Suchergebnisse

Zubok reviews 'Anatomy of Distrust: US-Soviet Relations During the Cold War' by Deborah Welch Larson.

Artykuł jest refleksją filozoficzną dotyczącą problemów moralnych public relations i dziennikarstwa. Autorka stawia w nim tezę, że współcześnie dziennikarze i specjaliści public relations – wykonując profesje, których fundamentem jest informacja, komunikacja i zaufanie społeczne – bardzo wiele swoich działań wyłączają ze sfery tych, które mogłyby być oceniane z punktu widzenia moralności. Uznają też, że ocenie etycznej można poddać tylko indywidualne, pojedyncze przypadki, sytuując je w szerokim kontekście uwarunkowań kulturowych, ekonomicznych i społecznych. Niestety, takie traktowanie zadań swojego zawodu sprzyja postępującej anomii moralnej w społeczeństwie.

The Howard government has introduced major change to APS employment relations. The long‐established centralised system has been replaced by a new employer agenda. Negotiations now occur at agency level and are regulated, as in the private sector, by the Workplace Relations Act 1996. Freedom of association is emphasised, as is the right for individuals to settle contracts with their employer. While the transformation is not yet complete, government policy is pushing toward a new paradigm for bargaining in the public sector.

AbstractDomestic relations orders that are intended to meet the requirements of qualified domestic relations orders (QDROs) under Internal Revenue Code Section 414(p) are commonly prepared by mediators and other matrimonial law practitioners who are not familiar with pension plans or pension law. As a. result, QDROs that meet the legal requirements are often written without adequate consideration of the pitfalls and opportunities presented by the terms of the pension plan or Section 401 (k) plan to which the order applies.

Most research on congressional consideration of foreign and defense policy concludes that ideology is the most important influence on roll-call voting and that constituent economic interests are not very important. This article challenges this conclusion on two grounds. First, most previous research conceives of constituent economic interests on these issues very narrowly, examining only the benefits constituents obtain from providing military goods and services rather than their economic stakes in the broader goals of national security policy. Second, the effect of ideology on congressional voting has changed enormously over time, a fact that poses difficulties for research that has stressed this consideration. The effects of broader economic interests and the changing implications of ideology are tested using a sample of key Senate votes on military resource allocation, intervention, and foreign aid from 1947 through 2000.

AbstractCollective industrial relations (CIR) are founded on particular rights that can be exercised only by employee representative bodies, not by individual employees. From the many publications on CIR that have appeared in the International Labour Review over the past 100 years, 15 contributions were selected for inclusion in this Centenary Issue. A criterion for the selection of an article was its focus on the strengthening of inclusivity ‐ that is, the extension of the protection afforded by CIR to as many people as possible and not just to privileged groups. Inclusive CIR are the precondition for reducing discrimination in the labour market and for universalizing decent work.

"Leaders, Generals, Juntas: The Military in Politics and International Conflict Initiation" published on by Oxford University Press.

Monetary transactions are no longer limited to traditional patterns as electronic systems using internet technology can facilitate whenever and wherever transactions without any face-to-face interaction. In terms of payment methods, this technology is developing and known as digital currency. Bitcoin is the digital currency with the largest market value. It is an electronic payment system based on a mathematical systems. The idea is to produce an independent currency that is not tied to a particular central authority and has very low transaction costs. Digital currency uses the concept of cryptography to provide basic security functions, such as ensuring that Bitcoin can only be spent by those who have it and it cannot be duplicated. The emergence of this currency has caused controversy in many countries because of its unregulated nature. This study examines Bitcoin and whether it is categorized as money based on the concept of money and how the three main international monetary institutions (IMF, WTO, World Bank) respond to its presence with a basic analysis using the concept of cyberpolitics. This study concludes that Bitcoin has not fully met the criteria as a currency and there are no specific rules yet regarding the existence of digital currency. BAHASA INDONESIA ABSTRAK: Berbicara Transaksi, saat ini tidak lagi hanya terbatas pada pola tradisional, melainkan sudah berkembang menjadi lebih jauh ketika Transaksi difasilitasi oleh system elektronik dengan menggunakan teknologi intrenet, sehingga kapanpun dan dimana pun transaksi dapat dilakukan tanpa bertatap muka langsung. Dalam hal metode pembayaran, teknologi ini juga berkembang. Baru-baru ini dikenal juga istilah mata uang digital. Salah satunya adalah Bitcoin. Ini adalah mata uang digital dengan nilai pasar terbesar. Ini adalah sistem pembayaran elektronik yang didasarkan pada sistem matematika. Idenya adalah untuk menghasilkan mata uang independen yang tidak terikat pada otoritas pusat tertentu, dengan biaya transaksi yang sangat rendah. Mata uang digital menggunakan konsep kriptografi untuk menyediakan fungsi keamanan dasar, seperti memastikan bahwa Bitcoin hanya dapat digunakan oleh mereka yang memilikinya dan tidak dapat diduplikasi. Munculnya mata uang ini menimbulkan kontroversi di banyak negara karena sifatnya yang tidak diatur. Studi ini meneliti Bitcoin apakah dikategorikan sebagai uang berdasarkan konsep uang dan bagaimana tiga lembaga moneter internasional utama (IMF, WTO, Bank Dunia) merespons kehadirannya dengan analisis dasar menggunakan konsep cyberpolitik. Akhir dari penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa Bitcoin belum sepenuhnya memenuhi kriteria sebagai mata uang dan tidak ada aturan khusus mengenai keberadaan mata uang digital.