Suchergebnisse

La presente ricerca si propone di esaminare come e in quale misura l'Unione Europea abbia influenzato l'evoluzione e i contenuti delle politiche attive per il lavoro volte alla riqualificazione dei lavoratori. Uno sguardo più attento sarà dedicato alle misure messe in atto nell'attuale fase industriale, la cosiddetta Quarta Rivoluzione Industriale. Il termine "Industria 4.0" o "Industrializzazione 4.0" connota, infatti, una nuova fase della produzione industriale caratterizzata prevalentemente da una crescente integrazione delle macchine connesse a Internet nei processi industriali. Come tutte le rivoluzioni industriali, anche quella contemporanea coinvolgerà il mondo del lavoro e a rendersi sempre più acceso è il dibattito sulle qualifiche necessarie ai lavoratori o alle persone in cerca di occupazione per rimanere al passo con le continue evoluzioni e richieste del mercato del lavoro. Sebbene la competenza nel settore dell'occupazione sia statale, si è assistito a un progressivo incremento, in particolare dal lancio della Strategia Europea per l'Occupazione (SEO), dell'influenza esercitata dall'Unione Europea nei processi di elaborazione delle normative e dei programmi nazionali, attuata in prevalenza mediante l'utilizzo dei cosiddetti strumenti di "soft law". Partendo dal lancio della SEO del 1997, si analizzeranno il contesto europeo di riferimento e il percorso che ha condotto ai più recenti interventi in materia di politiche attive per il lavoro. Si proseguirà poi con l'analisi delle misure per la riqualificazione professionale elaborate nei tre Paesi considerati: Austria, Germania e Italia di cui si indagheranno caratteristiche e peculiarità, cercando di individuarne analogie e possibili, e talvolta auspicabili, evoluzioni. ; The following analysis intends to examine how and in which way the European Union has influenced the evolution and the contents of the national active labour market policies aiming at reskilling employed or unemployed people. A special focus will be devoted to the measures put in place in the contemporary industrial phase, the so called "Fourth Industrial Revolution". The term "Industrialization 4.0" or "Industry 4.0" indicates a new era in the industrial production mainly caracterized by an increasing integration of Internet-connected machines in the industrial processes. As well as all the previous industrial revolutions, also the contemporary one will concern the world of work. In particular, the debate on the needed workforce's skills is recently intensified because the most industrialized States are becoming aware of the great chance for the economy and for the labour markets respresented by Industry 4.0. Although the competence in the employment field is national, it has been steady the increase of the EU's influence, mainly put in place through the so called "soft law" instruments, in the processes aiming at developing national legislations and programs. Starting from the European Employment Strategy (EES) of 1997 will be analyzed the European context and the most recent actions concerning the active labour market policies. The following part will be focused on the measures for the professional re-skilling developed in the three Countries considered: Austria, Germany and Italy. It will be investigated their characteristics and possible, and sometimes desirable, developments.

In Sicilia lo strumento principale che ha caratterizzato le modalità d'intervento dei poteri pubblici in economia è stato quello della partecipazione diretta o indiretta, quello cioè della Regione che si propone come ente fautore del sostegno allo sviluppo dell'industria e successivamente come soggetto imprenditore. Le formule organizzative attraverso le quali si è concretizzato l'intervento regionale in economia furono la società per azioni a partecipazione regionale, l'azienda autonoma regionale e l'ente pubblico regionale1. La storia dello sviluppo economico siciliano nel secondo dopoguerra conferma come il ricorso allo strumento dell'ente pubblico economico sia stato molto frequente nella realtà locale come, peraltro, anche in altre Regioni d'Italia. Tracce, queste, di una vicenda storica che intuiamo subito avere complesse implicazioni tali da generare la necessità di interrogarsi sul modo nel quale le istituzioni politiche hanno influito sulle dinamiche economiche siciliane nel secondo dopoguerra; per quanto noti e approfonditi siano stati infatti gli elementi caratterizzanti e i percorsi peculiari dello sviluppo economico siciliano, rimangono scarsamente approfonditi il tenore dei rapporti e i nessi politici, istituzionali ed economici tra centro e periferia, in altre parole rimane ancora parzialmente inesplorata quella parte dell'indagine inerente l'evoluzione dei processi di industrializzazione della Sicilia nel secondo dopoguerra attuata parallelamente dalle autorità regionali e dallo Stato attraverso i loro enti e strumenti. È lecito chiedersi quali siano stati i tempi, le modalità, gli ostacoli e gli eventuali risultati delle azioni di pianificazione intraprese dai poteri pubblici centrali e regionali nella prospettiva dello sviluppo economico del territorio; il coordinamento delle azioni di promozione del progresso industriale si presentava in tal senso, sin dall'inizio, come una delle sfide fondamentali per un adeguato e consistente rilancio economico delle aree più arretrate del Mezzogiorno italiano; ecco che lo studio dei provvedimenti legislativi emanati rappresenta un approfondimento indispensabile e obiettivo primario di questo lavoro. ; In Sicily, the main tool that has characterized the mode of action of the public authorities in the economy has been the direct or indirect holding, that of the region which is proposed as an advocate organization to support the development of industry and later as an entrepreneur subject. The organizational form through which the intervention took the form of regional economy were the corporation to regional participation, the company and the autonomous regional public regional entity. The history of economic development in the post-war Sicilian confirms that the use of the economic instrument of the public powers has been very common in the local as, moreover, also in other regions of Italy. Traces of these, a historical event that we immediately have complex implications that would generate the need to research the way in which political institutions have an impact on the economic dynamics of Sicily after World War II, to the extent known and depth were in fact the key features and Sicilian peculiar paths of economic development remain poorly detailed content of the reports and the links political, institutional and economic relations between center and periphery, in other words that still remains partially unexplored part of the investigation concerning the evolution of the processes of industrialization of Sicily in the second postwar implemented in parallel by the regional authorities and the State through their bodies and instruments. You might be wondering what were the times, methods, obstacles and possible results of planning actions taken by the public authorities in the central and regional perspective of economic development of the territory, the coordination of measures to promote industrial progress is presented in this sense, from the outset, as one of the key challenges for an adequate and substantial economic recovery in less developed areas of Southern Italian.

Industrialization is the only way to achieve the development of the productive forces required for the opening of a more advanced historical phase, but industrialization is also the historical constitutive model of western capitalism. Marx and Engels never had nostalgia about past times, and least of all about a hypothetical peaceful state of nature, but always looked forward starting from their own times. Following this line of thinking, we will refer to Hegel's Philosophy of Right for some observations on the nature of labor and its progressive mechanization; and will refer to Marx and Engels (Communist Manifesto; Capital; Grundrisse) for a discussion on industrialization and progress, in order to understand the huge challenge the October Revolution faced but also our contemporary philosophical and political horizon. Keywords: Industrialization; October Revolution; Technology; Marx; Hegel.

The development of industrialization in Italy appears to be strictly intertwined not only with the modernization of society, but with the growing role of institutions. This trend can be explained by the fact that, just after the kingdom of Italy was built in 1861, industry was limited to very few parts of the country. In the dominant free-trade context, the manufacturing basis was very narrow. Things changed in the Eighties of the 19th century, when the state began to strongly support the growth of industry. This pattern -- founded on a combination of state aid and entrepreneurial initiative -- had to last for about one hundred years, the period during which Italy established itself as one of the important industrial countries of the world. At the end of the 20th century, Italy had to change its distinctive economic pattern following the general lines of the European integration and so modifying its institutional framework, which turned to be financially very heavy. The crisis of the Italian mixed economy had the effect of transforming its industrial structure. Adapted from the source document.

"Heimat" as a theme of architecture is a topos of the beginning of the twentieth century: reform movements turned against conditions and forms of industrialization as well as against the destruction of landscapes, village and city images. The time "around 1800" and rural building became examples of a new building in simple pre-industrial forms. The concepts of the home movement were followed in national socialism under a völkisch-ideologische Vorzeichen, regional building tradition is mediated in the sense of simplified patterns as exemplary. The volume offers contributions from 16 authors to the critiques "Criticism of Industrialization", "Landscape and Building Tradition", "Good Design for Technology" and "The Ideal of Preindustrial Aesthetics" as well as corresponding text excerpts from historical sources. --