Suchergebnisse

Probably in few regions of the world are the opportunities for international scientific cooperation greater than in the Far North. From west to east, the United States (Alaska), Canada, Newfoundland (Labrador), Iceland, Denmark (Greenland), Norway, Sweden, Finland, and the Soviet Union are all vitally concerned in Arctic and Subarctic problems. And many other countries have contributed significant chapters in the ever-expanding book of knowledge entitled "The North". Scientific problems are similar regardless of international boundaries, and the number of problems in the Arctic and Subarctic that can be best solved by international cooperation is legion. In fact many of them can be solved only by international cooperation. The desirability of such cooperation and of a circumpolar background is stressed by Professor V. C. Wynne-Edwards: "Parallel investigations along many lines are being made in Alaska, Scandinavia and the U.S.S.R. The importance, from the purely scientific as well as the practical and economic standpoint, of acquainting the investigators of this country at first hand with similar problems and conditions in other northern lands cannot be too strongly stressed. Understanding and insight are born of experience; and the need for a circumpolar background must be evident to many besides myself." .

The purpose of this document is to provide background information, a framework and recommendations to shape the international dimension of Food 2030. Food 2030 is the EU research and innovation policy response to international policy developments including the Sustainable Development Goals (United Nations, 2015) and COP21commitmens (United Nations, 2015).

The more that states depend on oil exports, the less cooperative they become: they grow less likely to join intergovernmental organizations, to accept the compulsory jurisdiction of international judicial bodies, and to agree to binding arbitration for investment disputes. This pattern is robust to the use of country and year fixed effects, to alternative measures of the key variables, and to the exclusion of all countries in the Middle East. To explain this pattern, we consider the economic incentives that foster participation in international institutions: the desire to attract foreign investment and to gain access to foreign markets. Oil-exporting states, we argue, find it relatively easy to achieve these aims without making costly commitments to international institutions. In other words, natural resource wealth liberates states from the economic pressures that would otherwise drive them toward cooperation.

THE MORE THE CAPITALIST WORLD FALLS INTO DISARRAY, THE LOUDER RISE THE CRIES FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION TO SET THINGS RIGHT. THIS ESSAY REVIEWS THE HISTORY OF ATTEMPTS AT, AND OBSTACLES TO, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AMONG THE MAJOR ECONOMIC POWERS.

"International Cooperation Theory and International Institutions" published on by Oxford University Press.