Chapter focuses on various atypical forms of employment – fixed-term, TAW, undeclared work as well as so called 'very atypical forms of employment' – and their developments in different EU Member States as well as policy debate around the atypical forms of employment. In recent years, the share of employees working under atypical forms of employment in EU Member States either increased or remained unchanged. Events in 2015 reflect the eclectic nature of approaches to this matter, with measures ranging from those that encourage flexibility (Latvia and Norway) to those that seek to combat abuse of atypical contracts (Sweden).
Chapter focuses on various atypical forms of employment – fixed-term, TAW, undeclared work as well as so called 'very atypical forms of employment' – and their developments in different EU Member States as well as policy debate around the atypical forms of employment. In recent years, the share of employees working under atypical forms of employment in EU Member States either increased or remained unchanged. Events in 2015 reflect the eclectic nature of approaches to this matter, with measures ranging from those that encourage flexibility (Latvia and Norway) to those that seek to combat abuse of atypical contracts (Sweden).
Chapter focuses on various atypical forms of employment – fixed-term, TAW, undeclared work as well as so called 'very atypical forms of employment' – and their developments in different EU Member States as well as policy debate around the atypical forms of employment. In recent years, the share of employees working under atypical forms of employment in EU Member States either increased or remained unchanged. Events in 2015 reflect the eclectic nature of approaches to this matter, with measures ranging from those that encourage flexibility (Latvia and Norway) to those that seek to combat abuse of atypical contracts (Sweden).
Chapter focuses on various atypical forms of employment – fixed-term, TAW, undeclared work as well as so called 'very atypical forms of employment' – and their developments in different EU Member States as well as policy debate around the atypical forms of employment. In recent years, the share of employees working under atypical forms of employment in EU Member States either increased or remained unchanged. Events in 2015 reflect the eclectic nature of approaches to this matter, with measures ranging from those that encourage flexibility (Latvia and Norway) to those that seek to combat abuse of atypical contracts (Sweden).
Individual Character Assessment in Design Law The aim of this master's thesis is to reveal the challenges of assessing design's individual character in practice. The requirement of individual character in today's design law is understood as the requirement for a design to be distinguishable at a certain level so that from an informed user's perspective the overall impression that the design creates would be different from the prior art. The first part of this work summarizes on disclosing the conceptual notions of design law that are relevant to this topic as well as the existing legal regulation of design law. The main focus of this part is to reveal the basic aspects of the two main requirements for design's legal protection – novelty and the individual character. The second part of this work is devoted to answering the main question of this study – how are the individual character of a design assessed in practice. Whereas the practice of the national courts of the Republic of Lithuania on this topic is poor, assessment of the design's individual character is analyzed according to the case law of the judicial authorities of the European Union. Some aspects are as well discussed according to the case law of the United Kingdom. The problematic aspects of the assessment of design's individual character are revealed from the perspective of the overall impression possessed on the informed user, issues that can arise while evaluating the freedom of the designer and also according to nature of the product. Attention is as well drawn on a new and not yet studied aspect in the doctrine – the problem of protecting a new generation of a design, with respect to two relevant judgements of the General Court of the European Union that gave different answers to this question. The last part of this study is for considering the relation between copyright law and design law. The basic differences of each of these intellectual property rights are discussed, as well as the principle of double protection opportunity. Also the requirement of originality for a work of art in the copyright law is compared with the requirement of the design's individual character. In addition, the newest approach of the European Court of Justice, considering the level of originality for a design to qualify for copyright protection, is presented and evaluated.
Individual Character Assessment in Design Law The aim of this master's thesis is to reveal the challenges of assessing design's individual character in practice. The requirement of individual character in today's design law is understood as the requirement for a design to be distinguishable at a certain level so that from an informed user's perspective the overall impression that the design creates would be different from the prior art. The first part of this work summarizes on disclosing the conceptual notions of design law that are relevant to this topic as well as the existing legal regulation of design law. The main focus of this part is to reveal the basic aspects of the two main requirements for design's legal protection – novelty and the individual character. The second part of this work is devoted to answering the main question of this study – how are the individual character of a design assessed in practice. Whereas the practice of the national courts of the Republic of Lithuania on this topic is poor, assessment of the design's individual character is analyzed according to the case law of the judicial authorities of the European Union. Some aspects are as well discussed according to the case law of the United Kingdom. The problematic aspects of the assessment of design's individual character are revealed from the perspective of the overall impression possessed on the informed user, issues that can arise while evaluating the freedom of the designer and also according to nature of the product. Attention is as well drawn on a new and not yet studied aspect in the doctrine – the problem of protecting a new generation of a design, with respect to two relevant judgements of the General Court of the European Union that gave different answers to this question. The last part of this study is for considering the relation between copyright law and design law. The basic differences of each of these intellectual property rights are discussed, as well as the principle of double protection opportunity. Also the requirement of originality for a work of art in the copyright law is compared with the requirement of the design's individual character. In addition, the newest approach of the European Court of Justice, considering the level of originality for a design to qualify for copyright protection, is presented and evaluated.
Individual Character Assessment in Design Law The aim of this master's thesis is to reveal the challenges of assessing design's individual character in practice. The requirement of individual character in today's design law is understood as the requirement for a design to be distinguishable at a certain level so that from an informed user's perspective the overall impression that the design creates would be different from the prior art. The first part of this work summarizes on disclosing the conceptual notions of design law that are relevant to this topic as well as the existing legal regulation of design law. The main focus of this part is to reveal the basic aspects of the two main requirements for design's legal protection – novelty and the individual character. The second part of this work is devoted to answering the main question of this study – how are the individual character of a design assessed in practice. Whereas the practice of the national courts of the Republic of Lithuania on this topic is poor, assessment of the design's individual character is analyzed according to the case law of the judicial authorities of the European Union. Some aspects are as well discussed according to the case law of the United Kingdom. The problematic aspects of the assessment of design's individual character are revealed from the perspective of the overall impression possessed on the informed user, issues that can arise while evaluating the freedom of the designer and also according to nature of the product. Attention is as well drawn on a new and not yet studied aspect in the doctrine – the problem of protecting a new generation of a design, with respect to two relevant judgements of the General Court of the European Union that gave different answers to this question. The last part of this study is for considering the relation between copyright law and design law. The basic differences of each of these intellectual property rights are discussed, as well as the principle of double protection opportunity. Also the requirement of originality for a work of art in the copyright law is compared with the requirement of the design's individual character. In addition, the newest approach of the European Court of Justice, considering the level of originality for a design to qualify for copyright protection, is presented and evaluated.
Individual Character Assessment in Design Law The aim of this master's thesis is to reveal the challenges of assessing design's individual character in practice. The requirement of individual character in today's design law is understood as the requirement for a design to be distinguishable at a certain level so that from an informed user's perspective the overall impression that the design creates would be different from the prior art. The first part of this work summarizes on disclosing the conceptual notions of design law that are relevant to this topic as well as the existing legal regulation of design law. The main focus of this part is to reveal the basic aspects of the two main requirements for design's legal protection – novelty and the individual character. The second part of this work is devoted to answering the main question of this study – how are the individual character of a design assessed in practice. Whereas the practice of the national courts of the Republic of Lithuania on this topic is poor, assessment of the design's individual character is analyzed according to the case law of the judicial authorities of the European Union. Some aspects are as well discussed according to the case law of the United Kingdom. The problematic aspects of the assessment of design's individual character are revealed from the perspective of the overall impression possessed on the informed user, issues that can arise while evaluating the freedom of the designer and also according to nature of the product. Attention is as well drawn on a new and not yet studied aspect in the doctrine – the problem of protecting a new generation of a design, with respect to two relevant judgements of the General Court of the European Union that gave different answers to this question. The last part of this study is for considering the relation between copyright law and design law. The basic differences of each of these intellectual property rights are discussed, as well as the principle of double protection opportunity. Also the requirement of originality for a work of art in the copyright law is compared with the requirement of the design's individual character. In addition, the newest approach of the European Court of Justice, considering the level of originality for a design to qualify for copyright protection, is presented and evaluated.
The article discusses the crisis of the political, treating this phenomenon as an interactive constellation of political, over-political and apolitical factors. The aim is to reconstruct the assumptions of the crisis and highlight its main features in the context of ancient Greece. Under the influence of Dionysian religion, theater was established as a compelling and universally accessible authority to legitimize democracy. Therefore my analysis focuses on the social change after which democracy was no longer perceived as a form of governance but as a form of collective ownership. The article explains how the unbridled demonstration of power quickly erased the long-cherished principle of verbal argumentation and pushed Greeks to practice of power politics. It is shown how, with the establishment of autocracy, parallel interchange between political and anti-political institutions emerged in the Greek polis.
Global coverage of individual competencies in knowledge society Saulė Gudauskaitė Summary Globalization is a suggestive term, which is often used in various contexts to describe a phenomenon of a field in world wide view. The term discusses the process of national economies integrated into global economy. First of all, globalization is characterized as a measure of internationalization. Competence means a complex action system, which takes in knowledge, knowledge abilities, strategies, as well as emotions and attitudes in effective governance of the competencies. Modern social life appeals not by traditions, but by changeable, creatable and renewed reflective knowledge. All social actions are analyzed all the time and modified when its needed by information and knowledge we get. There's a question, which knowledge is necessary in organization and which ones are even harmful? A competence is the ability to meet a complex demand successfully or carry out a complex activity or task. The problem is in defining and selecting key competencies, which draws into power relations, political decisions, national cultures or practical considerations. The relationship between the individual and society is dialectic and dynamic one as well as the content of a competence, which creates the most important value. The main questions in the article, which is part of doctoral thesis, are: what could I define as a competence, key competence for individual and how do employees evaluate their competencies in aspects of technology, novation, responsibility, life long learning and motivation?
Global coverage of individual competencies in knowledge society Saulė Gudauskaitė Summary Globalization is a suggestive term, which is often used in various contexts to describe a phenomenon of a field in world wide view. The term discusses the process of national economies integrated into global economy. First of all, globalization is characterized as a measure of internationalization. Competence means a complex action system, which takes in knowledge, knowledge abilities, strategies, as well as emotions and attitudes in effective governance of the competencies. Modern social life appeals not by traditions, but by changeable, creatable and renewed reflective knowledge. All social actions are analyzed all the time and modified when its needed by information and knowledge we get. There's a question, which knowledge is necessary in organization and which ones are even harmful? A competence is the ability to meet a complex demand successfully or carry out a complex activity or task. The problem is in defining and selecting key competencies, which draws into power relations, political decisions, national cultures or practical considerations. The relationship between the individual and society is dialectic and dynamic one as well as the content of a competence, which creates the most important value. The main questions in the article, which is part of doctoral thesis, are: what could I define as a competence, key competence for individual and how do employees evaluate their competencies in aspects of technology, novation, responsibility, life long learning and motivation?
Global coverage of individual competencies in knowledge society Saulė Gudauskaitė Summary Globalization is a suggestive term, which is often used in various contexts to describe a phenomenon of a field in world wide view. The term discusses the process of national economies integrated into global economy. First of all, globalization is characterized as a measure of internationalization. Competence means a complex action system, which takes in knowledge, knowledge abilities, strategies, as well as emotions and attitudes in effective governance of the competencies. Modern social life appeals not by traditions, but by changeable, creatable and renewed reflective knowledge. All social actions are analyzed all the time and modified when its needed by information and knowledge we get. There's a question, which knowledge is necessary in organization and which ones are even harmful? A competence is the ability to meet a complex demand successfully or carry out a complex activity or task. The problem is in defining and selecting key competencies, which draws into power relations, political decisions, national cultures or practical considerations. The relationship between the individual and society is dialectic and dynamic one as well as the content of a competence, which creates the most important value. The main questions in the article, which is part of doctoral thesis, are: what could I define as a competence, key competence for individual and how do employees evaluate their competencies in aspects of technology, novation, responsibility, life long learning and motivation?
Global coverage of individual competencies in knowledge society Saulė Gudauskaitė Summary Globalization is a suggestive term, which is often used in various contexts to describe a phenomenon of a field in world wide view. The term discusses the process of national economies integrated into global economy. First of all, globalization is characterized as a measure of internationalization. Competence means a complex action system, which takes in knowledge, knowledge abilities, strategies, as well as emotions and attitudes in effective governance of the competencies. Modern social life appeals not by traditions, but by changeable, creatable and renewed reflective knowledge. All social actions are analyzed all the time and modified when its needed by information and knowledge we get. There's a question, which knowledge is necessary in organization and which ones are even harmful? A competence is the ability to meet a complex demand successfully or carry out a complex activity or task. The problem is in defining and selecting key competencies, which draws into power relations, political decisions, national cultures or practical considerations. The relationship between the individual and society is dialectic and dynamic one as well as the content of a competence, which creates the most important value. The main questions in the article, which is part of doctoral thesis, are: what could I define as a competence, key competence for individual and how do employees evaluate their competencies in aspects of technology, novation, responsibility, life long learning and motivation?
Taxation of Persons Engaged in Individual Activities in Lithuania Taxation of persons engaged in individual activities is one of personal income taxation forms. Number of persons engaged in individual activities in Lithuania is constantly increasing. Tax legislation regulating taxation of persons engaged in individual activities is periodically amended therefore it is important to analyse the taxation procedure for persons engaged in individual activities in the historical and current aspects. This Master's thesis deals with the concept of individual activity established in the tax legislation of the Republic of Lithuania, also evolution and practical problems of taxation of persons engaged in individual activities in Lithuania. The first part discloses evolution of the concept of individual activity, characteristics of individual activity and cases when individual activity is limited by researching the Provisional Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Income Tax of Natural Persons and the Law of the Republic of the Lithuania on Personal Income Tax, as well as practical materials. The second part investigates the evolution of Income Tax of Natural Persons and Personal Income Tax levied on persons engaged in individual activities by analysing legislation, also evaluating the purpose of legislation considering the interpretive letters. This section focuses on the evolution of taxation, chronologically assessing the most important amendments to the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Income Tax of Natural Persons as well as evaluating the amendments to the superseding Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Personal Income Tax. The third part considers the most relevant procedure for imposing income tax on the income of individuals engaged in individual activities, as well as the choice of the legislator not to recognize income from individual activity of sale of real estate or rental. The procedure for levying income tax on income derived from individual activities and employment relationship is also compared therein.
Taxation of Persons Engaged in Individual Activities in Lithuania Taxation of persons engaged in individual activities is one of personal income taxation forms. Number of persons engaged in individual activities in Lithuania is constantly increasing. Tax legislation regulating taxation of persons engaged in individual activities is periodically amended therefore it is important to analyse the taxation procedure for persons engaged in individual activities in the historical and current aspects. This Master's thesis deals with the concept of individual activity established in the tax legislation of the Republic of Lithuania, also evolution and practical problems of taxation of persons engaged in individual activities in Lithuania. The first part discloses evolution of the concept of individual activity, characteristics of individual activity and cases when individual activity is limited by researching the Provisional Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Income Tax of Natural Persons and the Law of the Republic of the Lithuania on Personal Income Tax, as well as practical materials. The second part investigates the evolution of Income Tax of Natural Persons and Personal Income Tax levied on persons engaged in individual activities by analysing legislation, also evaluating the purpose of legislation considering the interpretive letters. This section focuses on the evolution of taxation, chronologically assessing the most important amendments to the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Income Tax of Natural Persons as well as evaluating the amendments to the superseding Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Personal Income Tax. The third part considers the most relevant procedure for imposing income tax on the income of individuals engaged in individual activities, as well as the choice of the legislator not to recognize income from individual activity of sale of real estate or rental. The procedure for levying income tax on income derived from individual activities and employment relationship is also compared therein.
