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Trade in goods has been and still is the core of the worldwide trading system. It has been the subject of the 1947 GATT and a growing body of law, which adds to it. The 600 page volume will deal with the GATT 1994 and all related agreements, which include those on Agriculture, Textiles and Clothing, Trade-Related Investment Measures, Implementation of Article VII GATT 1994, Preshipment Inspection, Rules of Origin, Import Licensing Procedures, Trade in Civil Aircraft and Government Procurement. For convenience, the volume covers the entire GATT 1994 Agreement. This volume is a valuable referenc.

This essay argues that Stuart Scheingold's finest book is The Rule of Law in European Integration, a version of his doctoral dissertation published in 1965 by Yale University Press. It examines the argument of this book -- that the European Court of Justice was largely responsible for creating the "new Europe," and its constitution -- and assesses the evidence that Scheingold adduced to support this claim. The conclusion is that Scheingold produced a unique and convincing and important book. The essay then shows that this book disappeared without a trace. It should have won awards and been celebrated for the breakthrough analysis it was. Instead it disappeared, and a discouraged Scheingold abandoned this project and turned to other scholarly interests. The essay advances three arguments as to why the book had no impact. First, it was so far ahead of its time that it failed even to have an audience, and what few readers it had failed to appreciate its significance. Second, it had the misfortune of being written in the jargon-heavy language of structural functionalism just as this theory disappeared from fashion virtually overnight. Third, the book focuses on a form of law that is not in fashion with sociolegal scholars, who are preoccupied with commands and rights, and not with courts' abilities to create and empower new institutions. A final optimistic note is sounded in the face of this depressing account. When Scheingold abandoned his first field and turned to other scholarly interests, here too he made highly original and convincing arguments. But here, in contrast to his earlier experience with regional integration, this later work was widely recognized and praised, and the best of it is quite properly described as "classic.". [Copyright Elsevier Ltd.]

The largest sanctions in the history of the World Trade Organization, the need to stabilize an ailing economy, and the need to maintain strong alliances in the face of a new global war on terrorism are all issues the United States currently faces in deciding how to resolve its dispute with the European Union regarding U.S. tax policy. In 1997, the European Union filed a complaint with the WTO claiming that the then-current U.S. tax regime violated U.S. international trade agreements. The European Union contended that the U.S. tax system gave rise to export-contingent subsidies, in violation of U.S. trade obligations. Ultimately, the WTO found that the U.S. tax regime provided export-contingent subsidies and thus violated U.S. trade agreements. Although the United States appealed the decision, the European Union prevailed on appeal. This Note examines these WTO opinions and the bases for their findings. After the U.S. tax framework was found to be in violation of international trade obligations, the United States drafted the Extraterritorial Income Exclusion Act of 2000, which replaced the U.S. tax laws found to be in violation of U.S. trade obligations. This Note describes the replacement law and how it differs from the past tax system. Although Congress hoped the replacement law would resolve the tax dispute, the European Union was not satisfied that the replacement law remedied the trade violations. The European Union filed a claim with the WTO alleging that the replacement law continued to violate U.S. trade obligations. The WTO ultimately decided that the replacement law violated U.S. trade obligations. This Note examines the latest decision. The United States filed a notification of appeal in response to the latest WTO decision. This Note concludes by addressing issues that the United States must consider in deciding how to resolve this dispute and possible solutions to the problem.

At a time when the insecurity of working people in the United States and Europe is being exploited by nativist forces, the concept of a global New Deal is more relevant than ever. But, instead of a global New Deal, the predominant force in international trade in recent decades has been spreading pre-New Deal, laissez-faire approaches to markets, without extending with equal vigor the regulations essential to providing ordinary people economic security. Adolf Berle recognized that if the economy did not work for all, the worst impulses in humanity could be exploited by demagogues and authoritarians, having seen this first hand in the 1930s. Berle believed in international trade and economic dynamism. But he understood that growth in each produces instability, the potential for lost jobs, and human insecurity that governments, preferably working in concert, have the duty and capacity to address. That is why he advocated for a global New Deal that would extend the key elements necessary to a fair economy to cover the full scope of the transnational economy. This Article identifies support in Berle's writing for addressing economic inequality and insecurity and ensuring that the advances for working people accomplished by the New Deal and social democracy in the OECD nations are preserved and extended to working people in developing nations. Because Berle was both a believer in facts and an optimist, one senses that he would now be arguing for a muscular and bold international agenda to increase the security of working people in the developed world while simultaneously strengthening trade and opportunities for people in the developing world. Berle's writings indicate that working people would be central to his focus, and signal his support for stronger minimum wages appropriate to the conditions of different tiers of the world economy, guarantees for workers to bargain for higher wages, and protections against child labor, unfair hours, and unsafe working conditions. Berle also advocated for other policies that have ...

"The debate on law, governance and constitutionalism beyond the state is confronted with new challenges. In the EU, confidence in democratic transnational governance has been shaken by the authoritarian and unsocial practices of crisis management. The ambition of this book, which builds upon many years of close co-operation between its contributors, is to promote a viable interdisciplinary alternative to these developments. "Conflicts-law constitutionalism" is a concept of transnational governance which derives democratic legitimacy from the supranational control of the external impact of national decision-making, on the one hand, and the co-operative responses to problem interdependencies on the other. The first section of the book contrasts Europe's new modes of economic governance crisis management with the conditionality of international investments, and reflects upon the communalities and differences between emergency Europe and global exceptionalism. Subsequent sections substantiate the problma̦tique of executive and technocratic rule, explore conflict constellations of prime importance in the fields of environmental and labour law, and discuss the impact and limits of liberalisation strategies. Throughout the book, European and transnational developments are compared and evaluated."--Bloomsbury Publishing

Regional Coopeartion and FTAs in Asia examines the opportunities and challlenges arising from the proliferation of FTAs in Asia.

Abstract
The Kampala Convention was adopted on 23 October 2009 and came into force on 4 January 2013. The first binding international instrument for the protection and assistance of internally displaced persons, it occupies an important space among the body of African regional humanitarian and human rights law. The Convention addresses all stages of internal displacement and provides a framework for coordinating activities by governments and humanitarian actors aimed at preventing and addressing internal displacement. The Kampala Convention is the result of many years of work, although no formal records of its drafting and negotiation were kept. This article contributes towards addressing this gap. Based on the author's personal involvement in the Convention's drafting, and supplementing earlier research, this article shares information previously unavailable in the public domain and provides a commentary on some of the Convention's provisions.

У сучасних комерційних відносинах часто постають питання, пов'язані з тлумаченням змісту договорів, коли необхідно встановити відповідність між волею контрагентів та їх волевиявленням, зокрема, при недостатньому або не-чіткому формулюванні окремих умов договору, при виникненні суперечностей між контрагентами стосовно сутності договору, порядку та способу виконання договірних зобов'язань, при використанні в договорі незрозумілих термінів тощо. Тобто тоді, коли сторони при викладенні умов договору або не звернули уваги на редакцію договору в цілому чи окремих його частин, або, встановлюю-чи певні умови, розуміли їх неоднаково ; У сучасних комерційних відносинах часто постають питання, пов'язані з тлумаченням змісту договорів, коли необхідно встановити відповідність між волею контрагентів та їх волевиявленням, зокрема, при недостатньому або не-чіткому формулюванні окремих умов договору, при виникненні суперечностей між контрагентами стосовно сутності договору, порядку та способу виконання договірних зобов'язань, при використанні в договорі незрозумілих термінів тощо. Тобто тоді, коли сторони при викладенні умов договору або не звернули уваги на редакцію договору в цілому чи окремих його частин, або, встановлюю-чи певні умови, розуміли їх неоднаково ; У сучасних комерційних відносинах часто постають питання, пов'язані з тлумаченням змісту договорів, коли необхідно встановити відповідність між волею контрагентів та їх волевиявленням, зокрема, при недостатньому або не-чіткому формулюванні окремих умов договору, при виникненні суперечностей між контрагентами стосовно сутності договору, порядку та способу виконання договірних зобов'язань, при використанні в договорі незрозумілих термінів тощо. Тобто тоді, коли сторони при викладенні умов договору або не звернули уваги на редакцію договору в цілому чи окремих його частин, або, встановлюю-чи певні умови, розуміли їх неоднаково

The article examines the principles of functioning of the military justice bodies of foreign countries. The development of military justice in Ukraine through the creation of military police has been updated. The analysis of the military police's organizational structure of the countries belonging to the International Association of Gendarmeries and Police Forces with Military Status (FIEP) is carried out. The corresponding theoretical and legal basis for forming proposals for the development of military justice in Ukraine has been substantiated and consolidated. ; У статті досліджуються засади функціонування органів військової юстиції зарубіжних країн. Актуалізовано питання розвитку військової юстиції в Україні шляхом створення військової поліції. Здійснено аналіз побудови організаційної структури військової поліції країн, що входять до Міжнародної асоціації сил жандармерії та поліції в статусі військової установи (FIEP). Обґрунтовано й закріплено відповідний теоретико-правовий базис для формування пропозицій для розвитку військової юстиції України.

The United States spends more on its military than the rest of the world combined. And Western nations in general spend far more than developing nations around the globe. Yet when Western nations have found themselves in conflicts in recent decades, their performance has been mixed at best. In his fully updated new edition of 'The Art of Military Coercion', Rob de Wijk presents a theory on the use of force. He argues that the key is a failure to use force decisively, to properly understand the dynamics of conflict and balance means and ends. Without that ability, superiority of dollars, numbers, and weaponry won't necessarily translate to victory.