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Cyber has been around for over a decade and yet we are still faces with a situation of a very weak or rather no regulation. This is being heavily influenced by our weak technological development and due to the nature of cyberspace and the Internet. Cyber warfare poses interesting questions for us. It is one of a kind type of warfare, the one we cannot see or feel, but it's impacts are instantaneous and potentially devastating. States and scholars agree on that. This thesis attempts to explore possibilities of application of existing international laws to amend this situation and answer the questions if it is adequate or at all possible. While scholars are still arguing about the basics of what cyber warfare and cyberspace actually is, it keeps on evolving. States on the other hand have recognized the potential threat of cyber warfare a long time ago and are attempting to mend the existing legal void, however not successfully. The effects of their efforts are limited only to a small number of States. States who are not willing to give up their cyber capability would also stay clear from such international legislation. International treaties and State practice were analyzed in search of a way to accommodate cyber warfare under the current regime. The findings show that application of existing legal basis to cyber warfare is at best difficult and strained. The reality is that cyber warfare does not fit adequately under any of the legal umbrellas at the moment. Application of existing laws generates even more drawbacks than it in the end covers. There is potential for future development however. States are inclined to negotiate and, even as we speak, are attempting at creation of a cyber warfare regulating treaty. The thesis concludes that current international law is not adequate in order to be applicable to cyber warfare and even in areas where it can afford minimal protection, potential for abuse exists. The criteria and standards which were appropriate to conventional warfare and armed conflict are outdated. At least a global understanding on the terms used to define cyber warfare and related terms would be a good starting point. A universally accepted convention would be the perfect solution.

Cyber has been around for over a decade and yet we are still faces with a situation of a very weak or rather no regulation. This is being heavily influenced by our weak technological development and due to the nature of cyberspace and the Internet. Cyber warfare poses interesting questions for us. It is one of a kind type of warfare, the one we cannot see or feel, but it's impacts are instantaneous and potentially devastating. States and scholars agree on that. This thesis attempts to explore possibilities of application of existing international laws to amend this situation and answer the questions if it is adequate or at all possible. While scholars are still arguing about the basics of what cyber warfare and cyberspace actually is, it keeps on evolving. States on the other hand have recognized the potential threat of cyber warfare a long time ago and are attempting to mend the existing legal void, however not successfully. The effects of their efforts are limited only to a small number of States. States who are not willing to give up their cyber capability would also stay clear from such international legislation. International treaties and State practice were analyzed in search of a way to accommodate cyber warfare under the current regime. The findings show that application of existing legal basis to cyber warfare is at best difficult and strained. The reality is that cyber warfare does not fit adequately under any of the legal umbrellas at the moment. Application of existing laws generates even more drawbacks than it in the end covers. There is potential for future development however. States are inclined to negotiate and, even as we speak, are attempting at creation of a cyber warfare regulating treaty. The thesis concludes that current international law is not adequate in order to be applicable to cyber warfare and even in areas where it can afford minimal protection, potential for abuse exists. The criteria and standards which were appropriate to conventional warfare and armed conflict are outdated. At least a global understanding on the terms used to define cyber warfare and related terms would be a good starting point. A universally accepted convention would be the perfect solution.

This article discusses the Russian theorists' approach to information warfare, its applicability to regain the Soviet Union "lost territories". Reviewed is the juridical background to consolidate the electronic media in the hands of the Russian government. The process of elimination alternative political opinions in Russia is reviewed. Discussed are the thoughts of Russian information warfare theorists about the media used to collect the areas considered as their own. The ways how the media can create the imaginary reality are examined. Russia's state-controlled information space overcomes Russian boundaries and enters the global information space. The information war is not a very new phenomenon. The current military affairs have been led by information war activities. Protests against the former Ukrainian president Viktor Janukovich started in late 2013 and concluded in the open revolt and overthrow of the existing regime. Discontent with such events, Russia brutally intervened in the internal Ukrainian affairs, occupied and annexed the Crimean peninsula, then provoked mutiny in estern Ukrainian regions. The war broke out, and the Russian media have been exploited to legitimize Kremlin's and separatists actions.

This article discusses the Russian theorists' approach to information warfare, its applicability to regain the Soviet Union "lost territories". Reviewed is the juridical background to consolidate the electronic media in the hands of the Russian government. The process of elimination alternative political opinions in Russia is reviewed. Discussed are the thoughts of Russian information warfare theorists about the media used to collect the areas considered as their own. The ways how the media can create the imaginary reality are examined. Russia's state-controlled information space overcomes Russian boundaries and enters the global information space. The information war is not a very new phenomenon. The current military affairs have been led by information war activities. Protests against the former Ukrainian president Viktor Janukovich started in late 2013 and concluded in the open revolt and overthrow of the existing regime. Discontent with such events, Russia brutally intervened in the internal Ukrainian affairs, occupied and annexed the Crimean peninsula, then provoked mutiny in estern Ukrainian regions. The war broke out, and the Russian media have been exploited to legitimize Kremlin's and separatists actions.

This article discusses the Russian theorists' approach to information warfare, its applicability to regain the Soviet Union "lost territories". Reviewed is the juridical background to consolidate the electronic media in the hands of the Russian government. The process of elimination alternative political opinions in Russia is reviewed. Discussed are the thoughts of Russian information warfare theorists about the media used to collect the areas considered as their own. The ways how the media can create the imaginary reality are examined. Russia's state-controlled information space overcomes Russian boundaries and enters the global information space. The information war is not a very new phenomenon. The current military affairs have been led by information war activities. Protests against the former Ukrainian president Viktor Janukovich started in late 2013 and concluded in the open revolt and overthrow of the existing regime. Discontent with such events, Russia brutally intervened in the internal Ukrainian affairs, occupied and annexed the Crimean peninsula, then provoked mutiny in estern Ukrainian regions. The war broke out, and the Russian media have been exploited to legitimize Kremlin's and separatists actions.

This article discusses the Russian theorists' approach to information warfare, its applicability to regain the Soviet Union "lost territories". Reviewed is the juridical background to consolidate the electronic media in the hands of the Russian government. The process of elimination alternative political opinions in Russia is reviewed. Discussed are the thoughts of Russian information warfare theorists about the media used to collect the areas considered as their own. The ways how the media can create the imaginary reality are examined. Russia's state-controlled information space overcomes Russian boundaries and enters the global information space. The information war is not a very new phenomenon. The current military affairs have been led by information war activities. Protests against the former Ukrainian president Viktor Janukovich started in late 2013 and concluded in the open revolt and overthrow of the existing regime. Discontent with such events, Russia brutally intervened in the internal Ukrainian affairs, occupied and annexed the Crimean peninsula, then provoked mutiny in estern Ukrainian regions. The war broke out, and the Russian media have been exploited to legitimize Kremlin's and separatists actions.

The article analyzes information warfare practical adapting. It scrutinizes information warfare applying during peace time. By using media it can be created artificial reality that allows reflecting the world in negative light. Negative visions and tendencies in the media can be and are fabricated by information war wagging countries. Negative flow of information can be deliberate and systematical. The article in theoretical approach discuss how media can create in the public a lack of confidence in themselves, around them and disbelieve in the future of state. By wagging information warfare can break down citizens' willingness and ability to resist to external aggression. The guise of democracy, enshrined freedom of expression and pluralism disseminate easily defeatism ideas and the mood. The real motive and organizers for such actions are easily hidden. The will of resistance does not appear in empty space. When self confidence is broken, the capabilities of effective national defense organization are poor. Only in optimistic frame of mind, faith in country's and society's abilities and capabilities can be organized and done a successful resistance to external aggressors. With the help of information warfare can be colonized or poisoned information area and demoralized whole community. In the information age there is a danger from outside, when committed intentionally, systematically and deliberately affected information penetrates the human consciousness. In order to strengthen Lithuania's defense capability is necessary to protect the country's information space and to clean from the spread of pessimism and defeatism mood.

The article analyzes information warfare practical adapting. It scrutinizes information warfare applying during peace time. By using media it can be created artificial reality that allows reflecting the world in negative light. Negative visions and tendencies in the media can be and are fabricated by information war wagging countries. Negative flow of information can be deliberate and systematical. The article in theoretical approach discuss how media can create in the public a lack of confidence in themselves, around them and disbelieve in the future of state. By wagging information warfare can break down citizens' willingness and ability to resist to external aggression. The guise of democracy, enshrined freedom of expression and pluralism disseminate easily defeatism ideas and the mood. The real motive and organizers for such actions are easily hidden. The will of resistance does not appear in empty space. When self confidence is broken, the capabilities of effective national defense organization are poor. Only in optimistic frame of mind, faith in country's and society's abilities and capabilities can be organized and done a successful resistance to external aggressors. With the help of information warfare can be colonized or poisoned information area and demoralized whole community. In the information age there is a danger from outside, when committed intentionally, systematically and deliberately affected information penetrates the human consciousness. In order to strengthen Lithuania's defense capability is necessary to protect the country's information space and to clean from the spread of pessimism and defeatism mood.

The article analyzes information warfare practical adapting. It scrutinizes information warfare applying during peace time. By using media it can be created artificial reality that allows reflecting the world in negative light. Negative visions and tendencies in the media can be and are fabricated by information war wagging countries. Negative flow of information can be deliberate and systematical. The article in theoretical approach discuss how media can create in the public a lack of confidence in themselves, around them and disbelieve in the future of state. By wagging information warfare can break down citizens' willingness and ability to resist to external aggression. The guise of democracy, enshrined freedom of expression and pluralism disseminate easily defeatism ideas and the mood. The real motive and organizers for such actions are easily hidden. The will of resistance does not appear in empty space. When self confidence is broken, the capabilities of effective national defense organization are poor. Only in optimistic frame of mind, faith in country's and society's abilities and capabilities can be organized and done a successful resistance to external aggressors. With the help of information warfare can be colonized or poisoned information area and demoralized whole community. In the information age there is a danger from outside, when committed intentionally, systematically and deliberately affected information penetrates the human consciousness. In order to strengthen Lithuania's defense capability is necessary to protect the country's information space and to clean from the spread of pessimism and defeatism mood.

The article analyzes information warfare practical adapting. It scrutinizes information warfare applying during peace time. By using media it can be created artificial reality that allows reflecting the world in negative light. Negative visions and tendencies in the media can be and are fabricated by information war wagging countries. Negative flow of information can be deliberate and systematical. The article in theoretical approach discuss how media can create in the public a lack of confidence in themselves, around them and disbelieve in the future of state. By wagging information warfare can break down citizens' willingness and ability to resist to external aggression. The guise of democracy, enshrined freedom of expression and pluralism disseminate easily defeatism ideas and the mood. The real motive and organizers for such actions are easily hidden. The will of resistance does not appear in empty space. When self confidence is broken, the capabilities of effective national defense organization are poor. Only in optimistic frame of mind, faith in country's and society's abilities and capabilities can be organized and done a successful resistance to external aggressors. With the help of information warfare can be colonized or poisoned information area and demoralized whole community. In the information age there is a danger from outside, when committed intentionally, systematically and deliberately affected information penetrates the human consciousness. In order to strengthen Lithuania's defense capability is necessary to protect the country's information space and to clean from the spread of pessimism and defeatism mood.

Master thesis Russia - Georgia information warfare reflection in Lithuanian and Italian mass media by Vilija Navickaite the student of Vilnius university Communication faculty the Institute of Journalism, aims to analyze the case study of Russia Georgia information warfare reflection in selected Lithuania and Italian mass media. Five day war between Russia and Georgia held in the summer of 2008 during the Olympic games in Beijing immediately concentrated the world's mass media attention and raised the public sphere discussions on the reasons and consequences of two states confrontation. This statement was fundamental for the research main question uplift: which position Lithuanian and Italian mass media took in the Russia Georgia conflict and what reasons did it determine. The paper claims to verify the hypothesis that Italian mass media was favourable to Russia's position considering official Italian Russian close relationship and the personal friendship of recent Italian prime minister and media magnate Silvio Berlusconi with Russia's ex president and recent prime minister Vladimir Putin. By the other hand Lithuanian mass media should have been fovourable to Georgia's position considering common historical experience and the official Lithuania's government support to this country advocating in European Union and NATO membership procedure. In order to verify the selected hypothesis the research was based on information warfare and communication security theoretical concepts by using quantitative and qualitative analyses in empirical research of publications in selected Lithuanian and Italian mass media. In order to evaluate the hypothesis and achieve the paper aim, which is to find if there is a reflection of Russia Georgia information warfare in Lithuanian and Italian mass media by holding the empirical analysis of the mass media publications, the objectives of the research are the following: • determine the consequences of information warfare to the nation security and the theories of international relations; • dispute the concept of communication security in information age; • explore the concept of information warfare; • determine the media input in war conflict coverage; • explore the Italian and Lithuanian mass media publications by selected criteria: o analyze the publications of Lithuania mass media by quantitative and qualitative analyses methods; o analyze the publications of Italian mass media by quantitative and qualitative analyses methods; • Nustatyti, kokią poziciją palaikė tiek Lietuvos, tiek Italijos žiniasklaidos priemonės Rusijos Gruzijos konflikto atžvilgiu ir paaiškinti, kas lėmė tokios pozicijos atsiradimą. • Measure whether position was take by Italian and Lithuanian mass media in Russia Georgia conflict and what were the reasons for such attitude. According to the empirical research the evidence of information warfare is clear. From the quantitative analyses of Lithuanian mass media it was determinate that Lithuanian mass media position was favourable to Georgia' because of the historical linkage and the official Lithuanian government position. The case of Italian mass media research by the same method outcome the data telling that Italian mass media has taken neutral position. Such outcome come evident because of the type of analyzed mass media which belongs to central left political parties recently placing in opposition and criticizing the S. Berlusconi decision to be favourable to Russia' s position. Therefore, the conflict between Russia and Georgia, according to the media researches, was the war of "theirs" and that's way Italian mass media has taken the position only to fulfill its function – inform the society of happening events. According to the written above it can be stated that the hypothesis was approved only partly.

Master thesis Russia - Georgia information warfare reflection in Lithuanian and Italian mass media by Vilija Navickaite the student of Vilnius university Communication faculty the Institute of Journalism, aims to analyze the case study of Russia Georgia information warfare reflection in selected Lithuania and Italian mass media. Five day war between Russia and Georgia held in the summer of 2008 during the Olympic games in Beijing immediately concentrated the world's mass media attention and raised the public sphere discussions on the reasons and consequences of two states confrontation. This statement was fundamental for the research main question uplift: which position Lithuanian and Italian mass media took in the Russia Georgia conflict and what reasons did it determine. The paper claims to verify the hypothesis that Italian mass media was favourable to Russia's position considering official Italian Russian close relationship and the personal friendship of recent Italian prime minister and media magnate Silvio Berlusconi with Russia's ex president and recent prime minister Vladimir Putin. By the other hand Lithuanian mass media should have been fovourable to Georgia's position considering common historical experience and the official Lithuania's government support to this country advocating in European Union and NATO membership procedure. In order to verify the selected hypothesis the research was based on information warfare and communication security theoretical concepts by using quantitative and qualitative analyses in empirical research of publications in selected Lithuanian and Italian mass media. In order to evaluate the hypothesis and achieve the paper aim, which is to find if there is a reflection of Russia Georgia information warfare in Lithuanian and Italian mass media by holding the empirical analysis of the mass media publications, the objectives of the research are the following: • determine the consequences of information warfare to the nation security and the theories of international relations; • dispute the concept of communication security in information age; • explore the concept of information warfare; • determine the media input in war conflict coverage; • explore the Italian and Lithuanian mass media publications by selected criteria: o analyze the publications of Lithuania mass media by quantitative and qualitative analyses methods; o analyze the publications of Italian mass media by quantitative and qualitative analyses methods; • Nustatyti, kokią poziciją palaikė tiek Lietuvos, tiek Italijos žiniasklaidos priemonės Rusijos Gruzijos konflikto atžvilgiu ir paaiškinti, kas lėmė tokios pozicijos atsiradimą. • Measure whether position was take by Italian and Lithuanian mass media in Russia Georgia conflict and what were the reasons for such attitude. According to the empirical research the evidence of information warfare is clear. From the quantitative analyses of Lithuanian mass media it was determinate that Lithuanian mass media position was favourable to Georgia' because of the historical linkage and the official Lithuanian government position. The case of Italian mass media research by the same method outcome the data telling that Italian mass media has taken neutral position. Such outcome come evident because of the type of analyzed mass media which belongs to central left political parties recently placing in opposition and criticizing the S. Berlusconi decision to be favourable to Russia' s position. Therefore, the conflict between Russia and Georgia, according to the media researches, was the war of "theirs" and that's way Italian mass media has taken the position only to fulfill its function – inform the society of happening events. According to the written above it can be stated that the hypothesis was approved only partly.

Master thesis Russia - Georgia information warfare reflection in Lithuanian and Italian mass media by Vilija Navickaite the student of Vilnius university Communication faculty the Institute of Journalism, aims to analyze the case study of Russia Georgia information warfare reflection in selected Lithuania and Italian mass media. Five day war between Russia and Georgia held in the summer of 2008 during the Olympic games in Beijing immediately concentrated the world's mass media attention and raised the public sphere discussions on the reasons and consequences of two states confrontation. This statement was fundamental for the research main question uplift: which position Lithuanian and Italian mass media took in the Russia Georgia conflict and what reasons did it determine. The paper claims to verify the hypothesis that Italian mass media was favourable to Russia's position considering official Italian Russian close relationship and the personal friendship of recent Italian prime minister and media magnate Silvio Berlusconi with Russia's ex president and recent prime minister Vladimir Putin. By the other hand Lithuanian mass media should have been fovourable to Georgia's position considering common historical experience and the official Lithuania's government support to this country advocating in European Union and NATO membership procedure. In order to verify the selected hypothesis the research was based on information warfare and communication security theoretical concepts by using quantitative and qualitative analyses in empirical research of publications in selected Lithuanian and Italian mass media. In order to evaluate the hypothesis and achieve the paper aim, which is to find if there is a reflection of Russia Georgia information warfare in Lithuanian and Italian mass media by holding the empirical analysis of the mass media publications, the objectives of the research are the following: • determine the consequences of information warfare to the nation security and the theories of international relations; • dispute the concept of communication security in information age; • explore the concept of information warfare; • determine the media input in war conflict coverage; • explore the Italian and Lithuanian mass media publications by selected criteria: o analyze the publications of Lithuania mass media by quantitative and qualitative analyses methods; o analyze the publications of Italian mass media by quantitative and qualitative analyses methods; • Nustatyti, kokią poziciją palaikė tiek Lietuvos, tiek Italijos žiniasklaidos priemonės Rusijos Gruzijos konflikto atžvilgiu ir paaiškinti, kas lėmė tokios pozicijos atsiradimą. • Measure whether position was take by Italian and Lithuanian mass media in Russia Georgia conflict and what were the reasons for such attitude. According to the empirical research the evidence of information warfare is clear. From the quantitative analyses of Lithuanian mass media it was determinate that Lithuanian mass media position was favourable to Georgia' because of the historical linkage and the official Lithuanian government position. The case of Italian mass media research by the same method outcome the data telling that Italian mass media has taken neutral position. Such outcome come evident because of the type of analyzed mass media which belongs to central left political parties recently placing in opposition and criticizing the S. Berlusconi decision to be favourable to Russia' s position. Therefore, the conflict between Russia and Georgia, according to the media researches, was the war of "theirs" and that's way Italian mass media has taken the position only to fulfill its function – inform the society of happening events. According to the written above it can be stated that the hypothesis was approved only partly.

Master thesis Russia - Georgia information warfare reflection in Lithuanian and Italian mass media by Vilija Navickaite the student of Vilnius university Communication faculty the Institute of Journalism, aims to analyze the case study of Russia Georgia information warfare reflection in selected Lithuania and Italian mass media. Five day war between Russia and Georgia held in the summer of 2008 during the Olympic games in Beijing immediately concentrated the world's mass media attention and raised the public sphere discussions on the reasons and consequences of two states confrontation. This statement was fundamental for the research main question uplift: which position Lithuanian and Italian mass media took in the Russia Georgia conflict and what reasons did it determine. The paper claims to verify the hypothesis that Italian mass media was favourable to Russia's position considering official Italian Russian close relationship and the personal friendship of recent Italian prime minister and media magnate Silvio Berlusconi with Russia's ex president and recent prime minister Vladimir Putin. By the other hand Lithuanian mass media should have been fovourable to Georgia's position considering common historical experience and the official Lithuania's government support to this country advocating in European Union and NATO membership procedure. In order to verify the selected hypothesis the research was based on information warfare and communication security theoretical concepts by using quantitative and qualitative analyses in empirical research of publications in selected Lithuanian and Italian mass media. In order to evaluate the hypothesis and achieve the paper aim, which is to find if there is a reflection of Russia Georgia information warfare in Lithuanian and Italian mass media by holding the empirical analysis of the mass media publications, the objectives of the research are the following: • determine the consequences of information warfare to the nation security and the theories of international relations; • dispute the concept of communication security in information age; • explore the concept of information warfare; • determine the media input in war conflict coverage; • explore the Italian and Lithuanian mass media publications by selected criteria: o analyze the publications of Lithuania mass media by quantitative and qualitative analyses methods; o analyze the publications of Italian mass media by quantitative and qualitative analyses methods; • Nustatyti, kokią poziciją palaikė tiek Lietuvos, tiek Italijos žiniasklaidos priemonės Rusijos Gruzijos konflikto atžvilgiu ir paaiškinti, kas lėmė tokios pozicijos atsiradimą. • Measure whether position was take by Italian and Lithuanian mass media in Russia Georgia conflict and what were the reasons for such attitude. According to the empirical research the evidence of information warfare is clear. From the quantitative analyses of Lithuanian mass media it was determinate that Lithuanian mass media position was favourable to Georgia' because of the historical linkage and the official Lithuanian government position. The case of Italian mass media research by the same method outcome the data telling that Italian mass media has taken neutral position. Such outcome come evident because of the type of analyzed mass media which belongs to central left political parties recently placing in opposition and criticizing the S. Berlusconi decision to be favourable to Russia' s position. Therefore, the conflict between Russia and Georgia, according to the media researches, was the war of "theirs" and that's way Italian mass media has taken the position only to fulfill its function – inform the society of happening events. According to the written above it can be stated that the hypothesis was approved only partly.

Russian annexation of Crimea without "a gun fired" in 2014 marks a critical point when entire international community started realizing the power of modern informational threats which arises together with newest informational technologies. Ukraine as a victim of intensive informational warfare has become a pioneer in addressing these challenges through applying extensive countermeasures. Though the informational warfare facilitated conflict is ongoing in the country, latest polls have demonstrated the decrease in the support of the society for government actions towards confronting informational threats. The aim of the thesis, therefore, is to indicate what factors foster such reactions of the Ukrainian society in the context of wider debate over informational security and hybrid warfare. The theory of securization was chosen as a main ground of the analysis and an explanatory tool which provided valuable insights while describing the key variables. Thus, the three hypothesis were tested through process tracing method: H1: Ukrainian government is not capable and (or) is not willing to communicate their decisions to the society which leads to Ukrainians disapproval of the policy of information securization; H2: The division of society in smaller groups of interests leads to Ukrainians disapproval of the policy of information securization; H3: The expectations of the society in terms of countermeasures to information threats implemented by the government is not met and, as a result, it leads to Ukrainians disapproval of the policy of information securization. The conducted process tracing analyses has revealed the following implications: 1) the chosen strategy of Ukrainian government not to justify the implemented countermeasures can hardly explain the reactions of the society but the hypothesis cannot be denied by itself; 2) the division of the society in terms of its support for government action only partly provides an explanation regarding the outcomes of latest polls; 3) the strongest argument that passed "hoop" test is that society do not want to sacrifice the pro-western political course by threatening freedom of speech and press in order to maintain information security.