Suchergebnisse

The Clinton administration was an early supporter of a permanent court to try individuals accused of war crimes, crimes against humanity, & genocide. When control over the court's agenda was not assigned to the UN Security Council, the U.S. position changed from support to opposition. Now that the International Criminal Court has been created, it stands as a continuing example of the unilateralism that critics say characterizes US. foreign policy. In light of the broad international support for the court, continuing U.S. opposition to it raises questions about the United States' commitment to the rule of international law.

Discusses the utility of social constructivism for the study of international institutions with an eye toward a confluence between rationalist & constructivist paradigms & problem-oriented rather than paradigm-driven research. Metatheoretical assumptions driving rationalist & constructivist institutionalisms are compared. Three logics of social action are described -- consequentialism, appropriateness, & truth seeking or arguing -- in terms of how these two paradigms weight them: rational choice emphasizes a logic of instrumental rationality & consequentialism & is self-consciously agency centered, while constructivism can be divided in more structural accounts stressing the logic of appropriateness & rule following & on more agency-centered ideas devoted to argumentative rationality & persuasion. Key terms used in the constructivist approach are defined before specifying how constructivism differs from rational choice in looking at international institutions & how the two approaches to institutionalism might meet. For the latter, three examples are presented: (1) Rationalist & sociological versions of institutionalism theorize about path-dependent processes. (2) There is a difference between the taken-for-granted nature of social norms or the enactment of cultural scripts & arguments about bounded rationality. (3) There is a controversy regarding causal vs constitutive effects of political institutions. Paradigm convergence is exposed through an analysis of the life cycle of international institutions, focusing empirical contributions to the study of the emergence & change of international norms & institutions & their impact on domestic political life in terms of rule compliance. It is concluded that combining the different logics of social action to show how they complement each other is the most promising direction for future institutionalist inquiry in international relations; implications of this for the practical knowledge of international politics are shared. J. Zendejas

Der Autor entwickelt in seinem Beitrag einige Überlegungen zur Internationalisierung der Forschung in Brasilien. Er beschreibt unter anderem die historischen und zum Teil gegenläufigen Entwicklungen der Geistes- und Naturwissenschaften, die Rolle der Sprache in den Humanwissenschaften, die Demokratisierungsprozesse und die Reform des brasilianischen Hochschulwesens sowie aktuelle Studienprogramme zur Förderung des internationalen Austausches. Er umreißt ferner die Perspektiven zur internationalen Zusammenarbeit und benennt einige Beispiele von Förderprogrammen an den Hochschulen. Für eine erfolgreiche internationale Kooperation sind seiner Meinung nach drei Bedingungen ausschlaggebend: (1) Förderung der Interdisziplinarität mit Forschern aus Philosophie, Anthropologie, Soziologie, Politikwissenschaft, Geschichte, Künste und Kommunikation, (2) Entwicklung von neuen Fragestellungen in der Forschungs- und Wissenschaftspolitik, die bisher eher in traditioneller Weise beantwortet worden sind, (3) Publikation von wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten auch in anderen Sprachen, die in der internationalen Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft anerkannt sind. (ICI).

Explores challenges facing the international community in relation to human rights abuse & humanitarian intervention in Africa. Debates about humanitarian intervention that occurred between 1945 & 1990 are described. Although the UN Charter sanctions intervention only if the Security Council recognizes a threat to international security, the case for intervention rests on the belief that humanitarian catastrophes demand an exceptional response. It is argued that Africa fails to provide support for the proposition that there is a new norm of humanitarian intervention even though it has been the testing ground for post-Cold War interventions. An overview of the UN operation in Somalia shows that Somalia's political culture is unique & failure in Somalia was not an indication that other African interventions were bound to fail. Nonetheless, the Somalia experience led to the Western denial of genocide in Rwanda. Difficulties surrounding the issue of consent, proposals of pragmatic humanitarianism that focuses on what is politically possible, & contrasts between the international response to natural disasters & those caused by civil conflict are discussed. J. Lindroth

The history of international nationality law & the concept of relational nationality are discussed, drawing on relational feminism. Prior to 1997, theory on nationalism took an individualistic perspective, avoided multiple nationality, & assumed the wife's nationality was dependent on the husband's. The 1997 European Convention on Nationality sought to address issues of multiple nationality & gender equality; it was neutral on multiple nationality because a gender equality perspective on nationality suggest accepting it in cases where spouses are of mixed nationalities. This points to a theory of relational nationalism in which marriage & family relations are important, & where family may mediate loyalties in a complex manner. Questions of statelessness & how the nationality laws in jus sanguinis regimes may be applied differentially to the first three generations are discussed. 108 References. M. Pflum

Demonstrates that, as it has been implemented by international development agencies, the women in development (WID) regime, with its origins in modernist colonial discourses & discourses of the market, disempowers Third World women. Drawing on relevant literature, colonial discourses are described as privileging the economy, culture, society, & politics of European peoples & homogenizing & essentializing Third World peoples, particularly women. Moreover, the discourses of the market are taken to stress individualism & voluntary choice in a manner that disempowers Third World nations in the international political economy. It is shown that these discourses have been at the root of the WID regime as it has been implemented by the World Bank. The Third World women's, or empowerment, perspective is advocated as an alternative basis for development, because it is rooted in the concrete experiences of women & grassroots strategies of organization that do not essentialize or disempower the people it is trying to assist. D. M. Smith

"Foresight is challenging to adopt within an institution, because part of its value lies in challenging conventional thinking, and its outputs are hard to measure. Careful thought needs to be given to what it is for. Its activities will require championing at a senior level. This paper presents options available to a national government considering setting up a regular foresight process, under the headings of purpose and aims, structure and model, sponsorship and governance, and the type of foresight process used. With reference to these options, contrasting strategic foresight approaches from three countries are presented: the United Kingdom, Singapore and Finland." (author's abstract)

Gegenstand der Untersuchung sind Gespräche in einem Studentenwohnheim in Großbritannien. An den Tischgesprächen nahmen Angehörige unterschiedlicher Kulturkreise mit unterschiedlichem Sprachhintergrund teil - Franzosen, Deutsche, Pakistani, Nigerianer. Im Mittelpunkt stehen Strategien der Identitätsaushandlung und des Identitätsausdrucks in Gesprächssequenzen, in denen auf Stereotypen basierende Persönlichkeitsmerkmale und Charaktereigenschaften den Gesprächspartnern zugeschrieben werden. Die Verfasserin beschreibt, wie solche Identitätszuschreibungen konstruiert sind und über den Gebrauch von Personalpronomen in der Interaktion akzeptiert oder zurückgewiesen werden. Identität erscheint so sowohl als kontextabhängig als auch als lokal ausgehandelt und interaktiv ko-konstruiert. (ICEÜbers).

An assessment of international, national, & regional efforts to trace terrorist funding carried out both before & after 11 September 2001 focuses on "finance warfare" in Europe & the UK & linkages with US strategies. Regulatory & legislative measures implemented since 9/11 to attack the enemy's economic assets & infrastructure are explored in relation to earlier anti-money-laundering tactics aimed at criminal activities that were not politically or ideologically driven. The Bush administration's declaration of financial war against international terrorists & their allies immediately following 9/11 was similar to earlier efforts to identify bin Laden's assets. The specifics of an agreement on fast-track measures against terrorist funding reached at an October 2001 meeting of the European Union are described. Special attention is given to vulnerabilities in the financial systems that made terrorist financing possible, as well as links between the more informal financial networks in the developing world & sophisticated financial complexes in the developed world. The need to enhance global cooperation & refine strategies intended to deal with money laundering is emphasized. J. Lindroth

"Migration is a worldwide phenomenon. Although the international discussion usually focuses on problems and drawbacks, such as labour market and integration issues, there is no doubt that there are many positive effects for the destination countries. It has been only in the latter part of this decade that two aspects have been debated more intensely: the dramatic increase of remittances and the possible positive effects of returning migrants for the economy of the origin countries. This article summarizes major data of international migration and remittance development that have been discussed in various publications of international organizations. Major conclusions are explained and finally some proposals regarding a consistent migration policy for countries of origin are put forward." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Considers the impact of 1980s-1990s transformations in global financial markets on capitalist diversity. Financial markets are described as a central mechanism through which diverse market processes are brought together in a single web. Currently, financial markets are undergoing a transformation in which they are being integrated at a global level. This process has reduced the ability of national political structures to regulate & stabilize their markets. It has also seriously eroded capitalist diversity. While the proper solution to this situation may be the development of international-level regulatory solutions, these have not been developed because of political difficulties. Better forms of regulation will require a strong international coalition, considerable political & legal autonomy on the part of the negotiators, a narrow technical focus, & that it be enforceable. Without the institution of transnational regulation, it is likely that the transnational financial structure will be run by a private regime located in the financial markets themselves. D. Ryfe

Questions concerning the United Nations legal authority to promote democratization & its reasons for favoring democratic political systems in the politically variegated international community are addressed. It is demonstrated that the United Nations has regularly influenced the development of political systems in various countries, has strongly advocated self-determination, & has actively promoted democratization in consenting nations. However, the United Nations support for democratization is delineated as coercive, eg, the United Nations Security Council determines the criteria for legitimate military intervention in foreign countries & Chapter VIII of the United Nations Charter allows member-states to intercede in regional disputes. After illuminating the coercive nature of the United Nations intervention in Haiti, Sierra Leone, & Somalia, it is maintained that the organization should establish a normative framework for judging the legitimacy of military intercessions; several principles to be included in this model are articulated, eg, representatives of member-states that obtained power through illegitimate means should not be seated in the United Nations. J. W. Parker