Suchergebnisse

In this chapter I discuss recent attempts to link the Scandinavian Bronze Age with Minoan Crete. The current political agenda of Europeanism is one important incentive behind these efforts to search for a pan-European identity in the past. Evidence of contacts between northern and southern Europe is suggested mainly through the identification of similarities between Scandinavian images and motifs from the Mycenaean and Minoan world. This approach is not entirely new. In the late 19th century Oscar Montelius had already presented similar ideas on Bronze Age cultural contacts between the two regions. In fact, beside the pan-European discourse, the current neo-diffusionist trend could also be seen in the context of a reaction against a prevailing neo-evolutionary and processualist explanatory framework (which, in turn, could be seen as a reaction against a culture-historical diffusionist framework). The alleged contacts, however, are based on tenuous archaeological evidence: not only are the iconographic similarities often the result of arbitrary interpretations of the images in question, but there are also great chronological discrepancies. Moreover, Scandinavian archaeologists tend to accept obsolete ideas about Minoan culture and transfer these to a Scandinavian Bronze Age context in an uncritical manner.

The work exposes the way followed by Italy in 1947 for the approval of the special legislation for Sicily in order to solve certain problems of territorial organization. Based on the ideas of Gaspare Ambrosini, the possible influence on the form and content of Catalonia's Statute of Autonomy, approved at the time of the Spanish Second Republic is shown, as well as the similarities and differences between the two texts, fruit of very different constitutional realities, however connected in some specific points. ; El trabajo expone el camino recorrido en Italia para la aprobación de la legislación especial para Sicilia en 1947 a los efectos de resolver ciertos problemas de organización territorial. Partiendo de las ideas de Gaspare Ambrosini, se muestra la posible influencia en forma y contenido del Estatuto de Autonomía de Cataluña, aprobado en tiempos de la II República española, así como las similitudes y las diferencias entre los dos textos, fruto de realidades constitucionales muy diferenciadas, pero conectadas en algunos puntos concretos. ; L'oeuvre expose le chemin parcouru en Italie pour l'approbation de la législation spéciale de la Sicile en 1947 afin de résoudre certains problèmes d'organisation territoriale. A partir des idées de Gaspare Ambrosini, on montre l'influence possible, dans la forme et le contenu, du Statut d'autonomie de la Catalogne, approuvé au moment de la Seconde République Espagnole, ainsi que les similitudes et les différences entre les deux textes, qui sont le résultat des réalités constitutionnelles très différenciées, bien que connectées dans certains points spécifiques. ; El trabajo expone el camino recorrido en Italia para la aprobación de la legislación especial para Sicilia en 1947 a los efectos de resolver ciertos problemas de organización territorial. Partiendo de las ideas de Gaspare Ambrosini, se muestra la posible influencia en forma y contenido del Estatuto de Autonomía de Cataluña, aprobado en tiempos de la II República española, así como las similitudes y las diferencias entre los dos textos, fruto de realidades constitucionales muy diferenciadas, pero conectadas en algunos puntos concretos.

Los hermanos Graco, reconocidos como héroes de la antigua Roma por su política revolucionaria, su legislación abiertamente favorable a los intereses plebeyos, y su visión jurídica más aperturista que sus antecesores como tribunos de la plebe, les costó la vida, pero no dejaron por ello de reivindicar la necesidad de normas más igualitarias para engrandecer el Estado Romano. La influencia de su madre Cornelia en ambos, a la hora de su primera formación, griega y romana, así como a su hermana Sempronia, convirtió a sus hijos en innovadores del derecho romano, adaptado a las vicisitudes de una república romana convulsionada por los conflictos bélicos y la construcción de una nueva sociedad. ; The Graco brothers, recognized as heroes of ancient Rome for their revolutionary policy, their legislation openly favorable to plebs interests, and their more open-minded legal vision than their predecessors as tribunes of the plebs, cost them their lives, but they did not leave behind. This is to claim the need for more egalitarian norms to enhance the Roman State. The influence of their mother Cornelia in both, at the time of their first formation, Greek and Roman, as well as his sister Sempronia, turned their children into innovators of Roman law, adapted to the vicissitudes of a Roman republic convulsed by war conflicts and the construction of a new one society. ; 1. INTRODUZIONE. 2.TIBERIO GRACCO. LA LEX SEMPRONIA AGRARIA. 3.CAIO GRACCO. DE LEGIBUS PROMULGATIS. 4. SEMPRONIA. 5. CORNELIA: IL RICORDO DEI SUOI FIGLI. BIBLIOGRAFÍA.

Depuis la création des Etats-Unis d'Amérique, ce pays sait que son destin ne peut être que mondial. Baigné du moralisme de ses pères fondateurs et rapidement détaché des puissances coloniales européennes, l'expansionnisme américain a très vite pris la forme d'une domination continentale qu'aucune autre puissance ne pouvait concurrencer sur son propre continent, avant de se propager déjà en direction de l'Asie et en particulier du Japon. Les deux guerres mondiales gagnées par les Etats-Unis ont achevé la construction de l'hégémonie américaine qui, contrairement aux souhaits de certains et aux fantasmes d'autres, ne sera pas remise en cause d'ici peu. Les Etats-Unis comptent ainsi parmi les pays développés les plus jeunes de la planète, mais font néanmoins à l'heure actuelle tant figure d'épouvantail que d'Eldorado dans les pays des tiers-mondes. Cette fascination et cette répulsion simultanées que provoque de manière paradoxale la première puissance mondiale, se situent pourtant à divers niveaux. Citons parmi ceux-là, les domaines militaire, politique et, bien entendu économique. Pour ce qui concerne plus particulièrement le domaine des médias, ce dernier ne manque pas de cristalliser tout autant de rancoeur, d'envie et de fascination. D'emblée, un constat s'impose : les médias nord-américains tels qu'ils sont conçus et pensés, ont un mode de fonctionnement totalement différent lorsqu'on considère leur rayonnement à l'intérieur des Etats-Unis ou vers le reste du monde. La diversité des attentes des publics vis-à-vis des médias américains est sans doute une des raisons explicatives de cette dichotomie telle qu'elle existe aux échelles nationales et internationales. En réalité, mis à part les médias de l'écrit, les médias audiovisuels américains sont omniprésents et se veulent essentiellement informatifs vers l'intérieur, pour ce qui concerne les sujets dits « intéressants » pour les Américains. Lorsqu'il s'agit de leur rayonnement au-delà du territoire des Etats-Unis, les médias américains se veulent informatifs mais également et surtout porteurs d'un message clair. C'est celui de la démocratie contre la dictature, du Bien contre le Mal, de Dieu contre les athées.Pour ce qui concerne ce rayonnement international, il s'agit aussi, au travers d'une certaine présentation de l'information par ces médias, d'être le véhicule d'une certaine façon de vivre, d'une certaine culture, bref, d'une certaine « Weltanschauung » de l' « American way of living ». Notons d'emblée cependant que paradoxalement ces mêmes médias n'accordent qu'un intérêt limité aux évènements internationaux sauf s'ils revêtent un caractère extraordinaire ou qu'ils sont directement liés aux intérêts identifiables des Etats-Unis. Chacun sait que le Nord informe le Sud sur le Nord, informe le Sud sur le Sud et quant au Sud, il n'informe pratiquement personne. Ses propres citoyens sont le plus souvent mésinformés, désinformés sinon manipulés. Alors comment s'étonner que, malgré la naissance de chaines d'information dans des pays en voie de développement de plus en nombreuses, CNN soit encore crédible aux yeux du plus grand nombre ? En conclusion il faut d'abord retenir la différence de traitement de l'information aux Etats-Unis en fonction du niveau national ou international des évènements et des publics. Mais tout est fait en particulier pour plaire aux pays des tiers-mondes pour qu'ils se rangent derrière la bannière américaine. Dans une démarche plus impériale que jamais, les médias sont un des rouages essentiels d'une structuration de l'environnement international conforme aux intérêts étasuniens.

Technological food processing, such as grilling and smoking, can produce high levels of PAH in treated products, and risk for human health is related to the type of ingested food and the frequency of consumption. However, the recent legislation (Regulation EC 835/2011) on maximum levels of PAHs in foods did not set limits for milk and dairy products, including smoked cheeses, even if some smoking techniques can cause formation and accumulation of PAHs on food. Among smoked cheese, smoked buffalo mozzarella or "provola" is a typical product with DOP mark, it may be PAH contaminated. During traditional smoking process Mozzarella was exposed to smoke obtained from the incomplete straw or wood shavings combustion in smoking room. Alternatively, the smoked product is obtained by immersing the cheese in the so-called "liquid smoke", a solution obtained through condensation and filtration of smoke. Sometimes, illegal procedures, as corrugated paper or varnished wood combustion, are employed for smoking food production. The authorized materials are wheat straw, wood shavings of fir, beech or alder bark, which are placed in special containers. This thesis project aimed to assess levels and distribution of B(a)P and other three marker PAHs (PAH4), as suggested by EFSA in the smoked buffalo mozzarella cheese obtained by different smoking techniques usually employed in dairies of Campania. Besides the influence of different techniques, permitted or non by law, on the content of PAHs in mozzarella was evaluated. This research, aimed to study the migration of PAHs from the external surface (rind) of the mozzarella, more exposed to the smoke, into core and so consumer exposure to these contaminants through ingestion of whole mozzarella. For this purpose were analyzed separately out of mozzarella (rind), core and whole product. 50 batches of samples of buffalo mozzarella, each of 16 samples (250 gr), produced according to the specifications established by the Decree (D.Mi.PAF. 2003), in a dairy farm located in the Salerno province (Campania) and with CE mark. Once produced, mozzarella samples were transported to another dairy, where, a mozzarella was not smoked and conceded as blank matrix while groups of three mozzarella were smoked with different techniques such as combustion of cardboard, bark of alder, chips of fir or beech, wheat straw and liquid smoke. The obtained results showed a not PAH contamination in non-smoked mozzarella cheese samples and in the core of smoked ones. About the rind, highest levels were found in sample obtained from cardboard combustion and in particular BaP levels ranged from 110 to 417.8 µg/kg. However, the levels found in traditional techniques were highest in samples obtained by bark of alder combustion (5.1 µg/kg – 54.0 µg/kg), followed by chips of fir or beech combustion (1.5 µg/kg – 44.3 µg/kg) and straw (0.2 µg/kg – 28.2 µg/kg). Considering the whole products, similar trend was observed. In particular, the use of illegal techniques such as cardboard combustion showed highest BaP (median 8.3 µg/kg), while in traditional techniques bark of alder showed a median of 2.8 µg/kg, followed by chips of fir or beech with a median 1.2 µg/kg and finally, by straw with a median of 0.4 µg/kg. All sample obtained by immersion in liquid smoke showed not detectable PAH levels both in rind and in whole product. A statistical analysis was carried out in order to evaluate if the time can effect on the PAH formation, and any statistical differences were found. However the use of different materials and techniques can produce a different amount of PAH in smoked food. A statistical analysis showed that the rind can represent a barrier to migration of generated PAH into the core of the products and it so can support the accumulation of these compounds. For this reason it is recommended to remove the rind until the ingestion of this smoked cheese, considering also that our data are always higher than daily intake and intake for person evaluated by EFSA, except for liquid smoke. This suggests that mozzarella subjected to treatment with liquid smoke is preferable to the those smoked with traditional procedures.

La tesi di dottorato, dopo aver illustrato l'evoluzione dell'Unione europea e l'assetto attuale dei rapporti tra Unione e Stati membri, con un accento particolare sulla primauté comunitaria, passa a descrivere i principi generali, enucleati dalla Corte di giustizia, rilevanti per il diritto amministrativo: segnatamente, oltre ai canoni generalissimi di legalità, di certezza del diritto e di eguaglianza, i principi di proporzionalità e di buona amministrazione. Quest'ultimo – a sua volta sintesi di una serie di concetti autonomi, quali il diritto del cittadino di essere ascoltato durante un procedimento amministrativo e l'obbligo per la p.a. di motivare ogni suo provvedimento – ha trovato esplicita consacrazione nella Carta dei diritti fondamentali dell'Unione europea, il cui valore giuridico, a partire dal 2009, è parificato a quello dei Trattati. Alla luce delle informazioni così raccolte, la tesi mira quindi a verificare se e in che misura i principi dell'ordinamento europeo abbiano inciso e siano ancora in grado di incidere sulla disciplina generale del procedimento amministrativo e sui caratteri del provvedimento italiano: a tal fine, esamina le disposizioni della legge n. 241/1990, come modificata nel corso degli anni, valutando convergenze ed eventuali discrasie con gli insegnamenti della Corte di giustizia. Infine, la ricerca affronta la problematica dell'atto amministrativo nazionale contrario al diritto dell'Unione europea (ai principi, ma anche alle norme self-executing) e propone una soluzione che vincoli l'amministrazione a rimuoverlo dal panorama giuridico. Il lavoro, dunque, muove dalla premessa del primato del diritto UE e ambisce a trarne ogni possibile conseguenza sia sul piano fisiologico dell'azione procedimentale italiana, sia su quello patologico del provvedimento anticomunitario. ; The PhD thesis first outlines the evolution of the European Union and the current relations between the EU and the Member States, with a particular emphasis on primacy of Community law, then describes the general principles developed by the Court of Justice which are relevant for Administrative law: notably – besides rule of law, legal certainty and equality – the principle of proportionality and the principle of sound administration. The latter, including in its turn autonomous concepts like the citizen's right to be heard and the public administration's duty to state reasons, has been expressly consecrated in the EU Charter of fundamental rights, whose legal value is now the same as the Treaties'. In light of the information collected, the thesis, therefore, aims at verifying whether and to what extent European principles have affected and are still able to affect Italian general regulation of administrative proceeding and Italian administrative act's features: for this purpose, it examines Law no. 241/1990 provisions, as amended over the years, considering points of convergence and eventual discrepancies with the judgments of the CJEU. Finally, the research faces the issue of anti-European national act and puts forward a solution which binds administration to remove it from the legal landscape.

In a context of geo-political changes, the Arab and Islamic world re-discovers, as usual in moments of crisis, the social and economic thought of Ibn Khaldun and his concept of assabiya to analyse the challenges and the risks of the present times. There is, also, a significant attempt to found an autonomous and autochtonous way of political approach in order to attribute a local philosophical origin and intellectual paternity to the recent revolts in contrast with any "westernized" aspect or interpretation.