In Charles Taylor's Multiculturalism: examining the Politics of Recognition, the idea of individual identity is presented, in political-cultural terms, as being partly dependent on collective identities. In this sense, the political solution for social harmonization and even for the cultural formation of particular identities is linked to collectivity. In Plato's Politics, although the final concern is also to harmonize the collective, the pólis, political art acts rather in the adjustment of the individual psyché. This is because the collective is a kind of mirroring of the individual. If on the one hand Plato is taxed as an idealist for the political solutions he presents to the collective question, on the other, he is not when he points out that (philosophical) discourse is capable of reorienting the individual towards political life.
Analyzing the "left" and "right" political positions of individuals is challenging because personal attributes may influence political decisions without directly causing them. This issue may be even more pronounced in Latin America, where young democracies encounter the challenge of stabilizing political choices over time. This study contributes to the literature by analyzing the influence of personal attributes on political choices, focusing on the early 2000s, when the "left" turn occurred. The present study relies on the World Values Survey's fifth wave (2005-2008) to fulfil this objective. This dataset is composed of data that have been collected globally, and the questions are related to diverse subjects associated with the quality of life of individuals. From the available sample, we included all of the Latin American countries that participated in this wave: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, and Uruguay. In this study, the aim is to directly understand the impact of these individuals own attributes on their declared self-positioning about the political leaning. To this aim, an ordered logit model was used to analyse how each variable exerts influence on the political leaning of the respondents. Our results found that political cleavages depend on demographic factors, economic factors, and individual opinions in agreement with previous studies. Increased age, religious service attendance, and satisfaction with one's financial life increase the tendency of individuals for self-positioning to the right of the political spectrum. The possession of a university degree and residence in a large city increases the likelihood of individuals of self-identifying with a leftist political position. This study contributes to the literature by analysing the influence of personal attributes on political choices. Although this research represents an important step toward understanding political leanings in Latin American countries, a significant amount of future research remains. The definitions of "left" and "right" continue to be unclear as they relate to dimensions that include democracy, autocracy, and political reform. Understanding the ways individuals set up their choices would increase the responsibility of political parties and authorities for the hidden claim the population has about their deliverables. At the same time, studies like ours may enhance the awareness of the general impression over political party choices of candidates. Finally, even with so many confounding aspects in this antagonist position, the left and the right continue to be a simple way to characterize veiled assumptions. Therefore, it may be an ambiguous form of defining choices, but this seemingly binary choice is still very significant for voters in Latin America.
This article analyzes the individual capabilities of government employees working in Superior Management and Advisory (SMA) positions in the Brazilian federal bureaucracy regarding the solution of problems in the agribusiness sector. The data were obtained from the Integrated Personnel Administration System (IPAS). Three proxies were defined to build an analytical construct to reflect the individual capabilities of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Supply's (MALS) personnel: political, operational, and analytical competencies. The proxies were analyzed using a quantitative-descriptive approach. The study observed the bureaucrat's turnover from 1999 to 2012. Subsequently, using the Mann-Whitney U test for independent samples, data from 1998 and 2018 were compared to verify changes in operational and analytical competencies, represented by the leadership capacity and ability to process information, respectively. The results showed that the individual capability of MALS's personnel remained unchanged, indicated by the permanence of tenured employees in high-level positions and the maintenance of the level of formal education, which did not evolve over time. ; Este artículo aborda la capacidad individual del gobierno para resolver problemas en el contexto de los agronegocios brasileños, específicamente al nivel de la burocracia en el estrato de Gestión Superior y Asesoría (DAS). Los datos se obtuvieron a través de la base de datos del Sistema Integrado de Administración de Personal (SIAPE). Tres proxies se definieron como bases formativas para el análisis a fin de reflejar la capacidad individual de la burocracia vinculada al Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Abastecimiento (MAPA) en las competencias política, operativa y analítica. Estas aproximaciones se analizaron utilizando un enfoque cuantitativo-descriptivo. Inicialmente, se verificó el nivel de rotación de los burócratas, de 1999 a 2012. Posteriormente, utilizando la prueba de muestras independientes U de Mann-Whitney, se compararon los datos de 1998 y 2018 como una forma de verificar los cambios en las competencias operativas y analíticas, representadas por la capacidad de liderazgo y la habilidad de procesar información, respectivamente. El conjunto de hechos resultantes muestra un cierto conservadurismo de la capacidad individual de la burocracia del MAPA, dada la no modificación de ocupantes de cargos superiores en la condición de personal permanente, con énfasis en los de carrera en el propio órgano, y la no evolución del nivel de educación formal. ; Este artigo aborda a capacidade individual da burocracia pública federal, no âmbito dos servidores ocupantes de posições de Direção e Assessoramento Superior (DAS), para a resolução dos problemas no contexto do agronegócio brasileiro. Os dados foram obtidos por meio do Sistema Integrado de Administração de Pessoal (SIAPE). Foram delimitadas três proxies como bases formativas de um construto de análise no intuito de representar a capacidade individual da burocracia vinculada ao Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA): política, operacional e analítica. Essas proxies foram analisadas sob uma abordagem quantitativo-descritiva. Inicialmente, verificou-se o nível de rotatividade dos burocratas no período de 1999 a 2012. Posteriormente, por meio do teste de amostras independentes Mann-Whitney U, foram comparados dados de 1998 e 2018, como forma de verificar modificações nas competências operacionais e analíticas, representadas pela capacidade de liderança e habilidade de processar informações, respectivamente. O conjunto de fatos resultantes evidenciam certo conservadorismo da capacidade individual da burocracia do MAPA, uma vez que se observam a não modificação de ocupantes de cargos mais elevados na condição de efetivos, com destaque para aqueles na posição de ativos permanentes, e a não evolução do nível de instrução formal.
The objective was to identify the use of personal protection equipment by nursing workers during procedures which expose them to biological fluids. It was observational, descriptive and transversal research, with a quantitative approach, undertaken in a public hospital in the state of Paraná, in January – May 2014, using nonparticipant and intentional observation of 201 procedures through the use of a checklist. It was ascertained that, in the Surgical Center, procedure gloves (97%) obtained the greatest adherence, but that closed shoes and eye protection were not used on any occasion. In the Central Sterile Services Department, no worker used the procedure gloves, either rubber or heat-resistant, although the surgical mask (44.4%) had the greatest adherence in the cleaning room. In the Intensive Care Units and Emergency Room, the procedure gloves were used (100%), although adherence to the eye protection was low (0.86%). The nursing staff did not use all the equipment stipulated by legislation during their activities. ; El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar la utilización de los equipos de protección individual por los trabajadores de enfermería, durante procedimientos que los expongan a los fluidos biológicos. Investigación observacional, descriptiva, transversal con abordaje cuantitativo, desarrollada en un hospital público del estado de Paraná, en el periodo de enero a mayo de 2014, utilizándose observación no participante e intencional de 201 procedimientos por medio de un checklist. Se verificó en el Centro Quirúgico que los guantes de procedimientos (97%) tuvieron mayor adhesión, sin embargo zapatos cerrados y gafas no fueron utilizados ninguna vez. En la Central de Material y Esterilización, ningún trabajador utilizó guantes de procedimientos, pero la máscara común (44,4%) tuvo mayor adherencia en el salón de limpieza. En las Unidades de Terapia Intensiva y Emergencia, los guantes de procedimiento fueron utilizados (100%), pero la adhesión a las gafas fue baja (0,86%). Los trabajadores de enfermería no utilizaron todos los equipos preconizados por la legislación durante sus actividades. ; O objetivo foi identificar a utilização dos equipamentos de proteção individual pelos trabalhadores de enfermagem, durante procedimentos que os exponham aos fluidos biológicos. Pesquisa observacional, descritiva, transversal com abordagem quantitativa, desenvolvida em um hospital público do estado do Paraná, no período de janeiro a maio de 2014, utilizando-se da obser vação não-par ticipante e intencional de 201 procedimentos por meio de um checklist. Verificou-se no Centro Cirúrgico que as luvas de procedimentos (97%) obtiveram maior adesão, entretanto sapatos fechados e óculos não foram utilizados nenhuma vez. Na Central de Material e Esterilização nenhum trabalhador utilizou as luvas de procedimentos, borracha e térmicas, entretanto a máscara comum (44,4%) teve maior aderência na sala de limpeza. Nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva e Pronto Socorro as luvas de procedimento foram utilizadas (100%), porém a adesão aos óculos foi baixa (0,86%). Os trabalhadores de enfermagem não utilizaram todos os equipamentos preconizados pela legislação durante suas atividades.
Objective: Knowing the meanings of mental illness for individuals with psychotic disorders, hospitalized in a general hospital. Methods: Descriptive study with a qualitative approach. Five people formed the sample. It Was used a semistructured interview and graphical representation in order to obtain the information. The Data was sent to content analysis, of thematic type. Results: The surveyed was reported to mental illness, as: a result of divine punishments and witchcraft; a reality charged with suffering and difficulties, the result of losses and experiences from childhood, something difficult to explain, laden with stigma, misunderstanding, distrust and disqualification; presence of symptoms; limiting daily activities and disabling for work. Conclusion: We conclude that there is need for interventions that go beyond the reduction and control of symptoms, directing a look at the relationship of mental patient with family, work and the community.
Este ensaio apresenta o debate empreendido em meados da década de 1960, na França, pelo movimento teórico e político denominado Teoria Crítica do Esporte. Essa perspectiva ocorreu em meio ao clima cultural emergente naquele período, marcado pela crítica às instituições vigentes e propunha o desvelamento dos elementos subjacentes à hegemonia da ideologia esportiva na cultura, particularmente na mídia, nos clubes e escolas. O texto apresenta os principais argumentos de seus idealizadores, sobretudo os concebidos por JeanMarie Brohm, aproximando suas inquietações com contribuições oriundas de autores que marcaram a primeira geração da Teoria Crítica da Sociedade, notadamente Theodor W. Adorno, Max Horkheimer e Hebert Marcuse. O ensaio incide sobre as críticas tecidas por esses autores com a finalidade de compreender os fundamentos do movimento esportivo, concebido como objeto cultural de ampla disseminação e importância para a formação do indivíduo sob a égide do capitalismo. ; This paper presents the debate undertaken in the mid-1960s in France, by the theoretical and political movement called Critical Theory of Sports. This perspective came amid the emerging cultural climate in that period, marked by criticism of existing institutions and proposed the unveiling of the elements underlying the hegemony of sports ideology in culture, particularly in the media, clubs and schools. The text presents the main arguments of its creators, especially those designed by Jean-Marie Brohm, bringing their concerns with contributions from authors that marked the first generation of Critical Theory of Society, notably Theodor W. Adorno, Max Horkheimer and Hebert Marcuse. The test focuses on the criticism leveled by the authors in order to understand the fundamentals of the sports movement, conceived as a cultural object of wide spread and importance to the formation of the individual under the aegis of capitalism.
The present article intends to investigate in what way the social alienation entails the process of denaturation of the individual and advocates for the formulation of a new existence. The social "I" is corrupted by the environment in which it lives impossible to live alone. The "light" of reason leads to moral decay, providing an imbalance between reason and feeling. Rousseau's dichotomy between appearance and authenticity will be analyzed from the anthropological point of view and its political consequences.
The process of the family farmers' recognition as individuals with rights demonstrates having their first roots, in spite of being recent, if compared to the history of the Brazilian rural syndicalism, still in the constitution of the labor-syndical legislation in 1930. Therefore, seeking to explore that process the present paper has as objective to analyze the family farmers' emergence as individuals of rights in the contemporary Brazilian society, analyzing the processes of formation of the rural syndicalism and the expansion of the labor law for the rural workers as a form of accomplishment of a "regulated citizenship" until the decade of 1970; the urge to the official syndicalism, the structuring of a "new syndicalism" and the new social actors' appearance in the field, which made possible the enlargement of the citizenship spaces in the period of re-democratization in Brazil; the "crisis" of the new syndicalism, the creation of new syndical structures "apart" of the official structure (syndicalism of the family agriculture) and the emergency of the "family farmers" as subject of rights in the recent period ; O processo de reconhecimento dos agricultores familiares como sujeitos de direitos apesar de ser recente quando pensado a partir da trajetória do sindicalismo rural brasileiro demonstra ter suas primeiras raízes ainda na constituição da legislação trabalhista-sindical dos anos de 1930. Visando explorar esse processo o artigo tem por objetivo analisar a emergência dos agricultores familiares como sujeitos de direitos na sociedade brasileira contemporânea. Analisa-se os processos de formação do sindicalismo rural e de expansão da legislação trabalhista para os trabalhadores rurais como forma de realização de uma "cidadania regulada" até a década de 1970; o questionamento do sindicalismo oficial, a estruturação de um "novo sindicalismo" e a emergência de novos atores sociais no campo, que possibilitaram a ampliação dos espaços de cidadania no período de redemocratização do Brasil; a "crise" do novo sindicalismo, a criação de novas estruturas sindicais "por fora" da estrutura oficial (sindicalismo da agricultura familiar) e a emergência dos "agricultores familiares" como sujeitos de direitos no período recente