Suchergebnisse

The Thesis explores the motives and conditions under which the US, China, and Russia are likely to cooperate on arms control in cyberspace in order to improve both their national and international security. It is stated that hostile states will be in favor of negotiating a limitation of cyber capabilities to reduce escalation and avoid the damage caused by a potential conflict. The analysis is based on defensive realism theory, which explains the conditions leading to "negative cooperation" among potential adversaries. Three variables are identified which help to analyze the potential of cooperation in cyberspace: a) motives; b) the distinction between defensive and offensive cyber capabilities; c) information. The research shows that the risk of a cyberspace conflict escalating between the US, China and Russia encouraged them to seek cooperation. However, only few cooperation precedents could be described as successful. The same principles and conditions are valid for both cyber and military disarmament regimes. Two types of conditions necessary for effective cyber disarmament are identified. The first refers to external conditions such as the increased confrontation, the use of offensive cyber capabilities and applying of exhaustion strategy. The second refers to internal condition – this is a lack of trust between states which deepens the security dilemma in cyberspace. While evaluating the potential of cyber disarmament regime, worth mentioning that conditions which lead to "negative cooperation" create the ground for the disarmament regime in cyberspace.

The Thesis explores the motives and conditions under which the US, China, and Russia are likely to cooperate on arms control in cyberspace in order to improve both their national and international security. It is stated that hostile states will be in favor of negotiating a limitation of cyber capabilities to reduce escalation and avoid the damage caused by a potential conflict. The analysis is based on defensive realism theory, which explains the conditions leading to "negative cooperation" among potential adversaries. Three variables are identified which help to analyze the potential of cooperation in cyberspace: a) motives; b) the distinction between defensive and offensive cyber capabilities; c) information. The research shows that the risk of a cyberspace conflict escalating between the US, China and Russia encouraged them to seek cooperation. However, only few cooperation precedents could be described as successful. The same principles and conditions are valid for both cyber and military disarmament regimes. Two types of conditions necessary for effective cyber disarmament are identified. The first refers to external conditions such as the increased confrontation, the use of offensive cyber capabilities and applying of exhaustion strategy. The second refers to internal condition – this is a lack of trust between states which deepens the security dilemma in cyberspace. While evaluating the potential of cyber disarmament regime, worth mentioning that conditions which lead to "negative cooperation" create the ground for the disarmament regime in cyberspace.

The Thesis explores the motives and conditions under which the US, China, and Russia are likely to cooperate on arms control in cyberspace in order to improve both their national and international security. It is stated that hostile states will be in favor of negotiating a limitation of cyber capabilities to reduce escalation and avoid the damage caused by a potential conflict. The analysis is based on defensive realism theory, which explains the conditions leading to "negative cooperation" among potential adversaries. Three variables are identified which help to analyze the potential of cooperation in cyberspace: a) motives; b) the distinction between defensive and offensive cyber capabilities; c) information. The research shows that the risk of a cyberspace conflict escalating between the US, China and Russia encouraged them to seek cooperation. However, only few cooperation precedents could be described as successful. The same principles and conditions are valid for both cyber and military disarmament regimes. Two types of conditions necessary for effective cyber disarmament are identified. The first refers to external conditions such as the increased confrontation, the use of offensive cyber capabilities and applying of exhaustion strategy. The second refers to internal condition – this is a lack of trust between states which deepens the security dilemma in cyberspace. While evaluating the potential of cyber disarmament regime, worth mentioning that conditions which lead to "negative cooperation" create the ground for the disarmament regime in cyberspace.

The Thesis explores the motives and conditions under which the US, China, and Russia are likely to cooperate on arms control in cyberspace in order to improve both their national and international security. It is stated that hostile states will be in favor of negotiating a limitation of cyber capabilities to reduce escalation and avoid the damage caused by a potential conflict. The analysis is based on defensive realism theory, which explains the conditions leading to "negative cooperation" among potential adversaries. Three variables are identified which help to analyze the potential of cooperation in cyberspace: a) motives; b) the distinction between defensive and offensive cyber capabilities; c) information. The research shows that the risk of a cyberspace conflict escalating between the US, China and Russia encouraged them to seek cooperation. However, only few cooperation precedents could be described as successful. The same principles and conditions are valid for both cyber and military disarmament regimes. Two types of conditions necessary for effective cyber disarmament are identified. The first refers to external conditions such as the increased confrontation, the use of offensive cyber capabilities and applying of exhaustion strategy. The second refers to internal condition – this is a lack of trust between states which deepens the security dilemma in cyberspace. While evaluating the potential of cyber disarmament regime, worth mentioning that conditions which lead to "negative cooperation" create the ground for the disarmament regime in cyberspace.

The Thesis explores the motives and conditions under which the US, China, and Russia are likely to cooperate on arms control in cyberspace in order to improve both their national and international security. It is stated that hostile states will be in favor of negotiating a limitation of cyber capabilities to reduce escalation and avoid the damage caused by a potential conflict. The analysis is based on defensive realism theory, which explains the conditions leading to "negative cooperation" among potential adversaries. Three variables are identified which help to analyze the potential of cooperation in cyberspace: a) motives; b) the distinction between defensive and offensive cyber capabilities; c) information. The research shows that the risk of a cyberspace conflict escalating between the US, China and Russia encouraged them to seek cooperation. However, only few cooperation precedents could be described as successful. The same principles and conditions are valid for both cyber and military disarmament regimes. Two types of conditions necessary for effective cyber disarmament are identified. The first refers to external conditions such as the increased confrontation, the use of offensive cyber capabilities and applying of exhaustion strategy. The second refers to internal condition – this is a lack of trust between states which deepens the security dilemma in cyberspace. While evaluating the potential of cyber disarmament regime, worth mentioning that conditions which lead to "negative cooperation" create the ground for the disarmament regime in cyberspace.

The Thesis explores the motives and conditions under which the US, China, and Russia are likely to cooperate on arms control in cyberspace in order to improve both their national and international security. It is stated that hostile states will be in favor of negotiating a limitation of cyber capabilities to reduce escalation and avoid the damage caused by a potential conflict. The analysis is based on defensive realism theory, which explains the conditions leading to "negative cooperation" among potential adversaries. Three variables are identified which help to analyze the potential of cooperation in cyberspace: a) motives; b) the distinction between defensive and offensive cyber capabilities; c) information. The research shows that the risk of a cyberspace conflict escalating between the US, China and Russia encouraged them to seek cooperation. However, only few cooperation precedents could be described as successful. The same principles and conditions are valid for both cyber and military disarmament regimes. Two types of conditions necessary for effective cyber disarmament are identified. The first refers to external conditions such as the increased confrontation, the use of offensive cyber capabilities and applying of exhaustion strategy. The second refers to internal condition – this is a lack of trust between states which deepens the security dilemma in cyberspace. While evaluating the potential of cyber disarmament regime, worth mentioning that conditions which lead to "negative cooperation" create the ground for the disarmament regime in cyberspace.

The Thesis explores the motives and conditions under which the US, China, and Russia are likely to cooperate on arms control in cyberspace in order to improve both their national and international security. It is stated that hostile states will be in favor of negotiating a limitation of cyber capabilities to reduce escalation and avoid the damage caused by a potential conflict. The analysis is based on defensive realism theory, which explains the conditions leading to "negative cooperation" among potential adversaries. Three variables are identified which help to analyze the potential of cooperation in cyberspace: a) motives; b) the distinction between defensive and offensive cyber capabilities; c) information. The research shows that the risk of a cyberspace conflict escalating between the US, China and Russia encouraged them to seek cooperation. However, only few cooperation precedents could be described as successful. The same principles and conditions are valid for both cyber and military disarmament regimes. Two types of conditions necessary for effective cyber disarmament are identified. The first refers to external conditions such as the increased confrontation, the use of offensive cyber capabilities and applying of exhaustion strategy. The second refers to internal condition – this is a lack of trust between states which deepens the security dilemma in cyberspace. While evaluating the potential of cyber disarmament regime, worth mentioning that conditions which lead to "negative cooperation" create the ground for the disarmament regime in cyberspace.

The Thesis explores the motives and conditions under which the US, China, and Russia are likely to cooperate on arms control in cyberspace in order to improve both their national and international security. It is stated that hostile states will be in favor of negotiating a limitation of cyber capabilities to reduce escalation and avoid the damage caused by a potential conflict. The analysis is based on defensive realism theory, which explains the conditions leading to "negative cooperation" among potential adversaries. Three variables are identified which help to analyze the potential of cooperation in cyberspace: a) motives; b) the distinction between defensive and offensive cyber capabilities; c) information. The research shows that the risk of a cyberspace conflict escalating between the US, China and Russia encouraged them to seek cooperation. However, only few cooperation precedents could be described as successful. The same principles and conditions are valid for both cyber and military disarmament regimes. Two types of conditions necessary for effective cyber disarmament are identified. The first refers to external conditions such as the increased confrontation, the use of offensive cyber capabilities and applying of exhaustion strategy. The second refers to internal condition – this is a lack of trust between states which deepens the security dilemma in cyberspace. While evaluating the potential of cyber disarmament regime, worth mentioning that conditions which lead to "negative cooperation" create the ground for the disarmament regime in cyberspace.

Master's thesis examines the inability of the states to agree on the regulation of lethal autonomous weapons at the United Nations. The chosen study case is analyzed by the method of process tracing analysis, a causal mechanism is constructed by using the regime theories and the theoretical assumptions of the formation of international norms. The thesis discusses the specificity of lethal autonomous weapons, issues of definitions of such weapon systems, their threats and benefits. The master's thesis proves the importance of new technologies for the development of international norms and identifies the factors that determine the formation of international norms.It is discussed that new military technology encourages competition between states, resulting in the possibility of changing the balance of power therefore the competition for power hinders cooperation at United Nations level.

Master's thesis examines the inability of the states to agree on the regulation of lethal autonomous weapons at the United Nations. The chosen study case is analyzed by the method of process tracing analysis, a causal mechanism is constructed by using the regime theories and the theoretical assumptions of the formation of international norms. The thesis discusses the specificity of lethal autonomous weapons, issues of definitions of such weapon systems, their threats and benefits. The master's thesis proves the importance of new technologies for the development of international norms and identifies the factors that determine the formation of international norms.It is discussed that new military technology encourages competition between states, resulting in the possibility of changing the balance of power therefore the competition for power hinders cooperation at United Nations level.

Master's thesis examines the inability of the states to agree on the regulation of lethal autonomous weapons at the United Nations. The chosen study case is analyzed by the method of process tracing analysis, a causal mechanism is constructed by using the regime theories and the theoretical assumptions of the formation of international norms. The thesis discusses the specificity of lethal autonomous weapons, issues of definitions of such weapon systems, their threats and benefits. The master's thesis proves the importance of new technologies for the development of international norms and identifies the factors that determine the formation of international norms.It is discussed that new military technology encourages competition between states, resulting in the possibility of changing the balance of power therefore the competition for power hinders cooperation at United Nations level.

Master's thesis examines the inability of the states to agree on the regulation of lethal autonomous weapons at the United Nations. The chosen study case is analyzed by the method of process tracing analysis, a causal mechanism is constructed by using the regime theories and the theoretical assumptions of the formation of international norms. The thesis discusses the specificity of lethal autonomous weapons, issues of definitions of such weapon systems, their threats and benefits. The master's thesis proves the importance of new technologies for the development of international norms and identifies the factors that determine the formation of international norms.It is discussed that new military technology encourages competition between states, resulting in the possibility of changing the balance of power therefore the competition for power hinders cooperation at United Nations level.

Municipal international cooperation is the main tool that enables municipalities to use the good practice of foreign countries, share mutually important information in the fields of government, economics, social protection, environment protection and other. Municipal international cooperation that is legalized by the agreements of local institutions, unites the whole world, encourages communities to communicate, increases mutual trust between nations and develops a dialogue. Despite the fact that thousands of city cooperation agreements are signed world-wide (more than 39 thousand of co-major and medium- sized cities had such agreements in Europe in 2010), the international relations of the local communities have not been extensively researched in this field. We have to agree with the researcher H. Buis (2009) who expressed the view that the local authorities having the ability and competencies to successfully influence and improve the cooperation process could pay more attention and put more resources to the field. The aim of the article is to analyze the situation and development tendencies of municipal international cooperation in Šiauliai County municipalities. The analysis and systematization of Lithuanian and foreign authors' scientific publications, research results, internet sources, legislation of the Republic of Lithuania and the European Union, and the research on municipal international cooperation in Šiauliai County municipalities under the expert evaluation method, enabled to reveal the peculiarities of cooperation relations establishment and development, evaluate usefulness of the activities and identify problems. [.]

Municipal international cooperation is the main tool that enables municipalities to use the good practice of foreign countries, share mutually important information in the fields of government, economics, social protection, environment protection and other. Municipal international cooperation that is legalized by the agreements of local institutions, unites the whole world, encourages communities to communicate, increases mutual trust between nations and develops a dialogue. Despite the fact that thousands of city cooperation agreements are signed world-wide (more than 39 thousand of co-major and medium- sized cities had such agreements in Europe in 2010), the international relations of the local communities have not been extensively researched in this field. We have to agree with the researcher H. Buis (2009) who expressed the view that the local authorities having the ability and competencies to successfully influence and improve the cooperation process could pay more attention and put more resources to the field. The aim of the article is to analyze the situation and development tendencies of municipal international cooperation in Šiauliai County municipalities. The analysis and systematization of Lithuanian and foreign authors' scientific publications, research results, internet sources, legislation of the Republic of Lithuania and the European Union, and the research on municipal international cooperation in Šiauliai County municipalities under the expert evaluation method, enabled to reveal the peculiarities of cooperation relations establishment and development, evaluate usefulness of the activities and identify problems. [.]

This article is devoted to the Open Method of Co-ordination (OMC) as a method of the European Union (EU) governance. First, the article presents the method, its characteristics & the rationale behind its application in the EU. This is followed by an analytical framework, which includes the factors of EU & national level (independent variables), influence mechanisms of the OMC as well as public policy & institutional change (dependent variables). This analytical framework was used for structuring & summarizing the results of the OMC research in Lithuania. The main conclusion of this article is that the OMC is not effective in Lithuania due to its weak mechanisms of influence. Although according to its definition the OMC is attributable to "soft" forms of governance, its inadequate application reduces its effectiveness in Lithuania. These factors constrain the implementation of necessary reforms in Lithuania & reduce its contribution to economic growth & employment of the EU. Adapted from the source document.