrants en ambdós països. Aquest article analitza en quina mesura la pressió migratòria i el canvi actitudinal cap als immigrants a Espanya i Itàlia poden ajudar-nos a comprendre millor les estratègies dels partits a l'hora de facilitar l'accés d'aquest col·lectiu a càrrecs electes als parlaments nacionals. Fent ús d'una base de dades única que inclou informació sobre el perfil sociodemogràfic i polític de tots els diputats i diputades en tots dos països des de 1990 fins a l'actualitat, el nostre estudi contribueix a avançar en el coneixement sobre les dinàmiques que afavoreixen i que dificulten la representació política dels immigrants en aquests dos països del sud d'Europa.

1. Approaches to U.S. immigration history. Immigration portrayed as an experience of uprootedness / Oscar Handlin ; Immigration portrayed as an experience of transplantation / John Bodnar ; The invention of ethnicity in the United States / Kathleen Neils Conzen ... [et al.] ; Immigrant women: nowhere at home? / Donna Gabaccia ; Race, nation, and culture in recent immigration studies / George J. Sanchez ; More "trans-," less "national" / Matthew Frye Jacobson -- 2. Settlers, servants, and slaves in early America. European claims to America, circa 1650 ; Alonso Ortiz, a tanner in Mexico City, misses his wife in Spain, 1574 ; Don Antonio de Otermin, governor of New Mexico, on the Pueblo revolt, 1680 ; Marie of the Incarnation finds clarity in Canada, 1652 ; Elizabeth Sprigs, a servant, writes to her father in London, 1756 ; William Byrd II, a land speculator, promotes immigration to Virginia, 1736 ; Thomas Philip, a slave trader, describes the middle passage, 1693 ; Job recalls being taken to slavery in America, 1731 ; Religion and contested spaces in colonial North America / Tracy Neal Leavelle ; Adaptation and survival in the New World / Alison Games -- 3. Citizenship and migration before the Civil War. Citizenship in the Articles of Confederation, 1781 ; Citizenship and migration in the United States Constitution, 1787 ; Naturalization Act of 1790 ; An Act Concerning Aliens, 1798 ; New York's Poor Law, 1788 ; Moore v. People upholds fugitive slavery acts, 1852 ; The open borders myth / Gerald L. Neuman ; Citizenship in nineteenth-century America / William J. Novak -- 4. European migration and national expansion in the early nineteenth century. Ana Maria Schano advises her family in Germany on emigration, 1850-1883 ; Irish describe effects of the potato famine, 1846-1847 ; Irish immigration and work depicted in song, 1850s ; Emigrant runners work NY harbor, 1855 ; Samuel F.B. Morse enumerates the dangers of the Roman Catholic immigrant, 1835 ; Portrayals of immigrants in political cartoons, 1850s ; The global Irish / Kevin Kenny ; German Catholic immigrants who make their own America / Kathleen Neils Conzen -- 5. The Southwest borderlands. Stephen Austin calls for Texas independence, 1836 ; John O'Sullivan declares "boundless future" is America's "manifest destiny" ; U.S. territorial expansion to 1850 ; Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo sets rights of Mexicans in ceded territory, 1848 ; Congress reports Indian incursions in the border area, 1850 ; The ballad of Gregario Cortez, 1901 ; Negotiating captivity in the New Mexico borderlands / James F. Brooks ; Anglos establish control in Texas / David Montejano -- 6. National citizenship and federal regulation of immigration. U.S. Constitution, Amendment 14, Sec. 1 ; Naturalization Act of 1870, Sec. 7 ; Supreme Court recognizes Congress's plenary power over immigration, 1889 ; U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark rules birthright citizenship applies to all born in United States, 1898 ; Immigration Act of 1917 lists excludable classes ; Chinese poetry from Angel Island, 1910s ; Immigration station at Ellis Island, New York, c. 1904 ; Immigration station at Angel Island, San Francisco, c. 1915 ; The great wall against China / Aristide R. Zolberg ; Divided citizenships / Linda Bosniak -- 7. Immigration during the era of industrialization and urbanization. Mary Antin describes life in Polozk and Boston, 1890 ; Jacob Riis describes the impoverished tenements of New York City, 1890 ; George Washington Plunkitt justifies the urban political machine, 1905 ; Chinatown, U.S.A., 1874-1919 ; John Martin, an American worker, does not understand the foreigners in the 1919 steel strike ; Jane Addams on the settlement as a factor in the labor movement, 1895 ; Work and community in the jungle / James R. Barrett ; Chinatown: a contested urban space / Mary Ting Yi Lui -- 8. Colonialism and migration. Senator Albert J. Beveridge supports an American empire, 1898 ; Joseph Henry Crooker says America should not have colonies, 1900 ; Downes v. Bidwell rules Puerto Rico belongs to but not part of United States, 1901 ; Louis Delaplaine, a consular official, says Puerto Ricans are ungrateful, 1921 ; A citizen recommends Puerto Rican labor for Panama Canal, 1904 ; Filipino asparagus workers petition for standard of American wages, 1928 ; A Chinese labor contract in Hawaii, 1870 ; The noncitizen national and the law of American empire / Christina Duffy Burnett ; Japanese and Haoles in Hawaii / Evelyn Nakano Glenn -- 9. Immigrant incorporation, edentity, and nativism in the early twentieth century. The Asiatic Exclusion League argues that Asians cannot be assimilated, 1911 ; Fu Chi Hao reprimands Americans for anti-Chinese attitudes, 1907 ; Madison Grant on the "passing of a great race," 1915 ; Randolph Bourne promotes cultural pluralism, 1916 ; Becoming American and becoming white / James R. Barrett and David Roediger ; The evolution of racial nativism / John Higham -- 10. The turn to restriction. Immigration Act of 1924 establishes immigration quotas ; Thind v. United States rules Asians cannot become citizens, 1923 ; Mary Kidder Rad writes that patrolling the border is a "man sized job" ; Congressman John Box objects toMexican immigrants, 1928 ; League of United Latin-American Citizens form civil rights organization, 1929 ; The invention of national origins / Mae M. Ngai ; The shifting politics of Mexican nationalism and ethnicity -- 11. Patterns of inclusiion and exclusion, 1920s to 1940s. Dominic Del Turco remembers union organizing, 1934 ; Dept. of Labor reports on consumer spending patterns of Mexican families, 1934 ; Recalling the Mexican repatriation in the 1930s ; Callifornia Attorney General Earl Warren questions Japanese Americans' loyalty, 1941 ; Poet Mitsuye Yamada ponders the question of loyalty, 1942 ; Mine Okubo illustrates her family's internment, 1942 ; Sailors and Mexican youth clash in Los Angeles, 1943 ; Louis Adamic: war is opportunity for pluralism and unity, 1940 ; President Franklin Roossevelt urges repeal of Chinese Exclusion Laws, 1943 ; Chicago workers encounter mass culture / Lizabeth Cohen ; The history of "milotary necessity" in the Japanese American internment / Alice Yang Murray -- 12. Immigration reform and ethnic politics in the era of civil rights and the Cold War. Sociologist Will Herberg describes the "triple melting pot" ; Anthropologist Oscar Lewis theorizes the culture of poverty, 1966 ; :iri Tholmas thinks about racism, 1969 ; Cesar Chavez declares "Viva la cause!" 1965 ; Historian Oscar Handlin criticizes national-origin quotas, 1952 ; President Lyndon Johnson signs Immigration Act of 1965 ; The liberal brief for immigration reform / Mae M. Ngai ; Representing the Puerto Rican problem / Lorrin Thomas -- 13. Immigrants in the post-industrial age. President Reagan signs Immigration Reform and Control Act, 1986 ; Ruben Martinez describes the fight against Proposition 187, 1995 ; Asian immigrants transplant religious institutions, 1994 ; Proof of the melting pot is in the eating, 1991 ; Perla Rabor Rigor compares life as a nurse in the Philippines and America, 1987 ; Santiago Maldonado details the lives of undocumented immigrants in Texas, 1994 ; George Gmelch compares life in New York and Barbados, 1971-1976 ; A Chicano conference advocates the creation of Aztlan, 1969 ; Janitors strike for justice, 1990 ; Transnational ties / Nancy Foner ; Ethnic advocacy for immigration reform / Carolyn Wong -- 14. Refugees and asylees. Refugee Act of 1980 ; Congressman Jerry Patterson details needs of refugees in California, 1981 ; A Cuban flees to the United States, 1979 ; Xang Mao Xiong recalls his family's flight from Laos, 1975 ; United States interdicts Haitian refugees at sea, 1991 ; Refugee youth play soccer in Georgia, 2007 ; A sociologist assesses DNA testing for African refugees, 2010 ; Refugees enter America through the side door / Aristide R. Zolberg ; "They are proud people": refugees from Cuba / Carl J. Bon Tempo -- 15. Immigration challenges in the twenty-first century. An overview of race and Hispanic origin makeup of the U.S. population, 2000 ; A statistical portrait of unauthorized immigrants, 2009 ; Remittance and housing woes for immigrants during economic recession, 2008 ; Mohammed Bilal-Mirza, a Pakistani-American taxi driver, recounts September 11, 2001, and its aftermath ; American-Arab Anti-discrimination Committee condemns terrorism, 2001 ; Feisal Abul Rauf, an imam, proposes a multi-faith center in New York, 2010 ; Immigrants march for immigration reform, 2006 ; Minutemen call for border security first, only, and now, 2006 ; Joseph Carens makes the case for amnesty, 2009 ; Arizona passes state law against illegal immigration, 2010 ; The work culture of Latina domestic workers / Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo ; The citizen and the terrorist / Leti Volpp.

The aim of this study is to explore the impact of integration policies, implemented in Spain and Sweden, on first-generation migrants' economic integration and socio-cultural participation. Different policies targeting migrants' economic and political integration, social inclusion, and cultural participation have been adopted by countries in Europe and across the globe for years. However, little is known about their impact on migrant's economic and socio-cultural integration. We explore the Strategic Plan on Citizenship and Integration (PECI) I in 2007 to 2010 and PECI II in 2011 to 2014 implemented in Spain. For Sweden, we examine the Integration Plans of 2008 and 2014. We apply a difference-in-differences (DiD) framework. The findings suggest that the integration policies in Spain had a positive effect in some domains of the socio-cultural and economic integration for EU migrants, while a negative impact is found for the non-EU immigrants. On the other hand, the results for the integration in Sweden show a weak effect. Integration policies should identify the barriers of migrants' social inclusion and recognize their needs for their successful economic and socio-cultural integration in the host societies. ; TUBITAKTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [119C017]; Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) ; The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This paper has been produced benefiting from the Marie SklodowskaCurie Action 2236 Co-Funded Brain Circulation Scheme2 (CoCirculation2) of TUBITAK (Project No: 119C017), which has been funded under the FP7-PEOPLE-2011-COFUND call of the 7th Framework Programme. The authors are grateful for the financial support received. However, the entire responsibility of the paper belongs to the owners of the paper. The financial support received from the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) does not mean that the context of the paper is approved in a scientific sense by TUBITAK.