Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Table of Contents -- About the Global Forum -- Executive Summary -- Introduction -- Information and methodology used for the peer review of El Salvador -- Overview of El Salvador -- Recent developments -- Compliance with the Standards -- A. Availability of Information -- Overview -- A.1. Ownership and identity information -- A.2. Accounting records -- A.3. Banking information -- B. Access to Information -- Overview -- B.1. Competent Authority's ability to obtain and provide information -- B.2. Notification requirements and rights and safeguards -- C. Exchanging Information -- Overview -- C.1. Exchange-of-information mechanisms -- C.2. Exchange-of-information mechanisms with all relevant partners -- C.3. Confidentiality -- C.4. Rights and safeguards of taxpayers and third parties -- C.5. Timeliness of responses to requests for information -- Summary of Determinations and Factors Underlying Recommendations -- Annex 1: Jurisdiction's response to the review report -- Annex 2: List of all exchange-of-information mechanisms -- Annex 3: List of all laws, regulations and other material received.

The author reviews the literature on the spatial theory of electoral competition, initiated by Downs. Two main lines of inquiry are distinguished. The first is concerned with the purely analytical properties of majority preference as an aggregation rule for mapping individual preferences into social preferences. And the second is devoted to providing explanations of the choices of political decisionmakers, and the consequences of these choices, within a simple plurality electoral system. These two lines are intimately related and in the review the author seeks to explore this relationship.

Biotic transformationPOLLUTANT TRANSPORT; Vapor pressure; Solubility; Henry's law; INHERENT PROPERTY DATA; Chemical structure-activity data; Environmental partitioning data; Modeling data; References; 4 -- Pathways; STRESSOR COMPLEXITIES; ADVERSE OUTCOME PATHWAYS; BIOMONITORING DATA; TOXICOKINETIC DATA AND MODELS; References; 5 -- Air; PROPERTIES OF THE ATMOSPHERE; THE TROPOSPHERE; AIR POLLUTION; AIR POLLUTANT TRANSPORT AND FATE; TYPES OF AIR QUALITY DATA; POLLUTANT TRANSPORT TO THE ATMOSPHERE; EMISSIONS DATA; AMBIENT AIR QUALITY DATA; AIR EXPOSURE DATA; MODELING DATA; References

Shipping list no.: 2007-0364-P. ; Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Shipping list no.: 2007-0064-P. ; Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Migration is one of the most pressing issues in the international arena in recent years. Accordingly, there is a need for its scientific analysis and the establishment of effective public administration in the field of migration, the introduction of information technology in this area and the elimination of existing problems, based on the views of representatives of various fields. This article analyzes the current problems of the application of information technology in public administration in the field of migration and its solutions, and puts forward a number of proposals on these issues.

Preliminary material /José Doria , Hans-Peter Gasser and M. Cherif Bassiouni -- Chapter 1. Early efforts to establish an International Criminal Court /Jackson Maogoto -- Chapter 2. The Tokyo trial revisited /Hisakazu Fujita -- Chapter 3. The work of national military tribunals under control council law 10 /Jackson Maogoto -- Chapter 4. The experience of the Ad Hoc Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda /Jackson Maogoto and Jackson Maogoto -- Chapter 5. Customary law or judge-made law: Judicial creativity at the UN criminal tribunals /William Schabas -- Chapter 6. Bombardment: From Brussels 1874 to Sarajevo 2003 /Frits Kalshoven -- Chapter 7. The relationship between complicity modes of liability and specific intent crimes in the law and practice of the ICTY /José Doria -- Chapter 8. Plea bargaining: The uninvited guest at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia /Mark Harmon -- Chapter 9. Provisional release in the law of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia /Fergal Gaynor -- Chapter 10. Undue delay and the ICTYS experience of status conferences: A judge's personal annotations /Almiro Rodrigues -- Chapter 11. The work of the special court for Sierra Leone through its jurisprudence /José Doria -- Chapter 12. From east Timor to Timor-Leste: A demonstration of the limits of international law in the pursuit of justice /Richard Burchill -- Chapter 13. Bosnias war crimes chamber and the challenges of an opening and closure /Avril Mcdonald -- Chapter 14. The judges of the international criminal court and the organization of their work /Hirad Abtahi -- Chapter 15. The International Criminal Courts office of the prosecutor: Navigating between independence and accountability? /Jan Wouters , Sten Verhoeven and Bruno Demeyere -- Chapter 16. The support work of the courts registry /Anna Lachowska -- Chapter 17. Jus Cogens, obligations Erga Omnes and international criminal responsibility /Władysław Czapliński -- Chapter 18. Jurisdiction Ratione Personae or the personal reach of the courts jurisdiction /Christopher L. Blakesley -- Chapter 19 . The ICC and the security council: An uncomfortable relationship /Nigel White and Robert Cryer -- Chapter 20. Conduct of hostilities war crimes /Lindsay Moir -- Chapter 21. Crimes involving disproportionate means and methods of warfare under the statute of the International Criminal Court /Judith Gardam -- Chapter 22. International legal protections for persons hors de combat /Sergei A. Egorov -- Chapter 23. Child recruitment as a crime under the rome statute of the International Criminal Court /Matthew Happold -- Chapter 24. Particular issues regarding war crimes in internal armed conflicts /Lindsay Moir -- Chapter 25. Violations of common Article 3 of the Geneva conventions /Lindsay Moir -- Chapter 26. Displacement of civilians as a war crime other than a violation of common Article 3 in internal armed conflicts /Lindsay Moir -- Chapter 27. Whether crimes against humanity are backdoor war crimes /José Doria -- Chapter 28. The crime of aggression and the International Criminal Court /Roger S. Clark.

In Tunisia, Morocco and other North African countries, en¬vironmental problems increasingly lead to political protest. Industrial pollution and a lack of clean drinking water adversely impact the living conditions and income op¬portunities of already marginalised groups and trigger unrest. Environmental governance in the region is often highly centralised, and takes no consideration of the needs of the citizens in the use of natural resources. In a political context that remains unstable following the 2011 uprisings, the double challenge of mounting environmental problems and related social unrest calls for new approaches. Reinforcing accountable environmental governance could help, not only by addressing environmental problems and needs, but by contributing to the overall transformation of societal relationships towards more democratic (i.e. transparent, accountable and participative) governance in the longer term. Access to environmental information plays a crucial role in this regard: only if citizens know about availability, quality and use of natural resources, can they make informed choices and claim their rights. When public institutions address these rights, they can increase sustainable wealth for present and future generations. Institutions charged with strengthening accountability can also include citizens in their monitoring exercises, and help to hold public and private actors legally responsible for their decisions and behaviour. Related international standards can inform such reforms: the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Rio Declaration and the Aarhus Convention confirm the importance of access to environmental information. At national levels, environmental charters and Morocco's and Tunisia's new constitutions stress the need for participatory and accountable governance. As recent assessments in Morocco and Tunisia reveal, governments and development partners can support access to environmental information and thereby accountable governance. First, they can do this by strengthening accountable environmental governance and access to environmental information across sectors. This includes engaging democratic institutions in environmental issues and building up related capacities and know-how, supporting accountability organisations and rules, and improving citizens' and the administrations' understanding of new rights. It also entails empowering communities and forging new cross-sectoral coalitions, besides integrating the countries into international initiatives for accountable governance. Second, governments and development cooperation can support accountability in the environmental sector, including by taking advantage of international initiatives, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Climate mitigation and adaptation policies also provide opportunities for strengthening accountable environmental governance. Moreover, policy-makers need to be more aware of the links between environmental governance and its potential impact on human rights and political stability. Access to environmental information, related legal frameworks and institutional capacities also need further backing, including support to articulate related claims. Finally, comprehensive and transparent environmental and social impact assessments of public and private projects, and engaging protest movements in constructive dialogues with the administration and the private sector can help in preventing and addressing related social unrest.

In Tunisia, Morocco and other North African countries, en¬vironmental problems increasingly lead to political protest. Industrial pollution and a lack of clean drinking water adversely impact the living conditions and income op¬portunities of already marginalised groups and trigger unrest. Environmental governance in the region is often highly centralised, and takes no consideration of the needs of the citizens in the use of natural resources. In a political context that remains unstable following the 2011 uprisings, the double challenge of mounting environmental problems and related social unrest calls for new approaches. Reinforcing accountable environmental governance could help, not only by addressing environmental problems and needs, but by contributing to the overall transformation of societal relationships towards more democratic (i.e. transparent, accountable and participative) governance in the longer term.Access to environmental information plays a crucial role in this regard: only if citizens know about availability, quality and use of natural resources, can they make informed choices and claim their rights. When public institutions address these rights, they can increase sustainable wealth for present and future generations. Institutions charged with strengthening accountability can also include citizens in their monitoring exercises, and help to hold public and private actors legally responsible for their decisions and behaviour. Related international standards can inform such reforms: the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Rio Declaration and the Aarhus Convention confirm the importance of access to environmental information. At national levels, environmental charters and Morocco's and Tunisia's new constitutions stress the need for participatory and accountable governance.As recent assessments in Morocco and Tunisia reveal, governments and development partners can support access to environmental information and thereby accountable governance. First, they can do this by strengthening accountable environmental governance and access to environmental information across sectors. This includes engaging democratic institutions in environmental issues and building up related capacities and know-how, supporting accountability organisations and rules, and improving citizens' and the administrations' understanding of new rights. It also entails empowering communities and forging new cross-sectoral coalitions, besides integrating the countries into international initiatives for accountable governance.Second, governments and development cooperation can support accountability in the environmental sector, including by taking advantage of international initiatives, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Climate mitigation and adaptation policies also provide opportunities for strengthening accountable environmental governance. Moreover, policy-makers need to be more aware of the links between environmental governance and its potential impact on human rights and political stability. Access to environmental information, related legal frameworks and institutional capacities also need further backing, including support to articulate related claims. Finally, comprehensive and transparent environmental and social impact assessments of public and private projects, and engaging protest movements in constructive dialogues with the administration and the private sector can help in preventing and addressing related social unrest.

Directive 29/2005/EC aims at the approximation of the regulations of Member States as regards unfair trade practices, including unlawful advertising. The transposition of this Directive to the Spanish legal system was made by means of 29/2009 Act. This Act reformed a number of laws including the Unfair Competition Act and the Consolidated Text of the General Act for the Defence of Consumers and Users. The classification of conduct that is forbidden in consumer Law, as regards unfair trade practices, is made directly by the state legislative, based on its exclusive responsibility regulating Commercial Law, and specifically, through the Unfair Competition Act, to which the whole of the CTGADCU (Consolidated Text of the General Act for the Defence of Consumers and Users) refers. The reasoning behind this option of the legislative is clear: to prevent the Autonomous Regions from enforcing regulatory control over the development of the protection of consumers and users. Nevertheless, the complexity of the system for the transposition of the Directive by 29/2009 Act gives rise to truly paradoxical situations: the detailed analysis of inconsistencies involved in the transposition method used for the Directive is the main focus of this work.