The domestic and international transmission mechanism of fiscal policy shocks are analysed in the United States and in Germany. Using a Bayesian VAR approach, we find that in both of these countries a fiscal expansion is associated with increases in output as well as in private consumption and investment. The terms of trade, which affect the international transmission of fiscal policy shocks, depreciate in response to a fiscal expansion, thus transferring some of the increased domestic purchasing power abroad. A US government spending shock is expansionary for all non-US G7 members. A German government spending shock is expansionary for most, but not all European economies, both within and outside the euro area. The dynamics of the BVAR can be rationalised using a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model where heterogeneous households and firms face borrowing constraints.
Abstract In Colombia, political decisions related to the countryside preserve an unjust social order, maintaining inequities and obstacles to the well-being and life quality of farmers. In this scenario the Territorial Arrangement Planning of the San Nicolas Valley, in the East of the department of Antioquia, has generated a series of rural conflicts that accentuate the vulnerabilities of rural residents, threatening the agricultural tradition in this subregion. Thus, this study inquired about the perceptions of legality in the peasant population of the area. A descriptive-correlational study with non-probabilistic sampling was carried out, including 380 peasants, members of civic-rural associations of the San Nicolas Valley, evaluating in four scales: beliefs, values, knowledge of the law and perceived legality in the context. Statistical analyses were performed in SPSS v.22 software. The findings indicated significant relationships between the study variables. Despite the state abandonment of the proletariat to market forces in an area with socioeconomic imbalances, no determining link was found between low income and violation of the law.
What factors might explain the cross-country variations in COVID-19 public performances and what lessons can be drawn to be better-prepared for future pandemics? This study focuses on the effects of policy stringency on COVID-19 public health outcomes to gain insights into national-level state responses to COVID-19 and the conditions for their effectiveness. Using data from 136 countries comprising 91.4% of the global population, we find that more stringent policies lead to lower infection and death rates. More importantly, the negative effects of restrictive policies on infection and death rates are moderated by political trust and democracy levels, possibly through the mechanism of popular compliance with government policies. Under conditions of higher political trust and lower democracy levels, the policy effects on infection and death rates are greater. However, while the results suggest the importance of policy stringency and political trust, we should not draw the conclusion that authoritarian political systems are more conducive to policy effectiveness. When comparing the moderating effects of political trust and democracy, political trust is more important as a facilitating factor. Therefore, in addition to making scientifically-supported policies, fostering political trust should be an important goal for governments to be better prepared for future pandemics.
APPROVED ; The work which follows examines the process by which private actors in the digital market are redefining fundamental rights through their contractual terms and practical operation. The argument is allied to works which consider ?digital constitutionalism,? the idea that private actors in the digital market are increasingly displaying constitutional features through their contractual terms and documents. Unlike a majority of work in the area of digital constitutionalism the work does not argue that private actors setting rights based standards represents a positive development. Rather, the work argues that private actors, through their re-definition of public, normative standards are generating a body of rules and practices which have displaced democratically decided rights standards with negative consequences for individual autonomy and the Rule of Law. The work argues that this process has been enabled by three features of EU law and policy. The first is an approach of functional equivalence to laws governing the digital market. In accordance with this approach the digital market has been treated as equivalent to traditional markets and its participants are viewed as requiring no additional or supplementary protections or regulations. Of particular significance in functionally equivalent attitudes to the digital market is the Union?s deference to freedom of contract as part of an ordoliberal attitude to market regulation. While this attitude is now beginning to erode (to some extent) in the context of data protection it remains the dominant regulatory approach of the European Union in the digital market. The second feature, not unrelated to the first, is the Union?s preference for economic rather than socially orientated standards and protections in it policies as well as its secondary laws. As part of this preference, when fundamental rights cross the Rubicon from vertically enforced constitutional protections to horizontally enforceable legislative ones their content is transmuted in a manner which favours their economic over socially oriented aspects. The third feature, is what is referred to within the work as the Union?s brittle constitutionalism ? that is the Union?s hesitant and incomplete articulation of and commitment to rights enforcement. This feature is the result in part of the Union?s ambiguous and at times hostile attitude to the development of fundamental rights policy. The work examines the impact of these trends and the rise of private policy they have generated on the rights to privacy and property under the Charter of Fundamental Rights.
Armorial book-plate: The Right Honorable Washington Sewallis earl Ferrers. In manuscript on t.-p.: George Shirley. ; Imperfect: margins of t.-p. slightly torn and mended. ; Pages 329-344 incorrectly numbered 327-342; a few other errors. ; Mode of access: Internet.
[6], 21 leaves, 22-238, [1], 242-359, [8] p. ; Sometimes attributed to John Ponet and to Sir Richard Morison. ; Edited by Matthew Parker, and sometimes attributed to him. ; A reply to "A traictise declaryng and plainly provyng, that the pretensed marriage of priestes, and professed persones, is no mariage, but altogether unlawful, and in all ages, and al countreies of Christendome, bothe forbidden, and also punyshed", which was ostensibly by Thomas Martin but is now attributed to Stephen Gardiner. ; Jugge's name from colophon; publication date conjectured by STC. ; Includes index. ; 2G1 is a cancel. The top part of 2K3 is cancelled, and the lower part may be pasted onto 2K2v. ; A reissue of STC 17518 (printed by Jugge with Kingston), with quires 2O and 2P reprinted and 2Q-2Z, 2[et], 2[rum] added. The additions are by Matthew Parker, printed by Jugge. ; Reproduction of the original in the Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery.
"A svmmary table of all the chapters ." p. [7-10] ; Includes marginal references ; Imprint date from colophon ; Translation of: Les six livres de la république ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Special Collections copy has bookplate of Don Cameron Allen
Signatures: 5 leaves unsigned, a-z⁶, aa-dd⁶; A-Z⁶, Aa-Cc⁶, Dd⁴ [Dd4 missing], Ee-Gg⁶, A-D⁴, E⁶ [E6 missing], F⁶, G²; [A]-N⁴, O²; 2 unsigned leaves, A-Q²; [H]-S⁶, T⁴ ; Item 5 of contents bound after the added titles listed below; has special t.p. with title: De verborum significatione the exposition of the termes and difficill vvordes, conteined in the fovre bvikes of Regiam Majestatem, and vthers, in the Actes of parliament, Infeftments, and vsed in practicque of this realme, with diuerse rules, and commoun places, or principalles of the lawes : collected and exponed be M. John Skene ; Item 6 of contents missing; never printed? cf. J.F.K. Johnstone. Bibliographia aberdonensis, 1929. p.101 ; Leaves 46 and 74 of 1st group are blank; two additional blank leaves (25 of 1st group and 160 of 2d group) are missing ; Missing added t.p. (engraved) ; Missing folded genealogical chart, titled The race of the Kings of Scotland, since Malcolme the second, Kenneth the thirds sonne ; Title vignette (coat of arms); ornamental border at head of title; head-pieces; initials ; Latin dedication signed: Johannes Skene ; The first leaf contains explanatory verses ; The 1647 Lavves and acts of Parliament. is [2], 105, [1] p. and OCLC 20111617; The XXIII Parliament. is [2], 34 leaves and OCLC 10135460 ; "1. The actes of Parliament, maid be King Iames the First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Queene Marie, and King Iames the Sext, now presently reignand. 2. Ane large table and repertour of al speciall maters and heades conteined in the saids actes. 3. Ane chronologie of all the kings of Scotland from the beginning. 4. Ane almanack for the space of fiftie zeires, of the moueable feastes, and other partes of the kalendar. 5. The interpretation of the termes and difficill words vsed in the foure buiks of Regiam maiestatem and vthers, in infeftments and practicque of this realme. 6. Ane catalogue of the buikes conteinand the auld lawes written before King Iames the First of gud memorie."--4th prelim.leaf
Signatures: 5 leaves unsigned, a-z⁶, aa-dd⁶; A-Z⁶, Aa-Cc⁶, Dd⁴ [Dd4 missing], Ee-Gg⁶, A-D⁴, E⁶ [E6 missing], F⁶, G²; [A]-N⁴, O²; 2 unsigned leaves, A-Q²; [H]-S⁶, T⁴ ; Item 5 of contents bound after the added titles listed below; has special t.p. with title: De verborum significatione the exposition of the termes and difficill vvordes, conteined in the fovre bvikes of Regiam Majestatem, and vthers, in the Actes of parliament, Infeftments, and vsed in practicque of this realme, with diuerse rules, and commoun places, or principalles of the lawes : collected and exponed be M. John Skene ; Item 6 of contents missing; never printed? cf. J.F.K. Johnstone. Bibliographia aberdonensis, 1929. p.101 ; Leaves 46 and 74 of 1st group are blank; two additional blank leaves (25 of 1st group and 160 of 2d group) are missing ; Missing added t.p. (engraved) ; Missing folded genealogical chart, titled The race of the Kings of Scotland, since Malcolme the second, Kenneth the thirds sonne ; Title vignette (coat of arms); ornamental border at head of title; head-pieces; initials ; Latin dedication signed: Johannes Skene ; The first leaf contains explanatory verses ; The 1647 Lavves and acts of Parliament. is [2], 105, [1] p. and OCLC 20111617; The XXIII Parliament. is [2], 34 leaves and OCLC 10135460 ; "1. The actes of Parliament, maid be King Iames the First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Queene Marie, and King Iames the Sext, now presently reignand. 2. Ane large table and repertour of al speciall maters and heades conteined in the saids actes. 3. Ane chronologie of all the kings of Scotland from the beginning. 4. Ane almanack for the space of fiftie zeires, of the moueable feastes, and other partes of the kalendar. 5. The interpretation of the termes and difficill words vsed in the foure buiks of Regiam maiestatem and vthers, in infeftments and practicque of this realme. 6. Ane catalogue of the buikes conteinand the auld lawes written before King Iames the First of gud memorie."--4th prelim.leaf
1 broadside. ; Second pt. of title from first three lines of text. ; Imprint suggested by STC (2nd ed.). ; Reproduction of original in the Lambeth Palace Library.
[1], 132, [3] leaves ; Translation of: De laudibus legum Angliae. ; Latin and English in parallel columns. ; Imprint from colophon. ; With three final contents leaves. ; Running title reads: Fortescu, in commendacion of the lawes of England. ; Reproduction of the original in the Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery.
Abstract The presence of urban green spaces (UGS) increases the human's contact with nature and provides numerous benefits to the society and the local environment. In this way, analyzing, planning and stimulating the implementation of UGS in cities is a fundamental action to improve the life quality of urban society. In this context, the aim was to analyze the situation and distribution of the green spaces of the universities cities of Lavras, Minas Gerais State (Brazil) and Newark, Delaware (USA). For data collection, researches performed field visits and used aerial photography to survey and analysis before calculating indicators including green area index (GAI) and green space ratio (GSR). The city of Lavras has a GAI of 0.54 m2 inh-1. The GSR value was 0.29%, not meeting the minimum of 5% required by local municipal law. Furthermore, there is a bad distribution of UGSs in the urban framework. However, in Newark, the distribution of UGSs is homogeneous and covers all regions of the city. The calculated GAI was 50.2 m² inh-1 and the GSR has met the 7% minimum required by its Newark Municipal Law. When comparing the two cities, in different countries and conditions it is concluded that Newark (DE) presents UGS indicators, GAI (m² inh-1) and GSR (%), higher than the values obtained in Lavras (MG), indicating the need for Government actions to increase these values.
[4], 119, [1] p. ; Most later editions published under title: The common-wealth of England. ; Reproduction of the original in the Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery.