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"This interdisciplinary Handbook provides an in-depth analysis of the complex security phenomenon of disinformation and offers a toolkit to counter such tactics. Disinformation used to propagate false, inexact or out of context information is today a frequently used tool of political manipulation and information warfare, both online and offline. This Handbook evidences a historical thread of continuing practices and modus operandi in overt state propaganda and covert information operations. Further, it attempts to unveil current methods used by propaganda actors, the inherent vulnerabilities they exploit in the fabric of democratic societies and, last but not least, to highlight current practices in countering disinformation and building resilient audiences. The Handbook is divided into six thematic sections. The first part provides a set of theoretical approaches to hostile influencing, disinformation and covert information operations. The second part looks at disinformation and propaganda in historical perspective offering case study analysis of disinformation, and the third focuses on providing understanding of the contemporary challenges posed by disinformation and hostile influencing. The fourth part examines information and communication practices used for countering disinformation and building resilience. The fifth part analyses specific regional experiences in countering and deterring disinformation, as well as international policy responses from transnational institutions and security practitioners. Finally, the sixth part offers a practical toolkit for practitioners to counter disinformation and hostile influencing. This handbook will be of much interest to students of national security, propaganda studies, media and communications studies, intelligence studies and International Relations in general"--

Intro -- Endorsements -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- List of Tables -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- Abstract -- 1.1 Genetics, Genomics and Human Biological Resources -- 1.2 Human Population Genetic Research -- 1.3 Population Bio-Banks -- 1.4 Global Biomedical Research -- 1.4.1 Funding and Collaborations in Research -- 1.4.2 Indigenous Peoples in Genetic Research -- 1.4.3 Setting Research Priorities -- 1.5 Perceived Unfairness in the Exchange of Human Genetic Samples? -- 1.6 Concerns About the Fairness of Exchanges of Genetic Material -- References -- 2 Exploitation -- Abstract -- 2.1 Everyday Use of the Word Exploitation -- 2.2 Attempts at Understanding the Concept -- 2.3 Legal Approaches to Exploitation -- 2.4 Non-legal Approaches to Exploitation -- 2.5 Mayer's Three Forms of Exploitation -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Common Heritage of Humankind -- Abstract -- 3.1 A History of the Concept -- 3.2 The Convention for Biological Diversity, State Sovereignty and Benefit Sharing -- 3.2.1 Bioprospecting or Biopiracy? -- 3.2.2 Bioprospecting Case Studies -- 3.2.3 The International Response to Exploitation and the CBD -- 3.2.4 State Sovereignty Over Resources -- 3.3 Human DNA Governance Following Exclusion from the CBD -- 3.3.1 The First Five Years Following the CBD Exclusion -- 3.3.2 Benefit Sharing for Research Participants Introduced -- 3.4 The Profile of Bioprospecting: Non-Human and Human Genetic Resources -- 3.4.1 The Genetic Resources, Human and Non-Human -- 3.4.2 The Utilisation of Genetic Resources -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- 4 The Altruism Argument -- Abstract -- 4.1 Altruism -- 4.2 Solidarity -- 4.3 The AltruismSolidarity Argument Examined -- 4.3.1 Is a Call for Altruism and Solidarity in Research Appropriate in the Developing World or Is It Exploitative? -- 4.4 Summary and Conclusion -- References.

Part I. The Greening Phenomenon in International Law -- Chapter 1. A Greener International Law: International Legal Responses to the Global Environmental Crisis -- Chapter 2. Remedies for Climate Change–A Decisive Push Towards Paris? -- Chapter 3. The Rights of Nature as a Legal Response to the Global Environmental Crisis? A Critical Review of International Law's 'Greening' Agenda -- Chapter 4. Greening the Law of Environmental Protection in Armed Conflicts -- Chapter 5. From Anthropos to Oikos in International Criminal Law: Acritical-theoretical Exploration of Ecocide as an 'Ecocentric' Amendment to the Rome Statute -- Chapter 6. Greening International Investment Agreements -- Chapter 7. Climate Justice and The Greening of Investment Arbitration -- Chapter 8. The International Regulation and Coordination of Sustainable Finance -- Chapter 9. A Coalition of the Committed': The Central Bank Supervisors Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) from a Perspective of Global Administrative Law -- Part II. Dutch Practice in International Law -- Chapter 10. Ziada vs Gantz and Eschel: A Civilian Claimant between Ship and Shore in The Netherlands -- Chapter 11. Reimagining the Energy Corporation: Milieudefensie and Others v Royal Dutch Shell Plc -- Chapter 12. Syrian War Crimes Trials in The Netherlands: Claiming Universal Jurisdiction over Terrorist Offences and the War Crime of Outrages upon Personal Dignity of the Dead -- Table of Cases -- Index.

The International Debt Report (IDR), formerly International Debt Statistics (IDS), is a longstanding annual publication of the World Bank featuring external debt statistics and analysis for the 121 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) that report to the World Bank Debtor Reporting System. IDR 2022 includes (1) an analyses of external debt stocks and flows from 2010 to 2021 for these countries; (2) an assessment of the evolution of the creditor composition of external debt over the past decade; (3) a focus on how the World Bank has sought to enhance data quality and transparency against the backdrop of rapidly changing global debt dynamics that contribute to debt transparency issues; (4) tables and charts detailing debtor and creditor composition of debt stock and flows, terms volume and terms of new commitments, maturity structure of future debt service payments and debt burdens; and (5) a one-page summary for each country, plus global, regional, and income-group aggregates showing debt stocks and flows, relevant debt indicators, and metadata for 6 years (2010 and 2017-2021). Unique in its coverage of the important trends and issues fundamental to the financing of LMICs, IDR 2022 is an indispensable resource for governments, economists, investors, financial consultants, academics, bankers, and the entire development community. For more information on IDR 2022 and related products, please visit the World Bank's Debt Statistics website at www. worldbank.org/debtstatistics.

Originally published in 1987, Refugees in International Politics explores the nature of forced migration. It sets out systematically the factors that set refugees in motion and explains how and why a flexible network of organizations copes with the inescapable results of their presence. It suggests measures to reduce both the human suffering involved in forced migration and the disturbing effects of international relations.

"This incisive book provides an extensive analysis of the robust array of international law applicable across the spectrum of international conflict and security. With a particular focus on new and emerging technologies and domains such as cyber and outer space, Laurie Blank illustrates how international conflict and security law applies to 21st century challenges."

Part I. Cultures of IH -- Chapter 1. Des-Encanto: Latin America and International Humanitarian Law -- Chapter 2. Rites of Affirmation: The Past, Present, and Future of International Humanitarian Law -- Chapter 3. Prisoners of War, Taking of Hostages and the Colombian Armed Conflict: Challenges Arising Out of Conflictive Understandings of IHL by Different Actors in Particular Contexts -- Chapter 4. Read the Room: Legal and Emotional Literacy in Frontline Humanitarian Negotiations -- Part II. Focus Section: Samuel Moyn's Humane: How The United States Abandoned Peace and Reinvented War (2021) -- Chapter 5. Wars with and for Humanity -- Chapter 6. The Peace Movement and Grassroots International Law -- Chapter 7. Emancipation, Humanity, and Peace: A Response -- Part III. Year in Review -- Chapter 8. Year in Review 2021 -- Table of Cases -- Index.

The open access publication of this book has been published with the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation. With little warning, COVID-19 quickly escalated into a generational crisis, creating sustained havoc seen perhaps only in past cases of war, attack, and natural disasters. In the bedlam of the early months, health, science, political, and economic communities were hit with sudden force, required to quickly shift and rearrange the normal order of work. In arbitration, leaders took imperfect information to make dramatic decisions. In process and procedure, arbitral institutions, arbitrators, legal counsel, and clients were swept into this turmoil. In some cases, bold initiatives, still in design and testing, were quickly put into service, upsetting norms and traditions and the very notions of traditional process. The Impact of COVID on International Disputes includes contributions from legal practitioners and academics, takes a fresh look at issues addressed in international arbitration during the COVID-19 pandemic, gathering best practices, additional perspective and predictions based on current practices that will help parties, legal counsel and arbitrators in the future

"Completely revised and updated, this textbook continues to offer the most comprehensive resource available. Concise chapters from a diverse mix of established and emerging global scholars offer accessible, in-depth coverage of the history and theories of international organization and global governance and discussions of the full range of state, intergovernmental, and non-state actors. All chapters have been revised and rewritten to reflect the rapid development of world events, with new chapters added on: Chinese approaches to international organization and global governance The UN System The Global South Sustaining the Peace Queering International Organization and Global Governance Post-colonial Global Governance The Sustainable Development Goal the English School Inequality Migration Divided into seven parts woven together by a comprehensive introduction, along with separate introductions to each part and helpful pointers to further reading, International Organization and Global Governance provides a balanced, critical perspective that enables readers to comprehend more fully the role of myriad actors in the governance of global life"--

Front Matter -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: conflict, security and international law -- PART I CONFLICT PREVENTION AND COLLECTIVE SECURITY -- 1. Collective security and the United Nations -- 2. Disarmament, non-proliferation, and arms control -- 3. Counterterrorism, emergencies, and human rights -- PART II JUS AD BELLUM AND THE RESORT TO FORCE -- 4. Jus ad bellum: history and framework -- 5. Self-defense: law and practice -- 6. Humanitarian intervention? -- PART III MILITARY OPERATIONS AND THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT -- 7. Law of armed conflict: purposes and principles -- 8. Classification of conflict -- 9. Status and protection of persons -- 10. Conduct of hostilities and detention -- PART IV POST-CONFLICT: ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE -- 11. International criminal accountability -- 12. Transitional justice -- Index.

"Using the lenses of realism, liberalism, the English School and constructivism, this book explains how the divisions and differences in African identities affect African international politics. This book explores the African condition in the twenty-first century. It analyses how geographical, racial, ethnic, linguistic, religious and power differences shape continental and intercontinental relations in Africa through the creation of identities and values which militate against intra-continental or regional relations. The author assesses inclusionary and exclusionary, rational and irrational relationships, interactions and non-interactions which occur between geographical, linguistic, racial and religious entities in Africa. He suggests that, in these moments, one entity will negatively relate, interact or refuse to interact with another entity for the gains of the former and to the detriment of the latter, or even to the detriment of both entities. Examining the possibility of creating identities and values that can unite Africa as a continent and Africans as a people, this book will be of interest to scholars of African politics, international relations and political theory"--