Economic integration is one of the main directions of economic development The economies of the countries that belong to this integration are open and interconnected . It promotes globalization of business and the formation of regional trade blocs, which lead to closer and wider integration among the participating members. The most important aim for all countries of the world is the economic growth. Each state evaluates the activities of its national economy units and state institutions according to the dynamics of economic growth and living standards.
Economic integration is one of the main directions of economic development The economies of the countries that belong to this integration are open and interconnected . It promotes globalization of business and the formation of regional trade blocs, which lead to closer and wider integration among the participating members. The most important aim for all countries of the world is the economic growth. Each state evaluates the activities of its national economy units and state institutions according to the dynamics of economic growth and living standards.
Economic integration is one of the main directions of economic development The economies of the countries that belong to this integration are open and interconnected . It promotes globalization of business and the formation of regional trade blocs, which lead to closer and wider integration among the participating members. The most important aim for all countries of the world is the economic growth. Each state evaluates the activities of its national economy units and state institutions according to the dynamics of economic growth and living standards.
Economic integration is one of the main directions of economic development The economies of the countries that belong to this integration are open and interconnected . It promotes globalization of business and the formation of regional trade blocs, which lead to closer and wider integration among the participating members. The most important aim for all countries of the world is the economic growth. Each state evaluates the activities of its national economy units and state institutions according to the dynamics of economic growth and living standards.
The present article tries to set up the system of the criteria allowing to specify the optimal level of integration between the two economies on the basis of the analysis of modern economic theories of interstate integration. This article attempts to apply the system of criteria for the economic analysis of a separate case—specifications for the optimal degree of economic integration between Lithuania and Belarus. The results of the analysis raise doubts on widespread stereotype of "restrictions" according to which it is necessary to "protect" our economy from contact with Belarus in every possible way. Our analysis shows high perspective and economic advantage of close integration of our economy with that of Belarus. The presented data allows us to draw attention to the issue of closer economic integration progressively passing into political cooperation.
The present article tries to set up the system of the criteria allowing to specify the optimal level of integration between the two economies on the basis of the analysis of modern economic theories of interstate integration. This article attempts to apply the system of criteria for the economic analysis of a separate case—specifications for the optimal degree of economic integration between Lithuania and Belarus. The results of the analysis raise doubts on widespread stereotype of "restrictions" according to which it is necessary to "protect" our economy from contact with Belarus in every possible way. Our analysis shows high perspective and economic advantage of close integration of our economy with that of Belarus. The presented data allows us to draw attention to the issue of closer economic integration progressively passing into political cooperation.
Through Lithuania's integration into the global economy, there is an opportunity to promote positive economic, financial, cultural, intellectual development leading to the country's economic growth. On the other hand, the integration also encourages negative effects, including: increasing emigration, loss of investments that have been made in preparation of professionals, changes in local labour force, negative changes in the demographic structure, decreasing state revenues and increasing tax burden on the remaining population, and ultimately the country's loss of competitiveness because of the loss of skilled labour. The emigration issue is relevant in Lithuania, because of the large scale emigration that is a threat to social and economic stability. According to a variety of assessments, about 300 thousand inhabitants emigrated from Lithuania during the years of independence. This scale of Lithuanians' emigration has to be considered to be one of the most serious threats to the country's demographic development, economic growth and the preservation of cultural identity. Labour force emigration is influenced by many different types of factors. They can be grouped according to different criteria, depending on the research aim. Overall, among the causes of emigration, economic, political, ideological, racial, ethnic and other are often identified. Much attention is paid to the research into the emigration causes, because after finding the reasons that encourage people to migrate, concrete measures can be taken to regulate this process. [.]
Through Lithuania's integration into the global economy, there is an opportunity to promote positive economic, financial, cultural, intellectual development leading to the country's economic growth. On the other hand, the integration also encourages negative effects, including: increasing emigration, loss of investments that have been made in preparation of professionals, changes in local labour force, negative changes in the demographic structure, decreasing state revenues and increasing tax burden on the remaining population, and ultimately the country's loss of competitiveness because of the loss of skilled labour. The emigration issue is relevant in Lithuania, because of the large scale emigration that is a threat to social and economic stability. According to a variety of assessments, about 300 thousand inhabitants emigrated from Lithuania during the years of independence. This scale of Lithuanians' emigration has to be considered to be one of the most serious threats to the country's demographic development, economic growth and the preservation of cultural identity. Labour force emigration is influenced by many different types of factors. They can be grouped according to different criteria, depending on the research aim. Overall, among the causes of emigration, economic, political, ideological, racial, ethnic and other are often identified. Much attention is paid to the research into the emigration causes, because after finding the reasons that encourage people to migrate, concrete measures can be taken to regulate this process. [.]
The paper suggests a conceptual framework for analyzing the relationship between democracy and economic growth based on the international dimension. In essence, democracy positively effects economic growth in a given country when international actors seek to promote democracy in that country by punishing violations of democratic norms with economic sanctions. The paper specifies conditions under which violation of democratic norms gets punished with economic sanctions. First, foreign actors must have an interest in defending democracy in a given country. Second, the costs of defending democracy must not outweigh its benefits. Finally, economic sanctions must be employed as a tool for the defense of democracy. Furthermore, factors that affect the negative impact of economic sanctions on economic growth in the 'target' country are specified in the paper. They are as follows: economic openness of the 'target' country, extent of economic interdependence with sanctioning countries, as well as the structure of the economy and opportunities to diversify economic relations with other foreign actors. Besides, the impact of sanctions on growth depends on the duration of their application. Further, the paper illustrates the logic of the conceptual framework with the empirical example of Latin America. During the Cold War, democracies in the region did not face any economic advantages with regard to international factors. Latin America's Cold War history was highly influenced by the strategic struggle between the US and the Soviet Union. For the US, the main purpose in the region was to carry out the policy of containment of communism. This meant that certain undemocratic but friendly regimes were often supported, while hostile but democratic ones were undermined. The situation changed cardinally after the Cold War ended. When the strategic threat of communism disappeared, the US changed its policy focus from containment of communism to the promotion and defense of democracies. Moreover, Latin America experienced intensive processes of democratization and economic liberalization. This created conditions for the collective system of defense of democracy in the region. Certain factors contributed to the potential impact of economic sanctions in the region in the 1990s. Economic liberalization and higher economic openness made countries more vulnerable to potential sanctions. Furthermore, Latin American countries had high levels of economic interdependence with the US, the EU and other regional democracies, all of which were ready to defend democratic systems. Finally, the disintegration of the Soviet Union and disappearance of non-democracies in the region highly reduced opportunities for economic diversification in the case of economic sanctions. In Latin America in the 1990s, every violation of procedural democratic norms was met with economic sanctions which had negative effect on economic growth in the violating country. These cases were Haiti (1991), Peru (1992) and Guatemala (1993). In the case of Paraguay (1996), the threat of economic sanctions was one of the factors that helped to preserve democratic system in the country. This means that the analysis of the relationship between political regime type and economic growth in Latin America in the 1990s is incomplete and potentially incorrect, if international factors are not taken into account. Finally, the paper gives suggestions for further research, in particular hinting to the possible structural global shift in the democracy-growth relationship in post-Cold War environment. International factors provide a possible explanation why empirically democracies tend to grow faster than autocracies after the end of the Cold War
The paper suggests a conceptual framework for analyzing the relationship between democracy and economic growth based on the international dimension. In essence, democracy positively effects economic growth in a given country when international actors seek to promote democracy in that country by punishing violations of democratic norms with economic sanctions. The paper specifies conditions under which violation of democratic norms gets punished with economic sanctions. First, foreign actors must have an interest in defending democracy in a given country. Second, the costs of defending democracy must not outweigh its benefits. Finally, economic sanctions must be employed as a tool for the defense of democracy. Furthermore, factors that affect the negative impact of economic sanctions on economic growth in the 'target' country are specified in the paper. They are as follows: economic openness of the 'target' country, extent of economic interdependence with sanctioning countries, as well as the structure of the economy and opportunities to diversify economic relations with other foreign actors. Besides, the impact of sanctions on growth depends on the duration of their application. Further, the paper illustrates the logic of the conceptual framework with the empirical example of Latin America. During the Cold War, democracies in the region did not face any economic advantages with regard to international factors. Latin America's Cold War history was highly influenced by the strategic struggle between the US and the Soviet Union. For the US, the main purpose in the region was to carry out the policy of containment of communism. This meant that certain undemocratic but friendly regimes were often supported, while hostile but democratic ones were undermined. The situation changed cardinally after the Cold War ended. When the strategic threat of communism disappeared, the US changed its policy focus from containment of communism to the promotion and defense of democracies. Moreover, Latin America experienced intensive processes of democratization and economic liberalization. This created conditions for the collective system of defense of democracy in the region. Certain factors contributed to the potential impact of economic sanctions in the region in the 1990s. Economic liberalization and higher economic openness made countries more vulnerable to potential sanctions. Furthermore, Latin American countries had high levels of economic interdependence with the US, the EU and other regional democracies, all of which were ready to defend democratic systems. Finally, the disintegration of the Soviet Union and disappearance of non-democracies in the region highly reduced opportunities for economic diversification in the case of economic sanctions. In Latin America in the 1990s, every violation of procedural democratic norms was met with economic sanctions which had negative effect on economic growth in the violating country. These cases were Haiti (1991), Peru (1992) and Guatemala (1993). In the case of Paraguay (1996), the threat of economic sanctions was one of the factors that helped to preserve democratic system in the country. This means that the analysis of the relationship between political regime type and economic growth in Latin America in the 1990s is incomplete and potentially incorrect, if international factors are not taken into account. Finally, the paper gives suggestions for further research, in particular hinting to the possible structural global shift in the democracy-growth relationship in post-Cold War environment. International factors provide a possible explanation why empirically democracies tend to grow faster than autocracies after the end of the Cold War
The master thesis gives the analysis of the ways, benefits and causes of internationalization of higher education and related problems. Global market of higher education surveys is given. Analysis of experience of studies' internationalization in different countries and European Higher Education Area are made. International academic mobility management programme is made with reference to analysis of theories and methodologies of marketing, strategic management and educational science. European Union policy for higher education establishes favourable conditions for internationalization of studies in Lithuanian universities. Quantitative and qualitative methods are used for evaluation of internationality of higher education in Lithuania in the context of European Union members, global competitiveness, and priorities of mobile students. The trends of student mobility are analysed, the relation between economic, social factors and attractiveness of higher education is identified and evaluated in the master thesis. According to identified tendencies, the aimed level of internationality of higher education in Lithuania is measured in the number of foreign students. Directions and opportunities for studies' internationalization and development in Lithuanian universities are identified. After the analysis of the theoretical and practical academic mobility development aspects, the conclusions of the master thesis are presented and suggestions for Lithuanian universities are offered. Structure: introduction, problem part, theoretical part, analytical part, project part, conclusions and suggestions, references.
The master thesis gives the analysis of the ways, benefits and causes of internationalization of higher education and related problems. Global market of higher education surveys is given. Analysis of experience of studies' internationalization in different countries and European Higher Education Area are made. International academic mobility management programme is made with reference to analysis of theories and methodologies of marketing, strategic management and educational science. European Union policy for higher education establishes favourable conditions for internationalization of studies in Lithuanian universities. Quantitative and qualitative methods are used for evaluation of internationality of higher education in Lithuania in the context of European Union members, global competitiveness, and priorities of mobile students. The trends of student mobility are analysed, the relation between economic, social factors and attractiveness of higher education is identified and evaluated in the master thesis. According to identified tendencies, the aimed level of internationality of higher education in Lithuania is measured in the number of foreign students. Directions and opportunities for studies' internationalization and development in Lithuanian universities are identified. After the analysis of the theoretical and practical academic mobility development aspects, the conclusions of the master thesis are presented and suggestions for Lithuanian universities are offered. Structure: introduction, problem part, theoretical part, analytical part, project part, conclusions and suggestions, references.
The investigation of state economic policy in the context of integration processes in the EU is becoming more important, particularly as regards ground-taking and preventing possible negative effects for the separate EU countries. It is also clear that there is a lack of adequate theoretical models and solutions for responding to modern challenges, which would allow to evaluate complexly the efficiency of state economic policy of the EU countries in different phases of preparation, grounding, and implementation. Therefore this doctoral dissertation is devoted to the efficiency of state economic policy in the context of integration processes in the EU. The research is focussed on a theoretical study and identification of the factors of efficiency of state economic policy, as well as the identification of potential measures of performance of state economic policy of EU countries in the context of integration processes in the EU; it provides for a macrosimulation model, allowing to evaluate the impact of the identified factors on the efficiency of state economic policy of the EU countries, it also evaluates the impact of the identified factors on the efficiency of state economic policy in selected for research EU countries and offers recommendations regarding the directions of the implementation of state economic policy for increased efficiency of state economic policy of EU countries in the long term perspective.
The investigation of state economic policy in the context of integration processes in the EU is becoming more important, particularly as regards ground-taking and preventing possible negative effects for the separate EU countries. It is also clear that there is a lack of adequate theoretical models and solutions for responding to modern challenges, which would allow to evaluate complexly the efficiency of state economic policy of the EU countries in different phases of preparation, grounding, and implementation. Therefore this doctoral dissertation is devoted to the efficiency of state economic policy in the context of integration processes in the EU. The research is focussed on a theoretical study and identification of the factors of efficiency of state economic policy, as well as the identification of potential measures of performance of state economic policy of EU countries in the context of integration processes in the EU; it provides for a macrosimulation model, allowing to evaluate the impact of the identified factors on the efficiency of state economic policy of the EU countries, it also evaluates the impact of the identified factors on the efficiency of state economic policy in selected for research EU countries and offers recommendations regarding the directions of the implementation of state economic policy for increased efficiency of state economic policy of EU countries in the long term perspective.
Master thesis analyzes Serbian EU integration process, reveals the political and economic status of Serbia. It also examines the situation in Serbia in terms of the political, economic criteria and the ability to take on the obligations of membership. Thesis also compares and analyzes Serbia's public polls researches towards EU integration. The first chapter of the Master thesis describes the research of the EU enlargement and integration genesis, describes the process of new member integration process and conditions, also states and anlyses the specific conditions of membership for Western Balkan countries. The second chapter presents full overview of the political conditions of former Yugoslavia, particular emphasis is placed on the process of disintegration of Yugoslavia, and on the failure of EU to prevent the conflicts in the region. The third chapter examines Serbia's political and economic transformation and ability to apply for EU membership. It also analyzes the position of different governments of Serbia on EU integration process. The last chapter analyzes public opinion on EU integration. The last part of the work analyzes specific conditions given from EU which influences public polls.
