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Międzynarodowa ochrona pracowników migrujących: Współczesne debaty prawne i perspektywy na przyszłość
In: Revista Europea de Derecho de la Navegación Marítima y Aeronáutica, Heft 30
Adjusting the legal status, and support policies for migrant workers is an issue on the agenda of international institutions for nearly a hundred years. The first efforts to protect foreign workers have been taken during the first session of the International Labour Conference in 1919. In the following decades ILO activities has led to the preparation of three international documents concerning this issue (non-binding ILO Convention No. 66 in 1939, and Convention No. 97 of 1949, and No. 143 of 1975). For many decades, the problem of the protection and assistance of migrant workers' rights was considered as a narrow issue of international labor law. Codification efforts, undertaken during seventies, has led to the adaptation of the UN document (International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families) in 1990, and inclusion this issue into more general area of international human rights law. Despite this fact, and the existence of several categories of documents concerning migrant workers within Council of Europe, the European Union, and even ASEAN, the protection of migrant workers has never been effectively functioning system. The aim of this article is the analysis of the codification of that issue, and the main obstacles to consensus on the protection of migrant workers' rights. The state parties of the UN Convention contains primarily countries of origin of migrants (such as Mexico, Morocco and the Philippines). It seems, therefore, that despite 46 ratifications the, UN convention does not have a global character, and activities of its monitoring body (Committee on Migrant Workers-CMW) reflects primarily demands of sending countries. The article closely examines particularly controversial provisions of the ILO and UN documents from the point of view of current labour migrations and policies of sending and host countries.
Mediation: education for human rights and skills in the culture of dialogue
Mediation is proving to be an effective way to manage conflicts in aconstructive way. But mediation not only helps to solve specific problems, because its potential encompasses aspects of greater complexity. Thus, mediation helps us to know ourselves better, to better understand others, and to use what we have learned to better manage future conflict situations. In asociety where there is no culture of agreement and where there is no education in the field of emotions, mediation becomes an adequate and effective tool to resolve conflicts in apeaceful and constructive manner. On the other hand, mediation allows the parties to take responsibility for the resolution of their own conflict, to be active agents in the process. The greater the citizens' participation in the different decision making processes, the more democratic asociety will be. That is why, in the restoration of social peace, citizenship should play arole as an active agent, and mediation is asuitable instrument for this purpose because the individuals in conflict find the way to solve it without third party impositions. ; Mediation is proving to be an effective way to manage conflicts in aconstructive way. But mediation not only helps to solve specific problems, because its potential encompasses aspects of greater complexity. Thus, mediation helps us to know ourselves better, to better understand others, and to use what we have learned to better manage future conflict situations. In asociety where there is no culture of agreement and where there is no education in the field of emotions, mediation becomes an adequate and effective tool to resolve conflicts in apeaceful and constructive manner. On the other hand, mediation allows the parties to take responsibility for the resolution of their own conflict, to be active agents in the process. The greater the citizens' participation in the different decision making processes, the more democratic asociety will be. That is why, in the restoration of social peace, citizenship should play arole as an active agent, and mediation is asuitable instrument for this purpose because the individuals in conflict find the way to solve it without third party impositions.
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Right to Court in Climate Matters in the Light of the Aarhus Convention and the Case Law of Polish Administrative Courts ; Prawo do sądu w sprawach dotyczących ochrony klimatu w świetle Konwencji z Aarhus a orzecznictwo sądowoadministracyjne
Climate law is a fast-developing branch of law. It is regulated in a multi-centric way, since as a global issue, it needs systemic solutions that would be broader than national ones. Climate protection can also be achieved through the implementation of human rights, including the right to court. Thus, the multi-level regulation as a lex generalis is accompanied with a lex specialis regulation governing the right to court from a collective perspective and linked strictly with climate law under Article 9 of the Aarhus Convention. The theoretical and indirect aim of the article is to emphasise the relationship of environmental law in general and climate law in particular with human rights, using the example of the right to court. The direct and practical aim is to demonstrate in a horizontal manner the role of the Convention in the case law of the Polish Supreme Administrative Court. The essence of the problem is the finding of the lack of direct effect of the Convention, which weakens this protection. The article is of a scientific and research nature and the analysis of the previous case law may have cognitive value for practice. The first part provides a theoretical and legal outline of introductory issues, showing the links between human rights and climate law and the scope of application of the Aarhus Convention. The second part, concerning research materials and methods, contains an analysis of the provisions of Article 9 of the Convention made using the logical-linguistic method and teleological interpretation. The third part shows the results of the interpretation search carried out by the Supreme Administrative Court, some of them being widely accepted and some controversial. Polish administrative courts, when deciding on environmental matters under Polish administrative law, co-apply together with Polish national law the normative acts of European law, including the Aarhus Convention. However, the wording of its provisions precludes, according to the established case law, the possibility of their direct application, thus pointing to the importance of legislative actions, and administrative courts cannot substitute the legislature in this activity. It was noted in the conclusion that the implementation of the Convention is "generally correct", which does not mean, however, that it implements the Aarhus-type principles in full and comprehensive. ; Prawo klimatu stanowi bardzo dynamiczną gałąź prawa. Jest regulowane multicentrycznie, gdyż jako problem globalny potrzebuje szerszych niż państwowe rozwiązań systemowych. Ochrona klimatu może się odbywać również poprzez realizację praw człowieka, w tym prawa do sądu. Do wielopoziomowej regulacji jako lex generalis dochodzi więc regulacja lex specialis, w myśl której prawo do sądu uregulowano w ujęciu kolektywnym i powiązano stricte z prawem klimatu w art. 9 Konwencji z Aarhus. Celem teoretycznym i pośrednim artykułu jest zaakcentowanie związku prawa ochrony środowiska w ogólności, a prawa klimatu w szczególności, z prawami człowieka na przykładzie prawa do sądu. Celem bezpośrednim i praktycznym jest ukazanie w sposób przekrojowy roli Konwencji z w orzecznictwie Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego (NSA). Istotę problemu stanowi uznanie braku bezpośredniej skuteczności Konwencji, co osłabia wspomnianą ochronę. Artykuł ma charakter naukowo-badawczy, a analiza dotychczasowego orzecznictwa może mieć wartość poznawczą dla praktyki. Pierwsza część zawiera rys teoretycznoprawny i dotyczy zagadnień wprowadzających, ukazując połączenia praw człowieka z prawem klimatu oraz zakres obowiązywania Konwencji z Aarhus. Druga część dotyczy materiałów i metod badawczych oraz zawiera analizę przepisów art. 9 Konwencji dokonaną przy użyciu metody logiczno-językowej i celowościowej wykładni. W części trzeciej ukazano – niekiedy niebudzące kontrowersji, niekiedy dyskusyjne – rezultaty poszukiwań interpretacyjnych dokonywanych przez NSA. Orzekając w sprawach środowiskowych wynikających z polskiego prawa administracyjnego, NSA współstosuje z prawem krajowym akty normatywne należące do prawa europejskiego, w tym także Konwencję. Jednak sposób sformułowania jej przepisów wyklucza, w myśl linii orzeczniczej, możliwość ich bezpośredniego zastosowania, podnosząc tym samym ważkość działań legislacyjnych, a sądy administracyjne nie mogą zastąpić w tym zakresie ustawodawcy. W ramach konkluzji podkreślono, że implementacja Konwencji jest "zasadniczo prawidłowa", co nie oznacza jednak implementacji w pełni realizującej Aarhus-type principles.
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ENVISIONING THE "RIGHT TO LIFE AND ENJOY PEACE, HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT" WITHIN THE HUMAN RIGTHS COUNCIL ; UWZGLĘDNIENIE "PRAWA DO ŻYCIA W POKOJU I KORZYSTANIA Z POKOJU, DO PRAW CZŁOWIEKA I DO ROZWOJU" W PRACACH RADY PRAW CZŁOWIEKA ONZ
War and peace have perpetually alternated in history. Consequently, peace has always been seen as an endless project, even a dream, to be in brotherhood realized by all members of international community. Since the XVII century the elimination of war and armed conflict has been a political and humanitarian objective of all nations in the world. Both the League of Nations and the United Nations were conceived with the spirit of eliminating the risk of war through the promotion of peace, cooperation and solidarity among Nations. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the subsequent human rights instruments were drafted with a sincere aspiration of promoting the value of peace and human rights worldwide. International practice shows the close linkage between the disregard of human rights and the existence of war and armed conflict. It follows that the role of human rights in the prevention of war and armed conflict is very important. Since 2008 the Human Rights Council has been working on the "Promotion of the right of peoples to peace." Pursuant resolutions 20/15 and 23/16 and 27/17 the Council decided firstly to establish, and secondly and thirdly to extend the mandate of the open-ended working group (OEWG) aimed at progressively negotiating a draft United Nations declaration on the right to peace. The OEGW welcomed in its second session (July 2014) the approach of the Chairperson- Rapporteur, which is basically based on the relationship between the right to life and human rights, peace and development. Consequently, this approach could be developed during the third session of the Working Group (April 2015). At its 8th meeting, on 24 April 2015, the Group adopted the draft report on its third session ad referendum and decided to entrust the Chairperson- Rapporteur with its finalization. ; Wojna i pokój stale zmieniały bieg historii. W konsekwencji, pokój postrzegany był jako marzenie, niedokończony projekt, możliwy do osiągnięcia jedynie dzięki braterstwu wszystkich członków społecznoœci międzynarodowej. Od XVII wieku eliminacja wojny i konfliktów zbrojnych była politycznym i humanitarnym celem wszystkich narodów. Zarówno Liga Narodów, jaki Organizacja Narodów Zjednoczonych powołane zostały w dążeniu do wyeliminowania ryzyka konfliktów przez promocję pokoju, współpracy i solidarnoœci między narodami. Powszechna Deklaracja Praw Człowieka i kolejne międzynarodowe akty prawne gwarantujące ochronę praw człowieka, przyjęte zostały jako wyraz dążenia do promowania wartoœci podstawowych, za jakie uznano pokój i prawa człowieka. Praktyka międzynarodowa pokazuje zależność między naruszaniem praw człowieka a pojawianiem się wojen i konfliktów zbrojnych. Jasnym jest więc, że w zapobieganiu konfliktom zbrojnym istotne znaczenie ma ciągłe podkreślanie wagi praw człowieka. Od 2008 r. Rada Praw Człowieka ONZ podejmuje prace nad promocją prawa człowieka do pokoju. W myœl rezolucji 20/15, 23/16 i 27/17 Rada zdecydowała o ustanowieniu, a następnie o rozszerzeniu mandatu grupy roboczej (tzw. OEWG), której aktywność skierowana jest na opracowanie projektu deklaracji w prawie prawa do pokoju. Podczas drugiej sesji w lipcu 2014 r. eksperci zaakceptowali propozycję Przewodniczącego, wskazującą na związek między prawem do życia, prawami człowieka, pokojem i rozwojem. To podejœcie zostało rozwinięte podczas trzeciej sesji grupy roboczej w kwietniu 2015 r.
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The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 70 years on—monument or living document? ; 70 lat Powszechnej Deklaracji Praw Człowieka – pomnik czy żywy dokument?
The article poses a question about the current meaning of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The starting point is the analysis of the legitimacy of the Declaration, which leads to the conclusion that the support for it has not been eroded by the passage of time, but has indeed gained strength. The Declaration's message on the universality of human rights is taken from the perspective of the controversy surrounding this principle during the drafting process and in the light of the subsequent debates related to the Second World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna in 1993. The Declaration and Programme of Action not only stressed that the universal nature of human rights is beyond question, but also pointed to the importance of national and regional specificities, and various historical, cultural and religious conditions that, however, do not relieve states, regardless of their political, economic and cultural systems, of the obligation to promote and protect all human rights. The InterAction Council's initiative to develop a Universal Declaration of Human Responsibility is presented as an attempt to reconcile different doctrinal and political positions with regard to the universality of human rights. The conclusion of these considerations is the expectation that the already visible tendency to absorb various philosophical, doctrinal and cultural traditions in order to enrich human rights justifications will prevail over attempts to question the universality of rights in the name of regional or other distinctions. The Universal Declaration was also a testimony to the holistic approach to human rights, encompassing economic, social, cultural, as well as personal and political rights. The subsequent winding road in attitudes to the two main categories of rights at the international arena ultimately led to the return of the spirit and letter of the Declaration and the recognition of equality of all rights in the legal and institutional-procedural dimensions. Various aspects of the Declaration's binding force ...
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Are Foreigners' Human Rights Protected if Foreigners are Employed under the Polish Facilitated Access to Labor Market Scheme? ; Czy uproszczony system zatrudniania cudzoziemców w Polsce należycie chroni prawa cudzoziemców?
Civil-law non-employment contracts are abused when employing Polish citizens and foreigners. Contrary to Poles, non-Polish citizens are exposed to linguistic difficulties (the law does not specify a standard of a translation of their contracts), and an application for Polish short-term simplified immigration employment system (a declaration on entrusting work to a foreigner in the territory of the Republic of Poland) does not contain information about differences between civil law and employment contracts. Based on a synthetic theoretical-conceptual analysis the author claims that Polish law exposes foreigners to a higher risk of discrimination. The article aims to prove that mismatch between excessively long court proceedings and short validity of residence permits, as well as linking validity of a visa with employment in a specific employer deprive foreigners from a possibility to effectively personally participate in court proceeding in their employment case. Previous analysis related to seasonal works performed by foreigners had not focused on the nature of the contracts. This article is, therefore, innovative research. It verifies if Polish law discourages employers from abusing civil contracts with such foreigners, if it is in line with the ILO Recommendation No. 198, and if it meets Polish constitutional standard regarding legal clarity. The innovativeness of the research theme can also be derived from the fact that although declarations are the most popular foreigner's employment scheme in Poland and in the European Union, previous research have not focused on human rights of beneficiaries of the declaration scheme. ; Niepracownicze stosunki zatrudnienia cywilnoprawnego są nadużywane podczas zatrudniania obywateli polskich i cudzoziemców. W przeciwieństwie do Polaków obywatele państw pozaunijnych eksponowani są na trudności językowe (prawo nie określa standardu tłumaczenia ich umów), a wniosek o zezwolenie na pobyt w ramach polskiego krótkoterminowego uproszczonego systemu zatrudnienia cudzoziemców ...
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Wpływ orzeczeń sądów administracyjnych na ochronę ładu przestrzennego w lokalnym planowaniu przestrzennym
In: Studia z polityki publicznej: Public policy studies, Band 8, Heft 2, S. 47-62
ISSN: 2719-7131
The article aims to determine the influence of administrative courts' jurisprudence on planning practice in the field of spatial order protection. This impact was verified from the perspective of two key, practical (used by courts, local government units, participants in the space game), and legal information systems: LEX and Legalis. The jurisprudence theses contained in the systems mentioned above constitute the basis for the judgments and formulation of arguments expressed in subsequent cases. Two key provisions were selected, important from the perspective of the protection of spatial order and the scope of property rights in the spatial management system: Art. 2, point 1, and Art. 6. The results show that in the examined systems, neutral judgments dominate. Nevertheless, the representation of decisions enabling the expansion of development possibilities is forceful. In this context, the key decisions seem to be more precise, defining the spatial order and directly indicating the superiority of the spatial order over the ownership right. Despite the lack of a clear legal basis, administrative courts should pay particular attention to this direction.
Sąd Najwyższy dawniej i dziś ; The Supreme Court before and today
Utworzenie sądów polskich w 1917 r., jeszcze przed powstaniem niepodległego państwa, było wyrazem dążenia prawników polskich do budowy własnej państwowości. Z tego też powodu warto mówić o imponderabiliach związanych z niezależnością sędziów i sądownictwa, w szczególności dzisiaj, w aktualnej sytuacji politycznej, albowiem w tę rocznicę mamy do czynienia z atakiem władzy wykonawczej i ustawodawczej na wymiar sprawiedliwości oraz wprowadzenie założeń nowego "ładu" w wymiarze sprawiedliwości, które w swych założeniach mają doprowadzić do ograniczenia lub nawet zaniku trójpodziału władzy przez znaczące uzależnienie sądów od ministra sprawiedliwości i przez to w dalszej perspektywie do ograniczenia obywatelskiego prawa do rozstrzygnięcia sprawy przez niezależny sąd. ; The establishment of Polish courts in 1917, which took place even before Poland regained independence, was a manifestation of the will and intent of Polish lawyers to create their own statehood. This is the reason why it is worth talking about the imponderabilities related to the independence of the judges and the judiciary especially today, in the current political situation, on the first anniversary of the attack of the executive and legislative power on the judiciary, and the introduction of the 'new order' in the judiciary system, the aim of which is to limit, if not eliminate, the division of powers, hence implementing a significant dependence of the judiciary on the Minister of Justice, and consequently, in a long run, to implement a restriction of the civic right to have matters settled by an independent court.
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Prawo do wolności w świetle orzeczenia Trybunału W Strasburgu w sprawie Julii Tymoszenko oraz Jurija Łucenki przeciwko Ukrainie
In 2012 and 2013 the European Court of Human Rights announced two verdicts, dealing with important cases in Ukraine. They both concerned the leading Ukrainian politicians, that is Yuliya Tymoshenko and Yuriy Lutsenko. Y. Tymoshenko is the leader of the Batkivshchyna political party and of Yulia Tymoshenko's Bloc. From 18 December 2007 to 3 March 2010, she held the position of Prime Minister of Ukraine. Y. Lutsenko, during the period from 18 December 2007 to 29 January 2010 was Minister of the Interior and the leader of the opposition party Narodna Samooborona. They were accused of abuse of power during their terms in office. The circumstances of the two cases are similar. Both applicants argued that their arrest and detention had been politically motivated and unlawful. In light of the cooperation between Ukraine and the EU, as well as the advancement as a democratic state, these judgements are very important. Significantly, the local and international observers concluded that their conviction was an element of political play. The Court ruled that the Ukrainian authorities violated the article 5 of the European Convention of Human Rights.
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Jane McAdam, Climate Change, Forced Migration, and International Law (Book review)
In: Revista Europea de Derecho de la Navegación Marítima y Aeronáutica, Band 28, S. 95-100
This book explores the issue of environmentally-induced migrations from the point of view of international human rights law, international humanitarian law, international refugee law and international law of statelessness. Last few years have become a period of unprecedented growth in the number of studies devoted to the forced migration caused by climate change. The book by professor Jane McAdam, published by Oxford University Press, differs significantly from previous studies in this area. The focus of the author became a state responsibility for the situation of climate-change induced displaced people with a particular focus on legal aspects of this problem. The basis of the author`s considerations are four particular areas of public international law: international human rights law, international humanitarian law, international refugee law and international law of statelessness. The issue of climate change-induced displacement is now becoming a growing challenge for public international law. The growing number of climate change migrants becomes a challenge for the international istitutions dealing with humanitarian assistance. Sea level rise become a factor of specific legal problems, such as climatic deterritorialization of the state, state succession on the new territory, the status of people forced to leave their country submerged under the waters of ocean (forced migrants?, refugees?, stateless people?, citizens of the former country continuing its status within a new territory?).
The Crisis of Security of an Individual in the European Union in the Context of Refugee Rights ; Kryzys poczucia bezpieczeństwa jednostki w Unii Europejskiej w kontekście praw uchodźców
Globally, it is worth stressing that international law, European law and national laws must fulfill the same standards, considering the human rights laws. Since the end of the Second World War, the sphere of international human rights law, including the set of rights of human beings, increased tremendously. In the sphere of human rights, the set of refugees' rights is one of the most important. On the other hand, the sphere of human rights since September 11 had to face the problems of security on a global scale. Today, security impacts the governments, international organizations, NGOs as well as human beings. Let us say that security influences both local and global policy. From this point of view, the article analyzes an important question: Is the human rights system able to function properly with the growing lack of security both in international and regional relations? Can the European Union and its Member States afford total acceptance of international refugee rights regulations referring to African natives? The article refers to the facts from the last few years which totally changed the attitude to human rights laws. It seems that today international organizations such as the United Nations and its specialized agencies should again work on the system of human rights referring to refugees, including legal aspects of counterterrorism. The author also takes into account the necessity of cooperation between the governments in a wider scale, including mutual cooperation and legal activity. ; W opracowaniu analizie został poddany status obywatela Unii Europejskiej z punktu widzenia jego praw podmiotowych w kontekście praw uchodźców wynikających z regulacji międzynarodowych. Zasadniczym celem było określenie granicy pomiędzy prawami obywatela UE a prawami uchodźców. Opisano także wpływ Arabskiej Wiosny Ludów na problem migracji oraz związane z tym zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego państw członkowskich UE. Zasygnalizowano problemy, które pojawiają się w związku z destabilizacją sytuacji na arenie międzynarodowej w rejonie Afryki Północnej i Środkowego Wschodu, rozwojem skrajnych ruchów islamistycznych oraz efektywnym zetknięciem się warstwy jurydycznej norm ochrony praw człowieka i bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego.
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