Dynamism and complexity of international environment is reflected in Incessant rotation of values. Experience and knowledge from disaster of Two Enormous World Wars, grounded in complicated structure of contemporary world - democratic values, which have dominated circle of principles. The main role in this process was plaid by United Nations, that became promoter of peace and regard for otherness. The author analyze how international community had been changed. The awareness of circulation of values determines the way of human thinking and proclaimed such important factors in global system. Disproportions in development in different parts of the World are escalated by increasing economic cooperation between international actors, and Hitech achievements. Singular nation cannot solve this issue by itself. Challenges of globalization like: poverty and hunger, pollution, or gender unequal, demand transnational activity. Most of those disadvantages has argued how necessary global social movements are to neutralize global disproportions. The author notices that social activities in global assessment created new attitude for global citizens. Members of this new global community identify world as a common place. That project has been creating and in authors opinion belongs to one of the most important challenge in the future.
Celem artykułu jest ukazanie wpływu i logicznych konsekwencji efektów dyskursu na temat związków między uniwersalizmem, modernizacją i westernizacją na promowane przez różne międzynarodowe organizacje i agencje ratingowe standardy pożądanych wzorców ładu instytucjonalnego sprzyjającego wzrostowi międzynarodowej instytucjonalnej konkurencyjności gospodarek. Problematyka ta mieści się również w obszarze badań współczesnej teorii modernizacji. Bez względu na fakt ogromnego dorobku badawczego w tym zakresie, ciągle trudno ocenić konkurencyjność ładu instytucjonalnego ex ante. Dominują zdecydowanie oceny ex post. ; The relationship between institutional structure and economic development is an extremely important from international competitiveness of economies point of view. The paper analyses this relationship and issues related to it from European concept of universalism as a base for international ratings of European concept of universalism as a base for international ratings of institutional competitiveness. Modernisation and westernisation is usually a desirable model of institutional change in contemporary world economy. Taking in to the consider path dependency of China, Japan, South Korea and other countries is necessary to ask a question: do economics offer today an universal model of institutional changes from the rate of economic growth point of view? There is a strong link between idea of universalism and promoting by international organisations and economists institutional order desirable model but it does not mean that it is really desirable.
The relationship between institutional structure and economic development is an extremely important from international competitiveness of economies point of view. The paper analyses this relationship and issues related to it from European concept of universalism as a base for international ratings of European concept of universalism as a base for international ratings of institutional competitiveness. Modernisation and westernisation is usually a desirable model of institutional change in contemporary world economy. Taking in to the consider path dependency of China, Japan, South Korea and other countries is necessary to ask a question: do economics offer today an universal model of institutional changes from the rate of economic growth point of view? There is a strong link between idea of universalism and promoting by international organisations and economists institutional order desirable model but it does not mean that it is really desirable. ; Celem artykułu jest ukazanie wpływu i logicznych konsekwencji efektów dyskursu na temat związków między uniwersalizmem, modernizacją i westernizacją na promowane przez różne międzynarodowe organizacje i agencje ratingowe standardy pożądanych wzorców ładu instytucjonalnego sprzyjającego wzrostowi międzynarodowej instytucjonalnej konkurencyjności gospodarek. Problematyka ta mieści się również w obszarze badań współczesnej teorii modernizacji. Bez względu na fakt ogromnego dorobku badawczego w tym zakresie, ciągle trudno ocenić konkurencyjność ładu instytucjonalnego ex ante. Dominują zdecydowanie oceny ex post.
Celem artykułu jest ukazanie wpływu i logicznych konsekwencji efektów dyskursu na temat związków między uniwersalizmem, modernizacją i westernizacją na promowane przez różne międzynarodowe organizacje i agencje ratingowe standardy pożądanych wzorców ładu instytucjonalnego sprzyjającego wzrostowi międzynarodowej instytucjonalnej konkurencyjności gospodarek. Problematyka ta mieści się również w obszarze badań współczesnej teorii modernizacji. Bez względu na fakt ogromnego dorobku badawczego w tym zakresie, ciągle trudno ocenić konkurencyjność ładu instytucjonalnego ex ante . Dominują zdecydowanie oceny ex post . ; The relationship between institutional structure and economic development is an extremely important from international competitiveness of economies point of view. The paper analyses this relationship and issues related to it from European concept of universalism as a base for international ratings of European concept of universalism as a base for international ratings of institutional competitiveness. Modernisation and westernisation is usually a desirable model of institutional change in contemporary world economy. Taking in to the consider path dependency of China, Japan, South Korea and other countries is necessary to ask a question: do economics offer today an universal model of institutional changes from the rate of economic growth point of view? There is a strong link between idea of universalism and promoting by international organisations and economists institutional order desirable model but it does not mean that it is really desirable.
Differences between countries are the immanent feature of social growth but these days that situation had been complicated by globalization. The benefits of globalization are not so obvious because the new opportunities like: faster growth, higher living standards, promotion of democratic values aren't equally distributed and the global market is not yet underpinned by rules based on shared social objectives. That realities cause serious consequences for safety and peace in world. Those issues are the main challenge for international community. They determinate live standard of people and future of our planet. For that reasons author analyse what United Nations are making to find a solution to that problems and where are both - the main difficulties and weaknesses of international act system. Only that kind of Organizations have a legitimation to create an international forum which is necessary to find a solution for international issue. That is why autor is indicated those problems of inequality as a priority over national interests.
The political relationship between the United States of America and the USSR determined the international relations during the period of the "cold war". The election of Mikhail Gorbachev to general secretary of the Communist Party was a turning point in international relations. Boris Yeltsin signed the agreement to disband the Soviet Union, which according to legal regulations was then transformed into Russia. B. Clinton, who accepted all of the decisions of Russian president, and also supported financially a number of new initiatives from B. Yeltsin, continued the good relationship between Russia and the USA instigated by G. Bush. The election of W. Putin to the Russian presidency was followed by a new strategy from Russia towards western countries, particularly towards the USA. Instead of following the strategy of partnership Putin tried to limit the influence of the USA on Russian policy. The situation changed after the terrorist attack on 11th Sept. when W. Putin, President of Russia, was one of the first world leaders to assure G. Bush in an official phone call that Russia intended to support all military action taken by the USAagainst the perpetrators. If Russia intends to have a great influence on the international political relations and take part in international policy it should change its position towards USA into one of partnership and co-operation.
The author highlights that Russia has ceased to be the liberator and the stronghold of the global revolution, the leader of the bloc, the defender of the 'only right ideology' and the model of a political system for other states, it was the times of the USSR. This realization Moscow continuously pursue policy to regain its position on the international arena. It is unlikely, however, that Russia will be able to fulfill her ambition by means of territorial expansion: the primary role of the economy inern international relations allows us to assume that Russia will not decide to enter an open confrontation with theWest as she is gradually made increasingly more dependent onWestern financial centers. ; The author highlights that Russia has ceased to be the liberator and the stronghold of the global revolution, the leader of the bloc, the defender of the 'only right ideology' and the model of a political system for other states, it was the times of the USSR. This realization Moscow continuously pursue policy to regain its position on the international arena. It is unlikely, however, that Russia will be able to fulfill her ambition by means of territorial expansion: the primary role of the economy inern international relations allows us to assume that Russia will not decide to enter an open confrontation with theWest as she is gradually made increasingly more dependent onWestern financial centers.
My article aims at presenting the role of regions in the decision-making process of the European Union. After analyzing different channels used by regions to influence UE decisions, I try to put my conclusions in wider theoretical context. Although central governments arc still major and dominant players in the UE, they must more often compete with others actors, especially with sub- -national authorities. Growing activity of regions raises questions about relations between territoriality, sovereignty and state. Of help is the introduction of the post-westphalian national state. It is post-westphalian, because it does not have absolute control over its territory, it does not have monopoly over international politics (actually distinction between domestic and international is blurred) and it is more and more fragmented (possibility of tensions between central and subcentral authorities on European level). However, it is still national, because power is still legitimized in national terms. ; Anna Sałgut
Polish-German relations are currently shaped by mutual understanding and collaboration. However, this does not prevent conflict of interests occurring between the two states with respect to foreign policy, or their standpoints, presented on the European arena. Nevertheless, these conflicts are a regular and permanent element of international relations, and the consequence of different geographical locations differences in the level and development directions of the economy of bcountries,d particularly of the primary responsibility of each state to act in the interest of its own citizens. ; Polish-German relations are currently shaped by mutual understanding and collaboration. However, this does not prevent conflict of interests occurring between the two states with respect to foreign policy, or their standpoints, presented on the European arena. Nevertheless, these conflicts are a regular and permanent element of international relations, and the consequence of different geographical locations differences in the level and development directions of the economy of bcountries,d particularly of the primary responsibility of each state to act in the interest of its own citizens.
Canada took part in creating United Nations Organization and actively participated in many UN specialized organizations. It was also the co-author of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Contributed in negotiations in the matter of the prohibition of continuing the experiences with the nuclear weapon, supported Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems. Canada acted as a leader of the British Commonwealth, the allied of United States, moderator in the Atlantic Alliance, mediator in solving international conflicts. Canada was involved as the economic power in solving global problems, and also offered help for undeveloped states. Beginning from the end of years 60. the politics of Canadian governments brought to the reduction of defense expenses, and in the result brought some problems with the Canadian identity. The Canada balances among the necessity of the co-operation with United States and the protections of own independence. New defense strategy introduced in 2008, Canada First. Defense Strategy, created possibilities of change in the defense policy. New strategy give possibility of the armed forces strengthening and the strengthening of the international position of the Canada, however these introduced changes are meeting some difficulty after years of negligence s.
Jakub of Szadek is one of the many people from this small town (now in Central Poland), who in XV century came to Cracow to study, and played a significant role in the life of both the Jagiellonian University and the country. He is chiefly known for his diplomatic activity – being an eminent lawyer, he took part in many diplomatic missions during the 13-year war with the Teutonic Knights. He had a major part in the preparation of foundations for the signing of the peace treaty in Toru in 1466. In the years 1474–1476 he performed the function of Rector of Cracow Academy, contributing greatly to the extension of Collegium Minor. In 1476 he was appointed to the high position of vicar general in Cracow diocese. Jakub of Szadek is the co-author of a new approach to the theory of the rights of nations, and human rights, with reference to natural rights, the Gospel and the teachings of Popes and oecumenical councils. He is also one of Polish creators of international law, whose intensive development falls in Poland on XV century. In addition, he deserves the credit for invoking the nationality principle in international negotiations (the principle acknowledging the fact that particular regions are inhabited by people of Polish origin and speaking Polish language, who gave Polish names to cities, mountains, rivers and settlements). At least two texts of his speeches has been preserved until today thanks to J. Długosz, who was his friend. Jakub of Szadek died in 1487.
The process of forming the European Union Battlegroups has become an important factor in developing the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) of the European Union (EU). Creation of immediate reaction capacity in the EU' military and anti-crisis actions increase the cohesion throughout the Union. This is also a strong motive to intensifying other security actions; e.g. development of the capacity of strategic military transfer or foundation of regular operational command structures. Political role of the future European Union Battlegroups is worth mentioning, they could provide new perspectives throughout CSDP. This project would serve to strengthen European identity, as well as increase the significance of the Union on the international/global political scene. For success in becoming an effective EU strategic reserve the Battlegroups should be, however, active and appropriately used. In order to do that the European Union needs more solidarity in concepts and actions (due to national differences the CSDP still lacks integration). Meanwhile, the EU still poses new challenges (e.g. the state of affairs Georgia and Afghanistan).
The agreement on the foundation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and other documents signed by the members states to determine the scope of collaboration, their common objectives and principles, were an exclusive legal foundation of CIS until the CIS Statute was signed. The Statute does not determine the range of CIS's competence and it only stipulates the scope of joint operations of member states. CIS institutions, composed of high ranking officials from member states, only have coordinating competence. However, they are a forum for making common decisions concerning CIS functioning. CIS coordinating organs do not have the authority over member states either, and they can only make recommendations. The Commonwealth of Independent States is relatively young in comparison to other international structures. It is extremely difficult and usually time-consuming to create any form of integration, especially in the realm of politics. It is particularly complicated with respect to CIS as a coherent attitude of all, highly diversified, members is required to work out permanent principles of functioning. ; The agreement on the foundation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and other documents signed by the members states to determine the scope of collaboration, their common objectives and principles, were an exclusive legal foundation of CIS until the CIS Statute was signed. The Statute does not determine the range of CIS's competence and it only stipulates the scope of joint operations of member states. CIS institutions, composed of high ranking officials from member states, only have coordinating competence. However, they are a forum for making common decisions concerning CIS functioning. CIS coordinating organs do not have the authority over member states either, and they can only make recommendations. The Commonwealth of Independent States is relatively young in comparison to other international structures. It is extremely difficult and usually time-consuming to create any form of integration, especially in the realm of politics. It is particularly complicated with respect to CIS as a coherent attitude of all, highly diversified, members is required to work out permanent principles of functioning.
Red. nauk. Wydz. : Lewandowski, Jerzy ; Redaktor serii : Wodziński, Piotr ; Unia Europejska jest najważniejszym ugrupowaniem polityczno-gospodarczym na kontynencie europejskim. Członkostwo Polski w jej strukturach stwarza dla naszego kraju ogromne szanse rozwoju. Wynikają one z liberalizacji wymiany międzynarodowej oraz korzystania przez Polskę w coraz szerszym zakresie z czterech swobód (przepływu towarów, osób, usług i kapitału) obejmujących swym zasięgiem Europejski Jednolity Rynek Wewnętrzny. Ich znaczenie dla dalszego rozwoju kontynentu europejskiego jest ogromne, szczególnie w aspekcie założeń Strategii Lizbońskiej, której głównym przesłaniem jest stworzenie w Europie najbardziej konkurencyjnej gospodarki na świecie. Stąd też zainteresowanie problematyką europejską w kontekście oddziaływania tego rynku na rozwój przedsiębiorczości i promowania jej wpływu na gospodarkę poszczególnych państw UE staje się przedmiotem rozważań i to zarówno w sferach akademickich, jak i biznesowych. Waga tego problemu pozwala sądzić, że stanowić on będzie inspirację do dyskursu naukowego w tej materii na wiele kolejnych lat. Zasadniczymi podmiotami Europejskiego Rynku, oprócz znaczącego potencjału konsumenckiego, są małe i średnie firmy, których rozwój w ostatnim okresie jest tak dynamiczny, że można mówić o ich dominującym wpływie na rozwój gospodarczy całej Unii Europejskiej. Stanowią one obecnie ponad 98% wszystkich przedsiębiorstw tego obszaru, w tym Polski, tworząc nowe miejsca pracy oraz generując znaczącą część Produktu Krajowego Brutto. Przewaga tego sektora nad firmami dużymi wynika z faktu ich niezwykłej elastyczności na rynku podmiotów gospodarczych. Stanowią one jednocześnie zalążek nowych projektów gospodarczych oraz źródło innowacyjności i przedsiębiorczości. Próbę dyskusji nad zarysowanymi powyżej zagadnieniami podjęto w niniejszej monografii, która jest owocem konferencji naukowej zorganizowanej przez Katedrę Integracji Europejskiej i Marketingu Międzynarodowego w maju 2006 roku na temat: ,,Polski sektor MŚP na Jednolitym Runku Europejskim". W niniejszym opracowaniu naukowym wykorzystano znaczącą część referatów, które były przedmiotem analizy dociekań naukowych w trakcie powyższej konferencji. Całość monografii stanowią dwa tomy, opublikowane pod wspólnym tytułem ,,Szanse rozwoju polskiego sektora MŚP na Jednolitym Rynku Europejskim". W pierwszej części tego opracowania zatytułowanej "Funkcjonowanie MŚP w warunkach Jednolitego Rynku Europejskiego" znalazły się zagadnienia dotyczące rozwoju sektora MŚP w Polsce w kontekście dwuletniego okresu członkostwa w warunkach Jednolitego Rynku Europejskiego. W tomie drugim zatytułowanym "Wspieranie rozwoju MŚP na Jednolitym Rynku Europejskim" przedstawiono wpływ integracji europejskiej na rozwój MŚP poprzez dostęp tego sektora do unijnych środków pomocowych, wpływu sektora publicznego i instytucji otoczenia biznesu oraz nowoczesnych systemów i strategii zarządzania na funkcjonowanie małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw na Jednolitym Rynku Europejskim. Układ dwutomowy tego opracowania stanowi zwartą merytorycznie całość. Pierwszy tom składa się z czterech rozdziałów. W rozdziale pierwszym analizowane są problemy rozwoju przedsiębiorczości w Polsce, jak również przeprowadzono porównanie warunków funkcjonowania MŚP w wybranych krajach Unii Europejskiej. Ponadto scharakteryzowane zostały czynniki warunkujące prowadzenie działalności na rynkach międzynarodowych. W rozdziale drugim określono wpływ zjawisk integracyjnych na podnoszenie konkurencyjności i innowacyjności sektora MŚP w warunkach Jednolitego Rynku Europejskiego. Rozdział trzeci obejmuje logistyczne aspekty zarządzania przedsiębiorstwem MŚP z uwzględnieniem kosztów logistycznych, usług transportowych oraz pozycji konkurencyjnej firmy w łańcuchu dostaw. Ostatni rozdział poświęcono zagadnieniom dotyczącym marketingu i jego roli w procesie kreowania relacji z klientem na Jednolitym Rynku Europejskim. Wyrażam nadzieję, że monografia ta, będąca efektem pracy wielu Autorów, przyczyni się do pogłębienia wiedzy z zakresu zasad funkcjonowania MŚP na Jednolitym Rynku Europejskim oraz stanie się przyczynkiem do dalszej analizy w tym zakresie i to zarówno wśród badaczy, jak i praktyków. Chciałbym również podkreślić, iż na wiele dylematów wyłaniających się w niniejszej pracy nie ma jednoznacznych odpowiedzi. Należy je traktować jako kwestie do dalszych rozważań i pogłębionych studiów wymagających bacznej obserwacji zjawisk i procesów rynkowych oraz sposobów ich rozwiązywania przez funkcjonujące na Jednolitym Rynku Europejskim małe i średnie przedsiębiorstwa. Oddając w Państwa ręce niniejszą publikację, mam nadzieję, iż spotka się ona z przychylnym odbiorem oraz konstruktywną krytyką zawartej w niej treści. ; European Union (EU) is the most important political and economic formation in Europe. The membership of Poland in it' s structures creates for our country the significant chances of development. They result with liberalization of international exchange as well as using by Poland in more and more wider range of four liberties functioning in the European Single Internal Market. Their role for the development of European continent is fundamental, particularly in the aspect of foundations the Lizbon Strategy which the main aspect is creating European economy the most competitive in the world. That' s why the European problems in the context of its influence (of this market) on development and promoting of enterprises (in the individual states of EU) become the subject of considerations academical and business spheres. Role of this problem permits to judge that this questions will be inspiring to scientific discussion for many next years. Small and medium enterprises are principle elements of the European Market. In the last period their development is so dynamie, that they have the predominant influence on economic development of the whole European Union. At present they make up over 98% all enterprises of this area creating the new places of work as well as generating significant part of GDP. Superiority of this sector comparing to large firms is their (SME) the unusual elasticity in the market. They make up simultaneously the ovule of new economic projects as well as source of innovation and enterprise. W orked out the present publication is the first volume of monograph. It is based on the materials sent by the scientists from Poland on the national conference organized by the Department of European lntegration and International Marketing of Technical University of Lodz in May of 2006. The main purpose of this conference (and the monograph) was: "Polish SME in the Single European Market". The whole monograph was published under common title: " The chances of development of Polish SME in the Single European Market". The first part of this book entitled "Functioning of the SME in conditions of Single European Market" is concentrated on the questions of the development of SME in Poland in context of our two-year period of membership in new econornic realities. The second part ("Supporting the development of SME in the Single European Market") presents the role of business institution in the development SME sector in Poland and describes the influence of local factors as well as sector public on functioning the SME in the Single European Market. There are given the financial aspects of development of enterprises and possibilities resulting from extemal sources (the structural funds) and the modem systems and strategies of management used in SME are presented, as well as the different technological innovations (electronic environment). Present, first volume consists of four chapters. In first chapter the problems of development of enterprise in Poland are analysed and there is the comparison of conditions of functioning SME in the chosen countries of European Union. In second chapter the influence of integration phenomena is qualified on increasing the competitiveness and innovation of the sector SME in conditions of Single European Market. Third Chapter concems the logistic aspects of management of SME enterprise concentrating on the chain of deliveries, the logistic costs, transport services as well as the position of competitive firm. The last chapter is relating to the marketing process and its role of creating relation between customer and firm in the Single European Market.
In the article there was shown the issue of the power division and balance, which is regulated by the Republic of Poland Constitution. The rule of power division appears in the shaped constitutional state organs. There are different practical solutions connected with the realization of the power division and the agreement between the rules and their effects is described as the rule system. The real meaning of the tree division power rule accomplishes by the description the relations of the model between the legislature and executive. The Constitution of the Republic of Poland regards the division and balance rule of the legislature, executive and judiciary as the base of the Polish political system and expresses it directly in the content of the art.10 of the Constitution. The base of the democratic law state is the rule of the power division. The most important is the Constitution of the state and international treaties which regulate the human and civil rights.
