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Abstract
This article aims to explore the relationship between imperialism and political ecology, the identifying characteristics of the historical development of ecological imperialism, and the ecosocial implications of its cosmetic adaptation—namely, green imperialism—in a context of growing threat and biophysical concern. We first provide a succinct updated definition of imperialism based on world-systems analysis, which serves to understand imperialism as the system of economic domination of global capitalism, placing countries at the core of the system at one pole of extraction of labor, energy, and material resources, and those at the periphery at the opposite pole of supply. This hierarchization helps to understand ecological imperialism as a series of externalizations that the core tends to implement globally, transforming the periphery into a drain for these externalizations. As part of it, green imperialism appears as a new mode of accumulation aimed at preserving the imperial mode of living in the core legitimized by supposedly environmentally beneficial policies and discourses. We conclude by addressing the need for a fruitful dialogue between the critiques of ecologically unequal exchange and the radical positions of contemporary degrowth in order to reduce the most harmful productive sectors and favor a socially just transition and development in the Global South.

The neoliberal forms of imperial rule that had destroyed the hopes of the liberation movements were under attack. In order to counter the possibilities for a massive breakthrough at the popular level, the Western forces mounted an invasion of Libya using the mantra of humanitarianism to disrupt, militarily, political and economic life in Africa. Imperialism in Africa had matured from the cruder colonial forms and worked through the Bretton Woods institutions while unleashing divisive ideas on cultural and religious levels. Yet, Africa remains the space of the worst forms of exploitation of the capitalist system and has inspired continuity in anti-imperialism from colonial times to the present. Today, in the twenty-first century, the older forms of class mobilization of the national liberation era have exhausted their potential and there are new social forces that have arisen that are fighting for reparative justice, peace, life, health, and the repair of the natural environment. These movements, and their anti-imperialist ideas, had kept the flames of African freedom burning. Adapted from the source document.

J. A. Hobson (18581940) was an English economist and early socialist, whose writings on capitalism and industrialism influenced Lenin and Trotsky, and were highly regarded by John Maynard Keynes. Imperialism, published in 1902, is considered his most important work. Employed as a war correspondent by the Manchester Guardian to report on the Second Boer War, he became convinced that imperial expansion was driven by the desire to find new markets and investment opportunities, resulting in capitalistic exploitation of the colonies. He argued that imperial policies were a fundamental cause of international conflict, as greed led to aggression and militarism. While modern critics have seen weaknesses in his arguments, such as his failure to examine the development of the British Empire out of early private trading enterprises, Hobson was a very influential and prolific writer and social theorist, who helped shape British welfare policy in the twentieth century

When international media were broadcasting live video footage of Tunisians gathering in hundreds of thousands in front of the central office in Tunis of the long-terrifying ministry of home security, chanting in one voice "the people want to bring down the regime," something had already changed: ordinary people realized they could make huge changes. Weeks later, the Egyptian uprising removed the Mubarak regime that had been entrenched in power for over thirty years&hellip;. The neoliberal forms of imperial rule that had destroyed the hopes of the liberation movements were under attack. In order to counter the possibilities for a massive breakthrough at the popular level, the Western forces mounted an invasion of Libya using the mantra of humanitarianism to disrupt, militarily, political and economic life in Africa. Later in collusion with the counter-revolutionary forces in the Egyptian military, Western imperialism sought to roll back the gains of people in the streets of Tunis and Cairo.<p class="mrlink"><p class="mrpurchaselink"><a href="http://monthlyreview.org/index/volume-67-number-3" title="Vol. 67, No. 3: July 2015" target="_self">Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the <em>Monthly Review</em> website.</a></p>

Cover -- Contents -- List of Tables -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction - Imperialism: What's in a Name? -- Empire and Imperialism: Histories and Definitions -- Rethinking Imperialism: a Brief Summary -- 2 Early Capitalism and Mercantile Imperialism -- The Origins Debate: Core, Periphery and Global History -- The New Global History: a Critique -- Conclusion: Imperialism and Early Capitalist Development -- 3 Liberal Imperialism and Capitalist Expansion -- Classical Political Economy and the Critique of Empire -- Liberalism and the Case for Empire -- Free Trade Imperialism -- Conclusion: Advanced or Backward British Imperialism? -- 4 Classical Imperialism, 1882-1945 -- Classical Theories of Imperialism -- Liberal Imperialism Revisited -- Assessing Classical and Liberal Theories of Imperialism -- Conclusion -- 5 The Cold War, Post-War Boom and New Theories of Imperialism -- The US State and the Post-War Liberal International Order -- The Cold War, Military Imperialism and the Third World -- Theories of Imperialism after 1945 -- Conclusion: Imperialism and International Relations, 1945-1989 -- 6 Neo-liberalism, Globalization and Geo-Politics in the Post-Cold War World -- From Bretton Woods to Neo-Liberalism -- Theorizing Restructuring, Hegemony and Globalization -- State Theory Revisited -- Post-Cold War Geo-Politics: Lenin and Kautsky Revisited -- Conclusion -- 7 The Political Economy of Neo-Liberal Imperialism -- The Globalization of Production: Capitalist Diffusion at Last? -- The Reality of Global Uneven Development -- Imperialism, Neo-Liberalism and Uneven and Combined Development -- Conclusion -- 8 Liberalism and 'Humanitarian Imperialism' -- The Rise of the Discourse of Humanitarian Intervention -- The Case against Liberal Imperialism -- Conclusion.