Even before the dramatic events of September 11, President Bush was deeply committed in the transformation of the key strategic concepts of previous administrations. The main strategic issues that punctuated his two mandates are thoroughly reviewed in this article. We argue that at the end of the Bush era there is a new overall strategic situation (in conceptual as well as geopolitical terms), on that will constitute the inescapable legacy which his successor will inherit. Adapted from the source document.
Presente Special Issue aims to analyze the narratives and practices of internal security in your internal / external connections. The complexity of risks and threats have questioned the conceptualizations, policies and organic, based on a rigid separation between internal and external security. In response to transnational challenges, the state actor has diversified palette of cooperatives mechanisms: institutionalized interstate cooperation; of security regimes; co-operation between state actors and private actors; networks transgovernmental relations. In summary, we can identify three aspects of the nexus in / out: 'internalization of external phenomena incidence; externalization of internal phenomena initially incidence; phenomena of cross-border nature.' Regarding the externalization of internal security, it is therefore associated with the missions of international transnational criminal activities, the explicit goals of internal security in foreign policies, the interstate cooperatives and transgovernmental mechanisms in the field of internal security and police in situations of post-conflict. Adapted from the source document.
The externalization of internal security is an important asset for the national foreign policy. Nowadays, police missions of the United Nations, operations in the framework of the EU Common Security and Defence Policy, the police and judicial cooperation of Justice and Home Affairs of the European Union, police cooperation between Portuguese speaking countries are decisive components for the prevention and suppression of organized crime and terrorism, as well as for the capacity building of judicial and internal security systems in post-conflict countries. Adapted from the source document.
Starting from a comprehensive approach to the EU security actorness this article analyzes the contribution of the Lisbon Treaty to security issues. The post-Cold War actorness has obeyed the Westphalian logic of separation between the internal & external dimensions of security. The current complexity of threats has favored the trend towards transpilarization, confirming the comprehensive & multidimensional nature of the actor. The reform treaty allows for this gradual construction of the actor, related to the consolidation of the European security agenda. However, the changes introduced highlight a constructive contradiction reflected on the dispositions that facilitate a comprehensive approach, & on the covert pilarization, combined with the absence of an explicit concern about the coherence of the security actor. Adapted from the source document.
Based on the cases of piracy off the coast of Somalia and armed robbery against ships in Southeast Asia, this article brings to the maritime context the debate on the internal-external security nexus. The aim is to show that efforts to securitize the maritime crime in these regions constitute a kind of dispositif of governance that interferes with traditional arrangements of the ocean space and the traditional division of tasks in the maritime security domain, leading to an interpenetration of their internal and external dimensions. Adapted from the source document.
This article aims to analyze the occurrence of the process of security outsourcing and its implications for theory/practice. This task is based on the security decisions made by the Colombia neighbours countries to, between 2000-2011. The article also takes in account their internal realities on border areas stricken from non-traditional threats of armed conflict and the spread of drug-trafficking networks. Adapted from the source document.
In November 2013, Kiev was the stage of a wave of demonstrations demanding Ukraine's association with the European Union, as well as a commitment with institutional reforms in the country. Despite the straight connection to Ukraine's internal situation, this crisis cannot be dissociated from the country's broader geopolitical and security framework. In that regard, and aiming at shedding light on the Ukrainian crisis exogenous and endogenous dynamics, this paper starts by deconstructing the conflict's internal dimension. It follows by analysing how its external dimension has contributed to the events' unfolding. The paper finishes with some final reflexions on the Ukrainian crisis and its overall consequences for European peace and security. Adapted from the source document.
The Obama administration has been significantly engaged in changing its relationship with the United Nations, recovering much of the diplomatic prestige lost by the previous administration. Nevertheless, in the current debate about the enlargement of the Security Council and reform of the UN, its requirements do not differ substantially from those adopted by the Bush administration in 2005. The present article analyses the history of the Security Council reform process until the present round of negotiations, and discusses the evolution of the official position of the US diplomacy, its criteria for an enlargement that does not put into question the efficiency of the UN, and the internal constraints that shape the current stance. Adapted from the source document.
The new Lisbon Treaty is a crucial moment in the history of European integration. With the new treaty, the European Union will have at its disposal important instruments to consolidate its internal & external policies. The most important changes deal with foreign, security & defense policies, creating new mechanisms that should strengthen those dimensions. The article argues that the new security & defense policies will become a major catalyst of European integration & that Portugal must be at the core of CSDP right from the start. Adapted from the source document.
This article aims at tracing, critically, the European Union's discourse on organized crime, by establishing its relation with a wider discourse on the creation and development of the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ). It pointed out how the rationale for the AFSJ's deeper integration was the need to compensate for the negative externalities of the Internal Market and to protect the liberty of movement from abuse. This trend led to the definition of a balance between freedom and security, characterized by a gradual EU institutionalization of Justice and Home Affairs and a permanent struggle between the intergovernmentalisation and the communitarization of this area. Adapted from the source document.
In Brazil, the federal government is responsible for disseminating every four years updated versions of three defense guidance documents: the National Defense Policy, the National Defense Strategy, and the White Paper on National Defense. The authorities guide the Brazilian armed forces on these documents among various regulations. This descriptive work contributes to existing studies on Brazilian defense policy from the search and reading of official documents published by the Brazilian government between 1996 and 2020, focused on the conceptions of security and defense. Beyond documentary research, the review of the current literature on the subject helps us understand the impacts of regulations and their updates on the use of armed forces. It is argued that, despite the difficulties in updating, successive governments maintained certain inertia in modernizing the country's defense policy. Although updated, the documents preserve old concepts that allow the intensive use of the armed forces in internal missions. The paper concludes that, since the first National Defense Policy, successive concessions to the military were recorded in the documents to enable interventions in internal affairs, including military missions related to public security. In brief, it highlights the maintenance of the obsolete concept of national security, the reference to military documents (e.g., the Glossary of the Armed Forces and the Guarantee of Law and Order), and a careless expansion of the scope of security to any threats. ; En Brasil, cabe al gobierno federal divulgar, a cada cuatro años, versiones actualizadas de tres documentos orientadores de defensa: la Política Nacional de Defensa, la Estrategia Nacional de Defensa y el Libro Blanco de Defensa Nacional. Entre diversas normativas, las autoridades orientan las fuerzas armadas brasileñas sobre su empleo en estos documentos. En tal sentido, el propósito de este trabajo descriptivo es aportar a los estudios existentes sobre la política de defensa brasileña desde la búsqueda y lectura de los documentos oficiales, publicados por el gobierno brasileño de 1996 a 2020, con enfoque en las concepciones de seguridad y defensa. Para allá de la investigación documental, la revisión de la literatura actual sobre el tema nos auxilia a comprender los impactos de las normas y sus actualizaciones en el uso de las fuerzas armadas. Se argumenta que, pese a las dificultades em las actualizaciones, los sucesivos gobiernos mantuvieron cierta inercia en el esfuerzo de modernizar la política de defensa en el país. Sin embargo, aunque actualizados, los documentos conservan antiguos conceptos que posibilitan el empleo intensivo de las fuerzas armadas en misiones internas. El trabajo desarrollado nos llevó a concluir que, desde la primera Política de Defensa Nacional, sucesivas concesiones a los militares se registraron en los documentos de modo a posibilitar intervenciones en asuntos internos, entre ellos misiones militares relacionadas con la seguridad pública. En resumen, destacamos en el artículo el mantenimiento del obsoleto concepto de seguridad nacional, la referencia a documentos militares, como el Glosario de Las Fuerzas Armadas y la Garantía de la Ley y el Orden, y una descuidada ampliación del alcance de la seguridad para amenazas de cualquier naturaleza. ; No Brasil, cabe ao governo federal divulgar, a cada quatro anos, versões atualizadas de três documentos orientadores da defesa: a Política Nacional de Defesa, a Estratégia Nacional de Defesa e o Livro Branco de Defesa Nacional. Entre diversas normativas, as autoridades orientam as forças armadas brasileiras sobre seu emprego nesses documentos. Nesse sentido, o propósito do presente trabalho descritivo é contribuir com os estudos existentes sobre a política de defesa brasileira a partir do levantamento e da leitura dos documentos oficiais, publicados pelo governo brasileiro de 1996 a 2020, com foco nas concepções de segurança e defesa. Para além da pesquisa documental, a revisão da literatura corrente sobre o tema nos auxilia a compreender os impactos das normas e de suas atualizações no emprego das forças armadas. Nosso argumento central é que, apesar dos percalços nas atualizações, os sucessivos governos mantiveram certa inércia no esforço de modernizar a política de defesa do país. No entanto, ainda que atualizados, os documentos conservaram antigos conceitos que possibilitam o emprego intensivo das forças armadas em missões internas. O trabalho desenvolvido nos levou a concluir que, desde a primeira Política de Defesa Nacional, sucessivas concessões aos militares foram registradas nos documentos de modo a possibilitar intervenções em assuntos internos, entre eles missões militares relacionadas à segurança pública. Em suma, destacamos, neste artigo, a manutenção do obsoleto conceito da segurança nacional, a referência a documentos militares, como o Glossário das Forças Armadas e a Garantia da Lei e da Ordem, e uma descuidada ampliação do escopo da segurança para ameaças de qualquer natureza.